SA Clinical Cardio

Question 1

What is the most common heart Dz in dogs?

Answer 1

Myxomatous Degenerative Valve Dz

Question 2

What changes are notes when comparing La and Lv on echocardiography of MDVD?

Answer 2

La> Lv

Dilated & Round Lv

Question 3

What is noted on M Mode echocardiography of MDVD?

Answer 3

Hyperdynamic Systole

Question 4

Which ECG abnormality is most commonly associated with MDVD?

Answer 4

SVPCs

AF/VPCs also but less common

Question 5

What are the 3 major Dukes criteria?

Answer 5

Echocardiogram Changes
New Valvular Insufficicency
Positive Blood Culture (>2)

Question 6

What are the minor Dukes criteria?

Answer 6

Fever
Large Breed
Subaortic stenosis
IM Dz
Thromboembolic Dz
Single +ve blood culture

Question 7

What condition are the Modified dukes criteria used to assess?

Answer 7

Endocarditis

Question 8

For how long should ABs be administered to a patient with endocarditis?

Answer 8

6w minimum

Question 9

What 2 changes may be seen on histopath of DCM?

Answer 9

Fibro-fatty infiltration

Attenuated Fibres

Question 10

What changes are notes when comparing La and Lv on echocardiography of DCM?

Answer 10

Lv>La

Question 11

What number of VPCs is diagnostic for ARVC in non-predisposed breeds?

Answer 11

> 1000 VPCs/hr

Question 12

Which clinical sign is more commonly seen in DCM than MDVD?

Answer 12

Collapse

Question 13

In DCM, what does systolic hypotension indicate?

Answer 13

Forward Failure

Question 14

Which arrhythmia is most commonly associated with DCM?

Answer 14

AFib

also VPC, sVPC

Question 15

What is the difference in systolic fct between DCM and MDVD?

Answer 15

Reduced in DCM

Normal-Hyperdynamic in MDVD

Question 16

What are the 2 causes of murmur in HoCM?

Answer 16

LVOT obstruction

Systolic Anterior Motion (SAM) of MitV

Question 17

What are the 4 places where BNP is released from?

Answer 17

Brain
Liver
LV/Myocytes
Pulmonary Veins

Question 18

Which 2 breeds of cat are predisposed to HCM?

Answer 18

Maine Coon

Ragdoll

Question 19

What is a common cause for LA enlargement in the cat?

Answer 19

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Question 20

Which cardiomyopathy causes RCHF in the cat?

Answer 20

ARVC

Question 21

Which CHF drug must not be given in HoCM?

Answer 21

Pimobendan

Question 22

How does Cardiac Tamponade cause RCHF?

Answer 22

Pericardial pressure > Ra pressure
Ra collapses in systole
Filling impaired

Question 23

What ECG abnormalities are common in pericardial effusion? (dogs)

Answer 23

Sinus Tachycardia

Small QRS/Electrical Alterans

Question 24

What are 2 major differences between PCE and MVD on Lateral Rx?

Answer 24

PCE: small lobar vessels, distinct silhouette

MVD: large pulmonary vessels, La enlargement

Question 25

Why must you check PCV on the fluid obtained from pericardiocentesis?

Answer 25

Fluid PCV > Dog PCV indicates: Iatrogenic puncture OR haemorrhagic neoplasia STOP PCS or patient will exsanguinate!

Question 26

Which feline Dz causes an infectious pericarditis?

Answer 26

FIP (coronavirus)

Question 27

At what age would a dog develop CHF 2e to a PDA?

Answer 27

By 7yo

Question 28

What changes are noted to femoral pulse in dogs with PDA?

Answer 28

Rapidly collapsing - "waterhammer"

Question 29

What Rx change is pathognomonic for PDA in dogs?

Answer 29

DV: Triple knuckle Aorta, Pulm v & LAu

Question 30

What 2 ECG changes are common in PDA?

Answer 30

P mitrale | Tall R waves

Question 31

What are the 2 Tx options for a PDA diagnosed in a young dog?

Answer 31

Ligation | Catheter-based Occlusion

Question 32

What is the most common congenital cardiac defect in dogs? How does this differ in cats?

Answer 32

Subaortic Stenosis Uncommon in cats and poor Px.

