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Veterinary Medicine > Equine Clinical Repro > Flashcards

Equine Clinical Repro Flashcards

1
Q

How does a “foal movement” colic present? Tx?

A

Mild-moderate colic

Tx: Buscopan/PBZ

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2
Q

What would be your main ddx if a pregnant mare present with signs of colic, peritonitis and endotoxaemia?

A

Ichaemia/Necrosis/Rupture of caecum and colon

due to foal weight!

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3
Q

How can you tell that a pregnant mare with colic is not just foaling/aborting?

A

Vaginal Exam - is the cervix open?

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4
Q

Which colic presents in the last trimester as low grade/intermittent, but in some cases may be severe?

A

Uterine Torsion

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5
Q

How is an equine uterine torsion diagnosed?

A

Rectal palpation - one broad lig will be much tighter than the other!

NB Vaginal not used as twist is AFTER cervix

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6
Q

What are the 4 Tx options available for a uterine torsion?

A

Surgery
Standing flank laparotomy
GA, midline laparotomy
GA, rolling (DONT)

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7
Q

What is a possible benign cause of ventral abdominal oedema in the mar?

A

Compression of lymphatic drainage by foal - will resolve post-foaling

or OBESITY

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8
Q

What are your 4 main DDx for the overly large mare?

A

Hydrops Amnion
Pre Pubic Tendon Rupture
Obesity
Lymphatic compression

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9
Q

Which horses are predisposed to Pre-pubic tendon rupture?

A

Older Mares

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10
Q

How does pre-pubic tendon rupturee present?

A

Colic signs
Large painful oedema consistent with udder (dropped udder)
Blood in milk
Mare Recumbent

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11
Q

What must be done for cases of pre-pubic tendon rupture?

A

PBZ for analgesia

Assistance foaling/caesar

May PTS if progresses

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12
Q

On rectal exam of a pregnant mare, you note a huge fluid filled uterus but foal out of reach. Main Ddx?

A

Hydrops Amnion/Allantois

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13
Q

How is hydrops amnion treated?

A

Induce foaling/abort:

Dilate cervix, drain fluid slowly.
Manually remove foal.
IVFT to systemic BP.

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14
Q

What is the danger of hydrops amnion?

A

Can cause colic, dyspnoea, recumbency, circulatory collapse.

Foal will likely be deformed

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15
Q

What are the clinical signs of placentitis?

A

premature udder development and lactation ± vaginal discharge

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16
Q

Which pathogens are responsible for placentitis?

A

Strep. spp, E.coli, Aspergillus.

All ascending from cervix

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17
Q

How is placentitis Dx/Tc?

A

Dx: signs, US (placental thickening), Cervical swabs.

Tx: TMPS, PBZ

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of vaginal bleeding in the horse?

A

Varicose veins

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19
Q

Which malpositions would immediately warrant a caesarian?

A

All 4 feet forwards (with or without head)

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20
Q

What should be done in cases of uterine tears?

A

Extract Foal and PTS mare if complete

If small, normal foaling and Tx mare peritonitis

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21
Q

How are uterine tears diagnosed?

A

Rectal/vaginal exam
US
Peritoneal tap

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22
Q

What should be done for minor perineal lacerations?

A

Will heal alone

AB/NSAID/Tetanus

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23
Q

What should be done for perineal lacerations which substantially disrupt the perineal anatomy?

A

Surgical repair - delay if severe bruising.

AB/NSAID/Tetanus

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24
Q

How do you treat 3rd degree perineal lacerations?

A

AB/NSAID/Tetanus

Surgery in 4-6 once granulation started - often need multiple surgeries

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25
Q

A mare begins to colic mildly after foaling and has no signs of endotoxaemia - major Ddx?

A

Uterine cramps

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26
Q

how are uterine cramps treated?

A

Buscopan/PBZ

27
Q

A mare begins to colic and strain after foaling. Analgesia does not relieve her pain. Dx? Tx?

A

Inversion of uterine horn - diagnose via vaginal and rectal

Analgesia, buscopan, manual replacement, lavage

28
Q

Which post-partum colic is rapidly fatal and requires surgical intervention?

