SA Clinical Cardio Flashcards
What is the most common heart Dz in dogs?
Myxomatous Degenerative Valve Dz
What changes are notes when comparing La and Lv on echocardiography of MDVD?
La> Lv
Dilated & Round Lv
What is noted on M Mode echocardiography of MDVD?
Hyperdynamic Systole
Which ECG abnormality is most commonly associated with MDVD?
SVPCs
AF/VPCs also but less common
What are the 3 major Dukes criteria?
Echocardiogram Changes
New Valvular Insufficicency
Positive Blood Culture (>2)
What are the minor Dukes criteria?
Fever Large Breed Subaortic stenosis IM Dz Thromboembolic Dz Single +ve blood culture
What condition are the Modified dukes criteria used to assess?
Endocarditis
For how long should ABs be administered to a patient with endocarditis?
6w minimum
What 2 changes may be seen on histopath of DCM?
Fibro-fatty infiltration
Attenuated Fibres
What changes are notes when comparing La and Lv on echocardiography of DCM?
Lv>La
What number of VPCs is diagnostic for ARVC in non-predisposed breeds?
> 1000 VPCs/hr
Which clinical sign is more commonly seen in DCM than MDVD?
Collapse
In DCM, what does systolic hypotension indicate?
Forward Failure
Which arrhythmia is most commonly associated with DCM?
AFib
also VPC, sVPC
What is the difference in systolic fct between DCM and MDVD?
Reduced in DCM
Normal-Hyperdynamic in MDVD
What are the 2 causes of murmur in HoCM?
LVOT obstruction
Systolic Anterior Motion (SAM) of MitV
What are the 4 places where BNP is released from?
Brain
Liver
LV/Myocytes
Pulmonary Veins
Which 2 breeds of cat are predisposed to HCM?
Maine Coon
Ragdoll
What is a common cause for LA enlargement in the cat?
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Which cardiomyopathy causes RCHF in the cat?
ARVC
Which CHF drug must not be given in HoCM?
Pimobendan
How does Cardiac Tamponade cause RCHF?
Pericardial pressure > Ra pressure
Ra collapses in systole
Filling impaired
What ECG abnormalities are common in pericardial effusion? (dogs)
Sinus Tachycardia
Small QRS/Electrical Alterans
What are 2 major differences between PCE and MVD on Lateral Rx?
PCE: small lobar vessels, distinct silhouette
MVD: large pulmonary vessels, La enlargement
Why must you check PCV on the fluid obtained from pericardiocentesis?
Fluid PCV > Dog PCV indicates:
Iatrogenic puncture OR haemorrhagic neoplasia
STOP PCS or patient will exsanguinate!
Which feline Dz causes an infectious pericarditis?
FIP (coronavirus)
At what age would a dog develop CHF 2e to a PDA?
By 7yo
What changes are noted to femoral pulse in dogs with PDA?
Rapidly collapsing - “waterhammer”
What Rx change is pathognomonic for PDA in dogs?
DV: Triple knuckle
Aorta, Pulm v & LAu
What 2 ECG changes are common in PDA?
P mitrale
Tall R waves
What are the 2 Tx options for a PDA diagnosed in a young dog?
Ligation
Catheter-based Occlusion
What is the most common congenital cardiac defect in dogs? How does this differ in cats?
Subaortic Stenosis
Uncommon in cats and poor Px.
How does murmur grade relate to Dz severity in Aortic stenosis?
Proportional
Severity of Aortic Stenosis is graded by pressure gradient. What are the 3 grades?
Mild 0-50mmHg
Moderate 50-80mmHg
Severe >80mmHg
What is the modified bernoulli equation?
4xV^2
which 2 drug classes can be given to dogs with aortic stenosis?
Beta Blockers
Diuretics
What is the underlying pathological link between Pulmonic Stenosis and Ventricular Arrhythmias?
RV hypertrophy –> cardiac ischaemia —> arryhthmia
What are the 3 ECG changes with pulmonic stenosis?
-ve QRS in lead 1
Deep S wave lead II
Right Axis Deviation
How can pulmonic stenosis be treated?
Balloon valvuloplasty
Surgical Dilatation
What is Eisenmengers syndorme?
VSD > Pulm Hypertension > shunt changes from “L to R” to “R to L”
What is one of the most common congenital heart defects in cats?
AV valve dysplasia
Which dog breed are most prone to tricuspid dysplasia?
Labradors
Which dog breed are most prone to tricuspid dysplasia?
Bull Terriers
Which 2e arrhythmia to AV valve dysplasia may cause severe decompensation?
AFib
Which breed of dog is most commonly predisposed to peritoneal-pericardial diaphragmatic hernias?
Weimararner
What ECG abnormalities would be present with wolf parkinson white syndrome?
Delta Wave
Short PR interval
Which drugs can be used to treat AFib in dogs?
Digoxin
Diltiazem
Beta Blocker if NECESSARY!
What are your ideal and acceptable HRs for a dog with AF controlled medically?
Aim <140
Ideal <125
(Halter)
In clinic aim for <155
What are the 3 criteria for treating ventricular rhythms?
Haemodynamically Significant
Very Fast (R on T)
Multifocal
What are the 4 most common underlying causes for Bradyarrhythmias?
High Vagal Tone
Hyperkalaemia
Hypothyroid
Drug SE
How can you rule out vagally mediated bradycardia?
Atropine Response Test - if +ve would inc HR 50% after 30m.
Which indirect BP monitor gives systolic and diastolic readings?
Oscillometric
What checks should be done if systemic hypertension is diagnosed?
Eye Exam: hyphaema/ retinal detachment
Neuro Exam
Renal: USG/UPCR
Cardio: Echo & ECG
Which drug must be given before investigating systemic hypertension, if SBP >200mmHg? Dose?
Amlodipine
Cats 1.125mg, SID
Dog: 0.05-0.1mg/kg SID
Which 2 drugs are used to reduce glomerular capillary pressure in systemic hypertension?
ACE-Inhib (benazepril)
Ang II blocker (Telmisartan)
What is your priority Treatment for feline FATE?
ANALGESIA!!!!! (& ACP)
When can tPA be given to treat FATE?
within 6-12h of incident
What can be given to prevent FATE in at-risk cats?
Clopidogrel
Which 2 parasites may cause pulmonary hypertension in the dog?
Dilofilaria
Angiostrongylus vasorum
How is pulmonary hypertension diagnosed?
Rx: Dilated, Tortuous pulmonary arteries
Echo: Dilated RV & pulmonary trunk.
Doppler: High velocity TR and PR jets.
Auscultate: Loud S2
In which side of the heart are dirofilaria found?
RHS
Where are angiostrongylus vasorum found?
Pulmonary Artery
How can we prevent A Vasorum infection?
Moxidectin or Milbemycin
