Equine Resp Med Flashcards
What is the underlying pathology of a “wheeze” heard in horses?
Airway narrowing due to thick wall, obstruction, or bronchospasm
A wheeze at the end of expiration is due to narrowing where?
LRT
A wheeze during inspiration is due to narrowing where?
URT
What are “fine crackles” caused by?
Popping open of collapsed airways
What are “coarse crackles” caused by?
bubbling mucous
How would pleural effusion present on percussion?
Dull ventrally
What would pain on percussion indicate on percussion?
Pleuritis
What would increased dorsal resonance indicate on percussion?
Pneumothorax
What would a focal area of dullness indicate on percussion?
Peripheral abscess
How do pO2 and PCO2 change with Va:Q mismatch?
PO2 dec
CO2 normal
What are the 3 methods of obtaining a LRT sample in the horse?
Tracheal aspirate
BAL
Thoracocentesis
When is thoracocentesis indicated in the horse?
Pleural Effusion: inc RR, dull ventral percussion, pleurodynia, U/S confirmation.
Which diseases cause inspiratory noise? (9)
RLN DDSP (soft) Epiglottic Entrapment Sub-epiglottic cyst Epiglottic retroversion Dynamic nasopharyngeal collapse ADAF Alar Fold Collapse 4-BAD
Which diseases cause exspiratory noise? (5)
DDSP (loud) Epiglottic Entrapment Sub-epiglottic cyst Epiglottic retroversion 4-BAD
Which Rx view is used to assess paranasal sinuses, guttural pouches and pharynx?
Latero-lateral
Which Rx view is used to assess paranasal sinuses, nasal septum and teeth?
DV
Which imaging modality can prove useful to diagnose RLN?
US
What is used to differentiate between 1e and 2e sinusitis?
Scintigraphy
In which passageway should a NG tube be place in the horse?
VENTRAL meatus
What may cause a mild intermittent epistaxis, with abnormal resp noise at exercise and a malodorous smell?
Ethmoid haematoma
What is the Tx for an Ethmoid Haematoma?
Intra-lesional formalin followed by laser
What are the signs of nasal aspergillosis?
Stertor and a purulent/haemorrhagic discharge out of one nostril
What is the topical tx for nasal aspergillosis?
Nystatin powder
Which 2 sinuses drain directly into the middle meatus?
RMS and VCS
Where do the majority of paranasal sinuses drain?
To Middle Meatus via CMS!
What is the predominant cause of 1e sinusitis?
Streptococcus RT infection
What is the best 1e treatment for a mild sinusitis?
Rule out strangles
TMPS for 7-14d
Feed from ground
Turnout/avoid dust
How are sinus cysts treated?
surgical removal.
Which muscle is solely responsible for Abduction of the larynx?
Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (CAD)
What is the gold standard diagnostic test for IDDSP?
Exercising endoscopy
What are the 2 Tx approaches for IDDSP?
Conservative: get fit, change tack, control inflammation
Surgical: Tie forward best.
Describe the tie forward procedure.
Sutures between basihyoid & thyroid.
Moves larynx rostrodorsally/
What is the best Tx for DDSP?
Tie forward
What would be your 2 main Ddx for a foal presenting with milk at nostril?
Cleft Palate
Pharyngeal dysfunction
Which condition leads to a unilateral paralysis of the left arytenoid cartilage?
RLN
Would a slap test be - or + with RLN?
negative! +ve normal
What is the Havemeyer scale used to measure?
RLN severity
What is grade 1 on the Havemeyer scale?
Arytenoids synchronous and symmetrial w/full abduction.
What is grade 2 on the Havemeyer scale?
Arytenoids asynchronous +/- asymmetrical w/full abduction.
What is grade 3 on the Havemeyer scale?
Arytenoids asynchronous +/- asymmetrical w/o full abduction.
What is grade 4 on the Havemeyer scale?
Arytenoid completely immobile
What are the 2 surgical approaches to treating RLN?
Hobday (ventriculocordectomy)
Tie Back (laryngoplasty)
What is a tie back surgery?
Mimics action of CAD.
Suture between dorsal cricoid and muscular process of L arytenoid.
which developmental abnormality causes variable ability to abduct the arytenoids?
4th Brachial Arch defect
Which two conditions of the larynx are usually seen together in juvenile horses?
Vocal Chord Collapse and Axial Deviation of the Aryepiglottic Folds
What is the tx for epiglottic entrapment?
Conservative - doesnt usually impede performance
What separates the compartments of the guttural pouch, and which compartment is bigger?
Stylohyoid bone
Medial > Lateral
Which nerves and BVs run in the MEDIAL GP?
N: cranial symp, cranial cervical ganglion, pharyngeal, laryngeal n. & CN IX-XII.
BV: internal & external carotic
Which nerves and BVs run in the LATERAL GP?
N: facial and mandibular CNs
BV: External carotid, maxillary artery, superficial temporal artery
How is GPM diagnosed?
Endoscopy
When can GPM be managed medically?
When NO history of bleeding or risk of Dz progression.
Give antifungals.
What is the most likely underlying cause of GPE?
strangles infection
How is GPE treated?
flushing of GP and endoscopic removal of chondroids
A marked retropharyngeal swelling in a foal is due to what?
GP tympany - congenital defect in ostia
What are the 2 approaches to GPT?
foley catheter in ostia
GP fenestration
What are the signs of a Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy?
head shaking ear rubbing FN paralysis head tilt nystagmus
Rearing and falling over backwards can lead to which issue in the head/neck?
Strap muscle rupture.
How does strap muscle rupture appear endoscopically?
Roof of Pharynx collapsed & swollen muscle bellies
Where should a tracheotomy tube be placed in a horse?
between upper and middle third of neck.
1-2cm each side of midline.
