Equine Clinical Repro Flashcards by Simon Thackray

How does a “foal movement” colic present? Tx?

Mild-moderate colic

Tx: Buscopan/PBZ

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What would be your main ddx if a pregnant mare present with signs of colic, peritonitis and endotoxaemia?

Ichaemia/Necrosis/Rupture of caecum and colon

due to foal weight!

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How can you tell that a pregnant mare with colic is not just foaling/aborting?

Vaginal Exam - is the cervix open?

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Which colic presents in the last trimester as low grade/intermittent, but in some cases may be severe?

Uterine Torsion

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How is an equine uterine torsion diagnosed?

Rectal palpation - one broad lig will be much tighter than the other!

NB Vaginal not used as twist is AFTER cervix

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What are the 4 Tx options available for a uterine torsion?

Surgery
Standing flank laparotomy
GA, midline laparotomy
GA, rolling (DONT)

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What is a possible benign cause of ventral abdominal oedema in the mar?

Compression of lymphatic drainage by foal - will resolve post-foaling

or OBESITY

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What are your 4 main DDx for the overly large mare?

Hydrops Amnion
Pre Pubic Tendon Rupture
Obesity
Lymphatic compression

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Which horses are predisposed to Pre-pubic tendon rupture?

Older Mares

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How does pre-pubic tendon rupturee present?

Colic signs
Large painful oedema consistent with udder (dropped udder)
Blood in milk
Mare Recumbent

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What must be done for cases of pre-pubic tendon rupture?

PBZ for analgesia

Assistance foaling/caesar

May PTS if progresses

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On rectal exam of a pregnant mare, you note a huge fluid filled uterus but foal out of reach. Main Ddx?

Hydrops Amnion/Allantois

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How is hydrops amnion treated?

Induce foaling/abort:

Dilate cervix, drain fluid slowly.
Manually remove foal.
IVFT to systemic BP.

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What is the danger of hydrops amnion?

Can cause colic, dyspnoea, recumbency, circulatory collapse.

Foal will likely be deformed

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What are the clinical signs of placentitis?

premature udder development and lactation ± vaginal discharge

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Which pathogens are responsible for placentitis?

Strep. spp, E.coli, Aspergillus.

All ascending from cervix

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How is placentitis Dx/Tc?

Dx: signs, US (placental thickening), Cervical swabs.

Tx: TMPS, PBZ

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What is the most common cause of vaginal bleeding in the horse?

Varicose veins

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Which malpositions would immediately warrant a caesarian?

All 4 feet forwards (with or without head)

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What should be done in cases of uterine tears?

Extract Foal and PTS mare if complete

If small, normal foaling and Tx mare peritonitis

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How are uterine tears diagnosed?

Rectal/vaginal exam
US
Peritoneal tap

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What should be done for minor perineal lacerations?

Will heal alone

AB/NSAID/Tetanus

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What should be done for perineal lacerations which substantially disrupt the perineal anatomy?

Surgical repair - delay if severe bruising.

AB/NSAID/Tetanus

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How do you treat 3rd degree perineal lacerations?

AB/NSAID/Tetanus

Surgery in 4-6 once granulation started - often need multiple surgeries

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A mare begins to colic mildly after foaling and has no signs of endotoxaemia - major Ddx?

Uterine cramps

how are uterine cramps treated?

Buscopan/PBZ

A mare begins to colic and strain after foaling. Analgesia does not relieve her pain. Dx? Tx?

Inversion of uterine horn - diagnose via vaginal and rectal Analgesia, buscopan, manual replacement, lavage

Which post-partum colic is rapidly fatal and requires surgical intervention?

Colonic torsion

What cause a mild to moderate post partum colic which may progress to haemorrhagic shock?

Uterine artery rupture

Into which 2 places may the uterine aretery haemorrhage?

BL or abdomen

How is uterine artery rupture diagnosed?

GENTLE palpation of the broad ligament per rectum | Abdo/rectal US

How is uterine artery rupture treated?

Sedate Analgesia IV fluids/transfusion Clotting agents: aminocaprionic acid

What causes a uterine prolapse?

Pulling on RFM | Dystocia

What is/are the potential causes of death from a uterine prolapse?

Prolapse: rupture uterine vessels Replacement: metritis/endotoxaemia

How is a uterine prolapse treated?

Clean uterus Replace under epidural Give oxytocin BSABs and NSAID

Within what time frame are foetal membranes normally passed?

What are retained foetal membranes?

Placenta still present >4h after foaling

How are RFMs treated?

Oxytocin 1-2ml BSABs, flunixin, Tet Repeat if not passed

How many RFMs be removed manually? (CONTROVERSIAL)

Gentle traction on allantois. then gentle twisting of allantois. then uterine lavage and oxytocin MAINTAIN ON ABs and NSAIDs

How is metritis treated?

Oxytocin 1-2ml | BSABs, flunixin, Tet, lavage

How should orphan foals be raised?

BY FOSTER MARE ONLY!!! Hand-rearing causes dangerous horses!!!!

When does puberty occur in colts?

12-24m

When is maximal sexual maturity reached in male horses?

4-5y

How long does equine spermatogenesis take?

60d

During which season do stallions produce the most sperm?

Summer

What does a breeding soundness exam of the stallion involve?

``` External genitalia exam Internal genitalia exam observe libido Semen evaluation Testicular Biopsy Testicular US Urethral Endoscopy ```

Where are stallion swabs taken for CEM?

Urethra Urethral fossa Penile Sheath Pre-ejactulatory Fluid

what can be used to protect stallions against Equine Viral Arteritis?

Artervac vaccine - prevents EVA abortion

How should a traumatic testicular swelling be treated?

``` NSAID+/- corticosteroids Cold Massage Support +/- diuretics ```

How should paraphimosis be treated?

Support with a truss Can do purse string suture to hold in place

How is priapism treated?

Flush Corpus cavernosum w/heparinised saline under GA Can amputate but not if horse wants to continue working

What are 3 extra sources of colic in the stallion?

Inguinal herniation Scrotal Hernias Testicular Torsion

What is a potential problem associated with scrotal/penile dermatitis?

Inflammation- can prevent mating/sperm production

How soon must fresh semen be used?

within a few hours - unless use extenders to inc lifespan

How long will chilled semen last?

48h - can transport

How long does frozen semen last?

Forever

How is fresh/chilled semen inserted into the mare?

Through the cervix via insemination catheter - NO RUBBER BUNGS!

How is frozen semen used?

Straws warmed to 37 in water bath | Inserted through the cervix or into uterine horn (ovulating side)

When should fresh/chilled semen be inserted?

48h pre-ovulation

When should frozen semen be inserted?

up to 12h before or 6h after ovulation

What is the stomach capacity of the foal?

1.5L/50kg

As a % of BW, how much milk does a foal consume in its 1st day of life?

10%

As a % of BW, how much milk does a foal consume in its 2nd day of life?

20%

As a % of BW, how much milk does a foal consume in its 1st week of life?

25-30%