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Veterinary Medicine > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What structures does the uvea contain?

A

Ciliary body
choroid
iris

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2
Q

Describe the pupil constrictor muscle.

A

Circular

PARASYMP

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3
Q

Describe the pupil dilator muscle

A

Radial

SYMP

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4
Q

What should be done befroe clipping the periocular region?

A

Fill eye with gel

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5
Q

What should the periorbital area be scrubbed with?

A

Povidone-iodine

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6
Q

What suture material and size should be used for eye surgery?

A

5-0 or 6-0 vicryl

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7
Q

What is Districhiasis?

A

Hairs growing at an abnormal site in tarsal plate and emerging at lid margin.

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8
Q

What are the 4 Tx options for districhiasis?

A

Plucking
Electrolysis
Cryo
Tarsoconjunctivial resection

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9
Q

What are ectopic cilia?

A

Hair which emerge from the conjunctival surface and impinge directly on the eye.

VERY PAINFUL!

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10
Q

Out of districhiasis and ectopic cilia - which can cause ulcers?

A

Ectopic cilia

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11
Q

What is entropion?

A

Inward rolling of lid margin

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12
Q

What may occur as a result of chronic entropion? Tx?

A

large masses of granulation tissue on eye

Tx: resolve entropion

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13
Q

Which procedure is used to relieve entropion?

A

Hotz-Celsus

2mm from lid margin

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14
Q

What can be done to relieve entropion in young dogs?

A

Tacking procedure - other surgery done too young will over-correct!

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15
Q

What is ectropion?

A

Outward turning of the lid margin - conjunctival exposure present

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16
Q

What painful condition is common in middle aged cocker spaniels? Tx?

A

Upper Lid Trichiasis (highly uncomfortable)

Stades procedure

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17
Q

What is the most common eyelid tumour in the dog and how does it behave?

A

Sebaceous adenoma

Benign

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18
Q

Which suture pattern, used for first knot in eyelid surgery, prevents knots catching the eye?

A

Figure of 8 knot

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19
Q

What is “cherry eye”?

A

Prolapse of the nictitans gland

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20
Q

Whcih dog breeds are predisposed to cherry eye?

A

Mastiffs and Bulldogs

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21
Q

What are the 2 options for fixing cherry eye?

A

Pocket Technique**

Gland excision

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22
Q

when is the only occasion where 3rd eyelid removal is acceptable?

A

Neoplasia

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23
Q

What can be used to treat conjunctivitis caused by staphs?

A

Isathal (fucidic acid)

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24
Q

Which glands produce a lipid film for the eye?

A

Tarsal

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25
Q

Which glands produce an aqueous film for the eye?

A

Lacrimal/nictitans

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26
Q

Which glands produce a mucus film for the eye?

A

Conjunctival goblet cells

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27
Q

What is the most common cause of dry eye in the dog?

A

IM inflammation

KCS

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28
Q

What are the clinical signs of dry eye?

A 
Chronic conjunctivitis
Dull ocular srface
Mucopurulent discharge
Discomfort
Corneal ulceration
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29
Q

Which ABs can cause dry eye?

A

Sulphonamides

Salazopyrin

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30
Q

How can we quantify tear production? Normal result?

A

Schirmer Tear Test
20+/-5 mean

10-15 moderate dry
<10 severely dry

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31
Q

Which drugs are a useful tear stimulant in dry eye cases?

A

Optimmune (cyclosporin)

Tacrolimus ointment

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32
Q

Name a tear film replacement used in dry eye cases.

A

Carbomer Gel (+/- lipid)

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33
Q

how can you test the eye for adequate drainage?

A

Fluorescin drainage test - should come out nose in 3-4min

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34
Q

What is a corneal ulcer?

A

Full thickness defect in ocular epithelium

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35
Q

What is the worry with corneal ulcers?

A

Stroma below epithelium susceptible to keratomalacia by Gram-ve bacteria and inflammation

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36
Q

Why is flushing after applying fluorescin essential?

