Equine Resp Med

Question 1

What is the underlying pathology of a “wheeze” heard in horses?

Answer 1

Airway narrowing due to thick wall, obstruction, or bronchospasm

Question 2

A wheeze at the end of expiration is due to narrowing where?

Answer 2

LRT

Question 3

A wheeze during inspiration is due to narrowing where?

Answer 3

URT

Question 4

What are “fine crackles” caused by?

Answer 4

Popping open of collapsed airways

Question 5

What are “coarse crackles” caused by?

Answer 5

bubbling mucous

Question 6

How would pleural effusion present on percussion?

Answer 6

Dull ventrally

Question 7

What would pain on percussion indicate on percussion?

Answer 7

Pleuritis

Question 8

What would increased dorsal resonance indicate on percussion?

Answer 8

Pneumothorax

Question 9

What would a focal area of dullness indicate on percussion?

Answer 9

Peripheral abscess

Question 10

How do pO2 and PCO2 change with Va:Q mismatch?

Answer 10

PO2 dec

CO2 normal

Question 11

What are the 3 methods of obtaining a LRT sample in the horse?

Answer 11

Tracheal aspirate
BAL
Thoracocentesis

Question 12

When is thoracocentesis indicated in the horse?

Answer 12

Pleural Effusion: inc RR, dull ventral percussion, pleurodynia, U/S confirmation.

Question 13

Which diseases cause inspiratory noise? (9)

Answer 13

RLN
DDSP (soft)
Epiglottic Entrapment
Sub-epiglottic cyst
Epiglottic retroversion
Dynamic nasopharyngeal collapse
ADAF
Alar Fold Collapse
4-BAD

Question 14

Which diseases cause exspiratory noise? (5)

Answer 14

DDSP (loud)
Epiglottic Entrapment
Sub-epiglottic cyst
Epiglottic retroversion
4-BAD

Question 15

Which Rx view is used to assess paranasal sinuses, guttural pouches and pharynx?

Answer 15

Latero-lateral

Question 16

Which Rx view is used to assess paranasal sinuses, nasal septum and teeth?

Answer 16

DV

Question 17

Which imaging modality can prove useful to diagnose RLN?

Answer 17

US

Question 18

What is used to differentiate between 1e and 2e sinusitis?

Answer 18

Scintigraphy

Question 19

In which passageway should a NG tube be place in the horse?

Answer 19

VENTRAL meatus

Question 20

What may cause a mild intermittent epistaxis, with abnormal resp noise at exercise and a malodorous smell?

Answer 20

Ethmoid haematoma

Question 21

What is the Tx for an Ethmoid Haematoma?

Answer 21

Intra-lesional formalin followed by laser

Question 22

What are the signs of nasal aspergillosis?

Answer 22

Stertor and a purulent/haemorrhagic discharge out of one nostril

Question 23

What is the topical tx for nasal aspergillosis?

Answer 23

Nystatin powder

Question 24

Which 2 sinuses drain directly into the middle meatus?

Answer 24

RMS and VCS

Question 25

Where do the majority of paranasal sinuses drain?

Answer 25

To Middle Meatus via CMS!

Question 26

What is the predominant cause of 1e sinusitis?

Answer 26

Streptococcus RT infection

Question 27

What is the best 1e treatment for a mild sinusitis?

Answer 27

Rule out strangles TMPS for 7-14d Feed from ground Turnout/avoid dust

Question 28

How are sinus cysts treated?

Answer 28

surgical removal.

Question 29

Which muscle is solely responsible for Abduction of the larynx?

Answer 29

Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (CAD)

Question 30

What is the gold standard diagnostic test for IDDSP?

Answer 30

Exercising endoscopy

Question 31

What are the 2 Tx approaches for IDDSP?

Answer 31

Conservative: get fit, change tack, control inflammation Surgical: Tie forward best.

Question 32

Describe the tie forward procedure.

Answer 32

Sutures between basihyoid & thyroid. | Moves larynx rostrodorsally/

Question 33

What is the best Tx for DDSP?

Answer 33

Tie forward

Question 34

What would be your 2 main Ddx for a foal presenting with milk at nostril?

Answer 34

Cleft Palate | Pharyngeal dysfunction

Question 35

Which condition leads to a unilateral paralysis of the left arytenoid cartilage?

Answer 35

RLN

Question 36

Would a slap test be - or + with RLN?

Answer 36

negative! +ve normal

Question 37

What is the Havemeyer scale used to measure?

Answer 37

RLN severity

Question 38

What is grade 1 on the Havemeyer scale?

Answer 38

Arytenoids synchronous and symmetrial w/full abduction.

Question 39

What is grade 2 on the Havemeyer scale?

Answer 39

Arytenoids asynchronous +/- asymmetrical w/full abduction.

Question 40

What is grade 3 on the Havemeyer scale?

Answer 40

Arytenoids asynchronous +/- asymmetrical w/o full abduction.

Question 41

What is grade 4 on the Havemeyer scale?

Answer 41

Arytenoid completely immobile

Question 42

What are the 2 surgical approaches to treating RLN?

Answer 42

Hobday (ventriculocordectomy) Tie Back (laryngoplasty)

Question 43

What is a tie back surgery?

Answer 43

Mimics action of CAD. Suture between dorsal cricoid and muscular process of L arytenoid.

Question 44

which developmental abnormality causes variable ability to abduct the arytenoids?

Answer 44

4th Brachial Arch defect

Question 45

Which two conditions of the larynx are usually seen together in juvenile horses?

Answer 45

Vocal Chord Collapse and Axial Deviation of the Aryepiglottic Folds

Question 46

What is the tx for epiglottic entrapment?

Answer 46

Conservative - doesnt usually impede performance

Question 47

What separates the compartments of the guttural pouch, and which compartment is bigger?

Answer 47

Stylohyoid bone Medial > Lateral

Question 48

Which nerves and BVs run in the MEDIAL GP?

Answer 48

N: cranial symp, cranial cervical ganglion, pharyngeal, laryngeal n. & CN IX-XII. BV: internal & external carotic

Question 49

Which nerves and BVs run in the LATERAL GP?

Answer 49

N: facial and mandibular CNs BV: External carotid, maxillary artery, superficial temporal artery

Question 50

How is GPM diagnosed?

Answer 50

Endoscopy

Question 51

When can GPM be managed medically?

Answer 51

When NO history of bleeding or risk of Dz progression. | Give antifungals.

Question 52

What is the most likely underlying cause of GPE?

Answer 52

strangles infection

Question 53

How is GPE treated?

Answer 53

flushing of GP and endoscopic removal of chondroids

Question 54

A marked retropharyngeal swelling in a foal is due to what?

Answer 54

GP tympany - congenital defect in ostia

Question 55

What are the 2 approaches to GPT?

Answer 55

foley catheter in ostia | GP fenestration

Question 56

What are the signs of a Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy?

Answer 56

``` head shaking ear rubbing FN paralysis head tilt nystagmus ```

Question 57

Rearing and falling over backwards can lead to which issue in the head/neck?

Answer 57

Strap muscle rupture.

Question 58

How does strap muscle rupture appear endoscopically?

Answer 58

Roof of Pharynx collapsed & swollen muscle bellies

Question 59

Where should a tracheotomy tube be placed in a horse?

Answer 59

between upper and middle third of neck. | 1-2cm each side of midline.