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Veterinary Medicine > SA Clinical Cardio > Flashcards

SA Clinical Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common heart Dz in dogs?

A

Myxomatous Degenerative Valve Dz

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2
Q

What changes are notes when comparing La and Lv on echocardiography of MDVD?

A

La> Lv

Dilated & Round Lv

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3
Q

What is noted on M Mode echocardiography of MDVD?

A

Hyperdynamic Systole

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4
Q

Which ECG abnormality is most commonly associated with MDVD?

A

SVPCs

AF/VPCs also but less common

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5
Q

What are the 3 major Dukes criteria?

A

Echocardiogram Changes
New Valvular Insufficicency
Positive Blood Culture (>2)

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6
Q

What are the minor Dukes criteria?

A 
Fever
Large Breed
Subaortic stenosis
IM Dz
Thromboembolic Dz
Single +ve blood culture
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7
Q

What condition are the Modified dukes criteria used to assess?

A

Endocarditis

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8
Q

For how long should ABs be administered to a patient with endocarditis?

A

6w minimum

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9
Q

What 2 changes may be seen on histopath of DCM?

A

Fibro-fatty infiltration

Attenuated Fibres

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10
Q

What changes are notes when comparing La and Lv on echocardiography of DCM?

A

Lv>La

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11
Q

What number of VPCs is diagnostic for ARVC in non-predisposed breeds?

A

> 1000 VPCs/hr

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12
Q

Which clinical sign is more commonly seen in DCM than MDVD?

A

Collapse

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13
Q

In DCM, what does systolic hypotension indicate?

A

Forward Failure

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14
Q

Which arrhythmia is most commonly associated with DCM?

A

AFib

also VPC, sVPC

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15
Q

What is the difference in systolic fct between DCM and MDVD?

A

Reduced in DCM

Normal-Hyperdynamic in MDVD

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16
Q

What are the 2 causes of murmur in HoCM?

A

LVOT obstruction

Systolic Anterior Motion (SAM) of MitV

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17
Q

What are the 4 places where BNP is released from?

A

Brain
Liver
LV/Myocytes
Pulmonary Veins

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18
Q

Which 2 breeds of cat are predisposed to HCM?

A

Maine Coon

Ragdoll

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19
Q

What is a common cause for LA enlargement in the cat?

A

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

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20
Q

Which cardiomyopathy causes RCHF in the cat?

A

ARVC

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21
Q

Which CHF drug must not be given in HoCM?

A

Pimobendan

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22
Q

How does Cardiac Tamponade cause RCHF?

A

Pericardial pressure > Ra pressure
Ra collapses in systole
Filling impaired

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23
Q

What ECG abnormalities are common in pericardial effusion? (dogs)

A

Sinus Tachycardia

Small QRS/Electrical Alterans

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24
Q

What are 2 major differences between PCE and MVD on Lateral Rx?

A

PCE: small lobar vessels, distinct silhouette

MVD: large pulmonary vessels, La enlargement

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25
Q

Why must you check PCV on the fluid obtained from pericardiocentesis?

A

Fluid PCV > Dog PCV indicates:
Iatrogenic puncture OR haemorrhagic neoplasia

STOP PCS or patient will exsanguinate!

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26
Q

Which feline Dz causes an infectious pericarditis?

A

FIP (coronavirus)

27
Q

At what age would a dog develop CHF 2e to a PDA?

A

By 7yo

28
Q

What changes are noted to femoral pulse in dogs with PDA?

A

Rapidly collapsing - “waterhammer”

29
Q

What Rx change is pathognomonic for PDA in dogs?

A

DV: Triple knuckle

Aorta, Pulm v & LAu

30
Q

What 2 ECG changes are common in PDA?

A

P mitrale

Tall R waves

31
Q

What are the 2 Tx options for a PDA diagnosed in a young dog?

A

Ligation

Catheter-based Occlusion

32
Q

What is the most common congenital cardiac defect in dogs? How does this differ in cats?

A

Subaortic Stenosis

Uncommon in cats and poor Px.