A

To remove it from old ulcers and avoid false +ves

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37
Q

If there is a non-staining area in an ulcer, what does this indicate?

A

DEEP - exposure of descemets membrane

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38
Q

Which breed are predisposed to indolent ulcers?

A

Boxers

also corgis and staffies

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39
Q

What is the best method for Tx of corneal ulcers?

A

AB (gent/ciproflox/oflox)
Lubrithal
Atropine 1 drop

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40
Q

Which 2 drugs should NOT be used on eye ulcers?

A

NSAIDs

Steroids

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41
Q

What are the 2 surgical techniques used to fix corneal ulcers?

A

Conjunctival Pedicle Graft

Corneal-conjunctival transposition

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42
Q

How do indolent ulcers present?

A

Epithelial involvement only - mild oedema and loose, under-run edges

43
Q

How are indolent ulcers treated?

A

Local + sedation
Scalpel
Grid keratotomy
Topical AB + lubricant

44
Q

What is the best equipment for removing thorns?

A

2 needles

45
Q

Which congenital ocular malformation are french bulldogs predisposed to?

A

Dermoids

46
Q

What is pannus?

A

Inflm and vasc tissue advances accross the cornea from VL direction

47
Q

How is pannus Tx?

A

Topical cyclosporine/tacrolimus

or steroids

48
Q

What are the 3 mainstays of Tx for uveitis?

A

Mydriatics (pain & dec adhesion)
Topical Steroids (dec inflm)
Oral NSAIDs

49
Q

What happens if anterior uveitis is left untreated?

A

Extensive posterior synechiae & iris convexity (iris bombe)

w/cataract and glaucoma

50
Q

Define Glaucoma

A

Abnormal rise in IOP

51
Q

What causes glaucoma?

A

problem of flow or drainge NOT production

52
Q

Why is glaucoma serious?

A

VERY painful

Destroys optic nerve and retina

53
Q

What are the signs of acute glaucoma?

A 
Red eye
Pain
Steamy Cornea
Non-responsive pupil
Blind (reversible)
Globe hard &amp; normal size
54
Q

What are the signs of chronic glaucoma that are not seen in acute cases?

A

Variable Pain
Chronic corneal opacity
Blind (irreversible)
Globe enlarged

55
Q

What causes primary closed angle glaucoma?

A

Bilateral Congenital developmental abnormality of drainage angle - decompensates suddenly in middle age

56
Q

Which breeds are most commonly affected by 1e closed angle glaucoma?

A 
Springers
Cockers
Golden/Flat coat retriever
Basset
GRT Dane
57
Q

What does tonometry assess?

A

IOP

58
Q

What does Gonioscopy assess?

A

Drainage angle

59
Q

What are the 3 topical Tx for glaucoma?

A

Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors (trusopt/azopt)

Prostaglandin analogues (lantaprost, xalatan, travatan, lumigan)

Beta Blockers (timolol)

60
Q

How do CAIs treat glaucoma?

A

reduce production

61
Q

How do PG analogues treat glaucoma?

A

inc outflow

62
Q

What is the underlying cause of primary lens luxation?

A

Insidious degen of apparatus supporting the lens

63
Q

Which breed is HIGHLY prone to lens luxation

A

Jack Russell Terrier (JRT)

64
Q

Which approach is best to spot an anterior lens luxation?

A

Look and illuminate from ALL directions

65
Q

What are the best 2 Tx options to give to a luxated lens pre-surgery?

A

Antibiotic/steroid combo drops (maxitrol)

Trusopt/azopt topically

66
Q

What are the surgical options for an anterior luxated lens?

A

Surgical Removal

Return it to posterior chamber via external manipulaiton + miosis

67
Q

What are the surgical options for a subluxated lens?

A

Surgical Removal

Miosis w/ PG analogues to prevent anterior dislocation

68
Q

What is a cataract?

A

Any abnormal opacity in the lens

69
Q

What is the effect of cataracts on the light reflex?

A

NONE

70
Q

How are diabetic cataracts treated surgically?