Question 33

How does murmur grade relate to Dz severity in Aortic stenosis?

Answer 33

Proportional

Question 34

Severity of Aortic Stenosis is graded by pressure gradient. What are the 3 grades?

Answer 34

Mild 0-50mmHg Moderate 50-80mmHg Severe >80mmHg

Question 35

What is the modified bernoulli equation?

Answer 35

4xV^2

Question 36

which 2 drug classes can be given to dogs with aortic stenosis?

Answer 36

Beta Blockers | Diuretics

Question 37

What is the underlying pathological link between Pulmonic Stenosis and Ventricular Arrhythmias?

Answer 37

RV hypertrophy --> cardiac ischaemia ---> arryhthmia

Question 38

What are the 3 ECG changes with pulmonic stenosis?

Answer 38

-ve QRS in lead 1 Deep S wave lead II Right Axis Deviation

Question 39

How can pulmonic stenosis be treated?

Answer 39

Balloon valvuloplasty | Surgical Dilatation

Question 40

What is Eisenmengers syndorme?

Answer 40

VSD > Pulm Hypertension > shunt changes from "L to R" to "R to L"

Question 41

What is one of the most common congenital heart defects in cats?

Answer 41

AV valve dysplasia

Question 42

Which dog breed are most prone to tricuspid dysplasia?

Answer 42

Labradors

Question 43

Which dog breed are most prone to tricuspid dysplasia?

Answer 43

Bull Terriers

Question 44

Which 2e arrhythmia to AV valve dysplasia may cause severe decompensation?

Answer 44

AFib

Question 45

Which breed of dog is most commonly predisposed to peritoneal-pericardial diaphragmatic hernias?

Answer 45

Weimararner

Question 46

What ECG abnormalities would be present with wolf parkinson white syndrome?

Answer 46

Delta Wave Short PR interval

Question 47

Which drugs can be used to treat AFib in dogs?

Answer 47

Digoxin Diltiazem Beta Blocker if NECESSARY!

Question 48

What are your ideal and acceptable HRs for a dog with AF controlled medically?

Answer 48

Aim <140 Ideal <125 (Halter) In clinic aim for <155

Question 49

What are the 3 criteria for treating ventricular rhythms?

Answer 49

Haemodynamically Significant Very Fast (R on T) Multifocal

Question 50

What are the 4 most common underlying causes for Bradyarrhythmias?

Answer 50

High Vagal Tone Hyperkalaemia Hypothyroid Drug SE

Question 51

How can you rule out vagally mediated bradycardia?

Answer 51

Atropine Response Test - if +ve would inc HR 50% after 30m.

Question 52

Which indirect BP monitor gives systolic and diastolic readings?

Answer 52

Oscillometric

Question 53

What checks should be done if systemic hypertension is diagnosed?

Answer 53

Eye Exam: hyphaema/ retinal detachment Neuro Exam Renal: USG/UPCR Cardio: Echo & ECG

Question 54

Which drug must be given before investigating systemic hypertension, if SBP >200mmHg? Dose?

Answer 54

Amlodipine Cats 1.125mg, SID Dog: 0.05-0.1mg/kg SID

Question 55

Which 2 drugs are used to reduce glomerular capillary pressure in systemic hypertension?

Answer 55

ACE-Inhib (benazepril) Ang II blocker (Telmisartan)

Question 56

What is your priority Treatment for feline FATE?

Answer 56

ANALGESIA!!!!! (& ACP)

Question 57

When can tPA be given to treat FATE?

Answer 57

within 6-12h of incident

Question 58

What can be given to prevent FATE in at-risk cats?

Answer 58

Clopidogrel

Question 59

Which 2 parasites may cause pulmonary hypertension in the dog?

Answer 59

Dilofilaria | Angiostrongylus vasorum

Question 60

How is pulmonary hypertension diagnosed?

Answer 60

Rx: Dilated, Tortuous pulmonary arteries Echo: Dilated RV & pulmonary trunk. Doppler: High velocity TR and PR jets. Auscultate: Loud S2

Question 61

In which side of the heart are dirofilaria found?

Answer 61

RHS

Question 62

Where are angiostrongylus vasorum found?

Answer 62

Pulmonary Artery

Question 63

How can we prevent A Vasorum infection?

Answer 63

Moxidectin or Milbemycin