A

Colonic torsion

29
Q

What cause a mild to moderate post partum colic which may progress to haemorrhagic shock?

A

Uterine artery rupture

30
Q

Into which 2 places may the uterine aretery haemorrhage?

A

BL or abdomen

31
Q

How is uterine artery rupture diagnosed?

A

GENTLE palpation of the broad ligament per rectum

Abdo/rectal US

32
Q

How is uterine artery rupture treated?

A

Sedate
Analgesia
IV fluids/transfusion
Clotting agents: aminocaprionic acid

33
Q

What causes a uterine prolapse?

A

Pulling on RFM

Dystocia

34
Q

What is/are the potential causes of death from a uterine prolapse?

A

Prolapse: rupture uterine vessels

Replacement: metritis/endotoxaemia

35
Q

How is a uterine prolapse treated?

A

Clean uterus
Replace under epidural
Give oxytocin
BSABs and NSAID

36
Q

Within what time frame are foetal membranes normally passed?

A

2h

37
Q

What are retained foetal membranes?

A

Placenta still present >4h after foaling

38
Q

How are RFMs treated?

A

Oxytocin 1-2ml
BSABs, flunixin, Tet

Repeat if not passed

39
Q

How many RFMs be removed manually? (CONTROVERSIAL)

A

Gentle traction on allantois.

then gentle twisting of allantois.

then uterine lavage and oxytocin

MAINTAIN ON ABs and NSAIDs

40
Q

How is metritis treated?

A

Oxytocin 1-2ml

BSABs, flunixin, Tet, lavage

41
Q

How should orphan foals be raised?

A

BY FOSTER MARE ONLY!!!

Hand-rearing causes dangerous horses!!!!

42
Q

When does puberty occur in colts?

A

12-24m

43
Q

When is maximal sexual maturity reached in male horses?

A

4-5y

44
Q

How long does equine spermatogenesis take?

A

60d

45
Q

During which season do stallions produce the most sperm?

A

Summer

46
Q

What does a breeding soundness exam of the stallion involve?

A 
External genitalia exam
Internal genitalia exam
observe libido
Semen evaluation
Testicular Biopsy
Testicular US
Urethral Endoscopy
47
Q

Where are stallion swabs taken for CEM?

A

Urethra
Urethral fossa
Penile Sheath
Pre-ejactulatory Fluid

48
Q

what can be used to protect stallions against Equine Viral Arteritis?

A

Artervac vaccine - prevents EVA abortion

49
Q

How should a traumatic testicular swelling be treated?

A 
NSAID+/- corticosteroids
Cold
Massage
Support
\+/- diuretics
50
Q

How should paraphimosis be treated?

A

Support with a truss

Can do purse string suture to hold in place

51
Q

How is priapism treated?

A

Flush Corpus cavernosum w/heparinised saline under GA

Can amputate but not if horse wants to continue working

52
Q

What are 3 extra sources of colic in the stallion?

A

Inguinal herniation
Scrotal Hernias
Testicular Torsion

53
Q

What is a potential problem associated with scrotal/penile dermatitis?

A

Inflammation- can prevent mating/sperm production

54
Q

How soon must fresh semen be used?

A

within a few hours - unless use extenders to inc lifespan

55
Q

How long will chilled semen last?

A

48h - can transport

56
Q

How long does frozen semen last?

A

Forever

57
Q

How is fresh/chilled semen inserted into the mare?

A

Through the cervix via insemination catheter - NO RUBBER BUNGS!

58
Q

How is frozen semen used?

A

Straws warmed to 37 in water bath

Inserted through the cervix or into uterine horn (ovulating side)

59
Q

When should fresh/chilled semen be inserted?

A

48h pre-ovulation

60
Q

When should frozen semen be inserted?

A

up to 12h before or 6h after ovulation

61
Q

What is the stomach capacity of the foal?

A

1.5L/50kg

62
Q

As a % of BW, how much milk does a foal consume in its 1st day of life?

A

10%

63
Q

As a % of BW, how much milk does a foal consume in its 2nd day of life?

A

20%

64
Q

As a % of BW, how much milk does a foal consume in its 1st week of life?

A

25-30%

Veterinary Medicine (68 decks)

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