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Veterinary Medicine > Equine Resp Med > Flashcards

Equine Resp Med Flashcards

1
Q

What is the underlying pathology of a “wheeze” heard in horses?

A

Airway narrowing due to thick wall, obstruction, or bronchospasm

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2
Q

A wheeze at the end of expiration is due to narrowing where?

A

LRT

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3
Q

A wheeze during inspiration is due to narrowing where?

A

URT

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4
Q

What are “fine crackles” caused by?

A

Popping open of collapsed airways

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5
Q

What are “coarse crackles” caused by?

A

bubbling mucous

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6
Q

How would pleural effusion present on percussion?

A

Dull ventrally

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7
Q

What would pain on percussion indicate on percussion?

A

Pleuritis

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8
Q

What would increased dorsal resonance indicate on percussion?

A

Pneumothorax

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9
Q

What would a focal area of dullness indicate on percussion?

A

Peripheral abscess

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10
Q

How do pO2 and PCO2 change with Va:Q mismatch?

A

PO2 dec

CO2 normal

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11
Q

What are the 3 methods of obtaining a LRT sample in the horse?

A

Tracheal aspirate
BAL
Thoracocentesis

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12
Q

When is thoracocentesis indicated in the horse?

A

Pleural Effusion: inc RR, dull ventral percussion, pleurodynia, U/S confirmation.

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13
Q

Which diseases cause inspiratory noise? (9)

A 
RLN
DDSP (soft)
Epiglottic Entrapment
Sub-epiglottic cyst
Epiglottic retroversion
Dynamic nasopharyngeal collapse
ADAF
Alar Fold Collapse
4-BAD
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14
Q

Which diseases cause exspiratory noise? (5)

A 
DDSP (loud)
Epiglottic Entrapment
Sub-epiglottic cyst
Epiglottic retroversion
4-BAD
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15
Q

Which Rx view is used to assess paranasal sinuses, guttural pouches and pharynx?

A

Latero-lateral

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16
Q

Which Rx view is used to assess paranasal sinuses, nasal septum and teeth?

A

DV

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17
Q

Which imaging modality can prove useful to diagnose RLN?

A

US

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18
Q

What is used to differentiate between 1e and 2e sinusitis?

A

Scintigraphy

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19
Q

In which passageway should a NG tube be place in the horse?

A

VENTRAL meatus

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20
Q

What may cause a mild intermittent epistaxis, with abnormal resp noise at exercise and a malodorous smell?

A

Ethmoid haematoma

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21
Q

What is the Tx for an Ethmoid Haematoma?

A

Intra-lesional formalin followed by laser

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22
Q

What are the signs of nasal aspergillosis?

A

Stertor and a purulent/haemorrhagic discharge out of one nostril

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23
Q

What is the topical tx for nasal aspergillosis?

A

Nystatin powder

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24
Q

Which 2 sinuses drain directly into the middle meatus?

A

RMS and VCS

25
Q

Where do the majority of paranasal sinuses drain?

A

To Middle Meatus via CMS!

26
Q

What is the predominant cause of 1e sinusitis?

A

Streptococcus RT infection

27
Q

What is the best 1e treatment for a mild sinusitis?

A

Rule out strangles
TMPS for 7-14d
Feed from ground
Turnout/avoid dust

28
Q

How are sinus cysts treated?

A

surgical removal.

29
Q

Which muscle is solely responsible for Abduction of the larynx?

A

Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (CAD)

30
Q

What is the gold standard diagnostic test for IDDSP?

A

Exercising endoscopy

31
Q

What are the 2 Tx approaches for IDDSP?

A

Conservative: get fit, change tack, control inflammation
Surgical: Tie forward best.

32
Q

Describe the tie forward procedure.

A

Sutures between basihyoid & thyroid.

Moves larynx rostrodorsally/

33
Q

What is the best Tx for DDSP?

A

Tie forward

34
Q

What would be your 2 main Ddx for a foal presenting with milk at nostril?

A

Cleft Palate

Pharyngeal dysfunction

35
Q

Which condition leads to a unilateral paralysis of the left arytenoid cartilage?

A

RLN

36
Q

Would a slap test be - or + with RLN?

A

negative! +ve normal

37
Q

What is the Havemeyer scale used to measure?

A

RLN severity

38
Q

What is grade 1 on the Havemeyer scale?

A

Arytenoids synchronous and symmetrial w/full abduction.

39
Q

What is grade 2 on the Havemeyer scale?

A

Arytenoids asynchronous +/- asymmetrical w/full abduction.

40
Q

What is grade 3 on the Havemeyer scale?

A

Arytenoids asynchronous +/- asymmetrical w/o full abduction.

41
Q

What is grade 4 on the Havemeyer scale?

A

Arytenoid completely immobile

42
Q

What are the 2 surgical approaches to treating RLN?

A

Hobday (ventriculocordectomy)

Tie Back (laryngoplasty)

43
Q

What is a tie back surgery?

A

Mimics action of CAD.

Suture between dorsal cricoid and muscular process of L arytenoid.

44
Q

which developmental abnormality causes variable ability to abduct the arytenoids?

A

4th Brachial Arch defect

45
Q

Which two conditions of the larynx are usually seen together in juvenile horses?

A

Vocal Chord Collapse and Axial Deviation of the Aryepiglottic Folds

46
Q

What is the tx for epiglottic entrapment?

A

Conservative - doesnt usually impede performance

47
Q

What separates the compartments of the guttural pouch, and which compartment is bigger?

A

Stylohyoid bone

Medial > Lateral

48
Q

Which nerves and BVs run in the MEDIAL GP?

A

N: cranial symp, cranial cervical ganglion, pharyngeal, laryngeal n. & CN IX-XII.
BV: internal & external carotic

49
Q

Which nerves and BVs run in the LATERAL GP?

A

N: facial and mandibular CNs
BV: External carotid, maxillary artery, superficial temporal artery

50
Q

How is GPM diagnosed?

A

Endoscopy

51
Q

When can GPM be managed medically?

A

When NO history of bleeding or risk of Dz progression.

Give antifungals.

52
Q

What is the most likely underlying cause of GPE?

A

strangles infection

53
Q

How is GPE treated?

A

flushing of GP and endoscopic removal of chondroids

54
Q

A marked retropharyngeal swelling in a foal is due to what?

A

GP tympany - congenital defect in ostia

55
Q

What are the 2 approaches to GPT?

A

foley catheter in ostia

GP fenestration

56
Q

What are the signs of a Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy?

A 
head shaking
ear rubbing
FN paralysis
head tilt
nystagmus
57
Q

Rearing and falling over backwards can lead to which issue in the head/neck?

A

Strap muscle rupture.

58
Q

How does strap muscle rupture appear endoscopically?

A

Roof of Pharynx collapsed & swollen muscle bellies

59
Q

Where should a tracheotomy tube be placed in a horse?

A

between upper and middle third of neck.

1-2cm each side of midline.

Veterinary Medicine (68 decks)

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