A

Phacoemulsification (US to break up cataract and aspirate fragments)

71
Q

What is nuclear sclerosis?

A

NORMAL condensation of the lens with age - blue/hazy

72
Q

What is asteroid hyalosis?

A

Snowstorm in vitreous

73
Q

What does hyperreflectivity indicate?

A

Tapetum being visualised via a THINNED retina

74
Q

What is Generalised Progressive Retinal Atrophy?

A

Adult onset progressive retinal degeneration - results in total blindness

75
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to GPRA?

A

English Cocker
Mini poodle
Labrador

76
Q

What can be seen on fundic exam of a dog with GPRA?

A

Hyperreflectivity

Vascular Attenuation

77
Q

What is a collie eye abnormality?

A

Pale area lateral to optic disc w/abnormal blood vessels

78
Q

How does hypertension cause ocular problems?

A

Retinal and choroidal vascular lesions and detachment

79
Q

what is post-inflammatory retinopathy?

A

Hyperreflective retinal scars due to (presumed) resolved inflammation

80
Q

Which dog breed is particularly predisposed to excessive myelination of the optic head?

A

Golden retievers

81
Q

What 3 things may cause abnormal optic disc swelling?

A

Optic Neuritis
Meningitis
Raised ICP

82
Q

What causes a gradual painless displacement of the globe?

A

Orbital tumours

83
Q

What imaging modalities are most effective for orbital tumours?

A

CT/MRI

84
Q

How should a prolapsed globe be treated?

A

Replace
Suture closed 2w - dont let suture rub cornea!!
Antibiotics and NSAIDs

85
Q

What is the most effective form of pain relief/minimising complications following a globe protrusion?

A

Enucleation

86
Q

What is the most common surgical approach for an enucleation?

A

Trans-palpebral: close to sclera!

87
Q

What is the most frequent periorbital tumour in cats?

A

SCC - nodular or erosive

88
Q

How is chlamydophila felis treated?

A

Doxycycline OR

Synulox

89
Q

What is symblepharon?

A

Permanent adhesion of ocular surfaces following herpesvirus infection of kittens

90
Q

What is a corneal sequestrum? (fe)

A

Delayed healing of ulcer –> necrosis of exposed stroma

91
Q

What are the 2 tx options for corneal sequestrum?

A
  1. Slough and heal - no surgery req

2. Surgery +/- graft

92
Q

What is the most common form of feline uveitis and which cats are most affected?

A

Lymphoplasmacytic uveitis

Old males w/street history

93
Q

What are the 2e changes associated with lymphoplasmacytic uveitis?

A

Cataract
Glaucoma
Lens Luxation

94
Q

What are the clinical signs of feline LPC uveitis?

A

spots/sheets of exudate on posterior cornea
prominent BVs on iris surface
Grey nodules in iris
Vitreous opacities

95
Q

What is the most common form of ocular melanoma in the cat?

A

Diffuse uveal anterior melanoma

96
Q

How can you differentiate between benign pigmentation of the eye and uveal melanoma in cats?

A

Thickening = melanoma

97
Q

What is pathognomonic for hypertension in the eye of a teenage cat with no trauma Hx?

A

Hyphaema

98
Q

Which cat breeds are predisposed to pan-retinal atrophy?

A

Siamese

Balinese

99
Q

Overdose with which AB may cause a rapid irreversible blindness in cats?

A

Baytril

100
Q

How should the traumatised feline eye be treated

A

LOCAL + wait
Flush eye
Topical + oral ABs
Mydriatics

101
Q

What must you be wary of when performing an enucleation on a cat?

A

excessive traction = damage nerve at chiasm = blindness!

102
Q

Which bacteria is repsonsible for tear duct infections in the rabbit?

A

Pasturella

103
Q

Why must we be careful when performing an enucleation in rabbits?

A

Can cause sudden, profuse, fatal haemorrhage from orbital sinus - MUST work close to sclera!

Veterinary Medicine (68 decks)

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