33
Q

How does murmur grade relate to Dz severity in Aortic stenosis?

A

Proportional

34
Q

Severity of Aortic Stenosis is graded by pressure gradient. What are the 3 grades?

A

Mild 0-50mmHg
Moderate 50-80mmHg
Severe >80mmHg

35
Q

What is the modified bernoulli equation?

A

4xV^2

36
Q

which 2 drug classes can be given to dogs with aortic stenosis?

A

Beta Blockers

Diuretics

37
Q

What is the underlying pathological link between Pulmonic Stenosis and Ventricular Arrhythmias?

A

RV hypertrophy –> cardiac ischaemia —> arryhthmia

38
Q

What are the 3 ECG changes with pulmonic stenosis?

A

-ve QRS in lead 1
Deep S wave lead II
Right Axis Deviation

39
Q

How can pulmonic stenosis be treated?

A

Balloon valvuloplasty

Surgical Dilatation

40
Q

What is Eisenmengers syndorme?

A

VSD > Pulm Hypertension > shunt changes from “L to R” to “R to L”

41
Q

What is one of the most common congenital heart defects in cats?

A

AV valve dysplasia

42
Q

Which dog breed are most prone to tricuspid dysplasia?

A

Labradors

43
Q

Which dog breed are most prone to tricuspid dysplasia?

A

Bull Terriers

44
Q

Which 2e arrhythmia to AV valve dysplasia may cause severe decompensation?

A

AFib

45
Q

Which breed of dog is most commonly predisposed to peritoneal-pericardial diaphragmatic hernias?

A

Weimararner

46
Q

What ECG abnormalities would be present with wolf parkinson white syndrome?

A

Delta Wave

Short PR interval

47
Q

Which drugs can be used to treat AFib in dogs?

A

Digoxin
Diltiazem

Beta Blocker if NECESSARY!

48
Q

What are your ideal and acceptable HRs for a dog with AF controlled medically?

A

Aim <140
Ideal <125
(Halter)

In clinic aim for <155

49
Q

What are the 3 criteria for treating ventricular rhythms?

A

Haemodynamically Significant
Very Fast (R on T)
Multifocal

50
Q

What are the 4 most common underlying causes for Bradyarrhythmias?

A

High Vagal Tone
Hyperkalaemia
Hypothyroid
Drug SE

51
Q

How can you rule out vagally mediated bradycardia?

A

Atropine Response Test - if +ve would inc HR 50% after 30m.

52
Q

Which indirect BP monitor gives systolic and diastolic readings?

A

Oscillometric

53
Q

What checks should be done if systemic hypertension is diagnosed?

A

Eye Exam: hyphaema/ retinal detachment
Neuro Exam
Renal: USG/UPCR
Cardio: Echo & ECG

54
Q

Which drug must be given before investigating systemic hypertension, if SBP >200mmHg? Dose?

A

Amlodipine

Cats 1.125mg, SID
Dog: 0.05-0.1mg/kg SID

55
Q

Which 2 drugs are used to reduce glomerular capillary pressure in systemic hypertension?

A

ACE-Inhib (benazepril)

Ang II blocker (Telmisartan)

56
Q

What is your priority Treatment for feline FATE?

A

ANALGESIA!!!!! (& ACP)

57
Q

When can tPA be given to treat FATE?

A

within 6-12h of incident

58
Q

What can be given to prevent FATE in at-risk cats?

A

Clopidogrel

59
Q

Which 2 parasites may cause pulmonary hypertension in the dog?

A

Dilofilaria

Angiostrongylus vasorum

60
Q

How is pulmonary hypertension diagnosed?

A

Rx: Dilated, Tortuous pulmonary arteries

Echo: Dilated RV & pulmonary trunk.

Doppler: High velocity TR and PR jets.

Auscultate: Loud S2

61
Q

In which side of the heart are dirofilaria found?

A

RHS

62
Q

Where are angiostrongylus vasorum found?

A

Pulmonary Artery

63
Q

How can we prevent A Vasorum infection?

A

Moxidectin or Milbemycin

Veterinary Medicine (68 decks)

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