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Veterinary Medicine > Farm Clinical Repro > Flashcards

Farm Clinical Repro Flashcards

1
Q

How long is a normal bovine oestrus cycle?

A

18-24d

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2
Q

How long does uterine involution and regeneration of the endometrium take?

A

3-4w

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3
Q

What happens in all cows 2w pp?

A

inc in FSH - 1st follicular wave stimulated

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4
Q

when is the 1st PP oestrus in dairy cows?

A

2-3w PP

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5
Q

when is the 1st PP oestrus in beef suckles cows?

A

3w-3m

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6
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

24h after signs of oestrus

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7
Q

What hormonal affect do uterine infections have?

A

Suppress GnRH and pituitary LH secretion

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8
Q

What are the main pathogens responsible for metritis/endometritis?

A

E coli
T pyogenes
D nodosus
F necrophorum

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9
Q

Define Metritis

A

Enlarged uterus, purulent uterine discharge detectable
in the vagina.

Within 21d of parturition

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10
Q

What are the 3 grades of metritis?

A

1: enlarged uterus w/purulent disch. Systemically well.
2: Systemically unwell. (dec milk yield, >39.5, dec DMI)
3. Toxaemic (cold extremities, dull)

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11
Q

Define Pyometra.

A

Purulent material in uterine lumen
CL present
Closed Cervix

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12
Q

How is Pyometra treated?

A

PGF

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13
Q

Define Endometritis.

A

purulent uterine discharge detectable

in the vagina >21d pp

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14
Q

what are the 4 grades of endometritis?

A 
0= clear
1 = flecks of white
2 = <50ml, <50% white
3 = >50ml, lots of white or bloody material
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15
Q

How is clinical endometritis treated?

A

____

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16
Q

What are cystic follicles?

A

Fluid filled structure >2.5cm
Ovulates in 10d
No luteal tissue present

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17
Q

What are follicular cysts?

A

Thin <3mm wall
Fluid filled
Internal diameter >25mm
Last >10d

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18
Q

What do follicular cysts secrete for the 1st half of their lifespan?

A

Oestradiol (inhibits LH surge)

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19
Q

What are luteal cysts?

A

Thick wall >3mm
>25mm internal diameter
Fluid filled lacuna
Duration >10d

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20
Q

define bovine abortion.

A

Calving <270d in gestation

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21
Q

Which notifiable pathogen is a serious abortive agent?

A

Brucellosis

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22
Q

How do 2e abortive pathogens cause luteolysis and abortion?

A

Inflammation and PG release

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23
Q

What are 3 main 2e pathogens?

A

Listeria Monocytogenes
Leptospira borgpetersenii
Salmonella dublin

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24
Q

What are the 2 routes of infection for abortive agents?

A

Resident repro flora
Transplacental
Haematogenous

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25
Q

Which foetal lesions are associated with transplacental BoHV-1 infection?

A

Fetal lung (peri-bronchiolar mononuclear inflm & vasculitis)

Fetal liver (centilovular necrosis)

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26
Q

Which pathogen causes placentitis without inflammation, and a pale non-autolysed liver?

A

BVDv (+ group B strep)

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27
Q

Which pathogen causes foetal bronchopneumonia after crossing the placenta?

A

T pyogenes

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28
Q

How can we tell when BVDv infection occured in the calf in placenta?

A

Radio-opaque lines on Tibia

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29
Q

Which pathogen causes IBR?

A

BHV-1

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30
Q

What is the most commonly diagnosed cause of abortion in the cow?

A

Neospora

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31
Q

How is neospora diagnosed?

A

Maternal serology - inc Ab levels!

Test calf at birth

Can also perform brain histopath on dead foetus

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32
Q

What is the incubation period for BDV?

A

5-7d

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33
Q

When after initial infection are BVD Abs present?

A

14-21d

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34
Q

What are the 2 biotypes of BVD?

A

Non-cytopathic: acute Dz. crosses FoetMat barrier –> abortion.

Cytopathic: mucosal Dz in PI animals

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35
Q

How can you test for BVD PI calves?

A

Ab neg, Ag pos

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36
Q

What is the danger of BVD in PI calves?

A

Conversion of non-cytopathic biotype to cytopathic.

Also don’t do well as Imm Supp.

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37
Q

Infection with BVD at what age causes congenital abnormalities? (cerebellar hypoplasia etc)

A

120-285d of gestation

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38
Q

how does cytopathic BVD present?

A

Ulcerated mucosa
Ill thrift
Diarrhoea
Resp Dz

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39
Q

When can you test calves blood for being PI for BVD?

A

> 30d

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40
Q

What is the bulk tank PCR detection limit?

A

1 in 300

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41
Q

where do leptospires survive in the environment?

A

Water!

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42
Q

Which repro issues are caused by acute lepto cases?

A

Abortion
Stillbirth
Weak Calf
RFM

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43
Q

How is lepto diagnosed?

A

Bulk milk - herd level
Identify in aborted tissue
Can do serology

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44
Q

Which 2 antibiotics can be used to treat bovine lepto?

A

dihydrostreptomycin (25mg /kg sid) or

oxytetracycline (10mg/kg sid)

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45
Q

What are the 3 sources of salmonella?

A

Faeces
Feed
Fomites

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46
Q

Which is the most common salmonella serovar associated with abortion?

A

S dublin

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47
Q

When do salmonella infections peak?

A

Sep to Dec

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48
Q

Which campylobacter subspp cause mild endometritis?

A

C fetus venerealis

C fetus fetus

49
Q

Which campy subspp causes abortion?

A

C fetus fetus

50
Q

How is campylobacter fetus diagnosed?

A

preputial washing in bulls (PBS warm)

Vaginal mucus aspiration in cows - IgA MIN 12 samples

51
Q

How is campylobacter fetus spread?

A

Venereally

52
Q

Where does T fetus live on the host?

A

cow and bull repro tract

53
Q

how is trichomonas fetus spread?

A

Natural Service

54
Q

How is campylobacter fetus in bulls treateD?

A

Systemic: Streptomycin 10mg/kg Sheath lavage: 100 mls pen/strep

55
Q

What is the Submission rate?

A

No. animals served / No. Eligible / 3 week cycle

56
Q

What is the pregnancy rate?

A

% Pregnant of those served

57
Q

What is the PREG rate?

A

No. Preg/No. eligible to be served/3 week

58
Q

What is the target fertility for the bull?

A

90% of 50 normal, cycling, disease free, females pregnant within 9 weeks

59
Q

How long is spermatogenesis in the bull?

A

61d

60
Q

What are the 3 main steps in a bull breeding soundness exam?

A
  1. General clinical exam
  2. Repro tract exam
  3. Semen evaluation
61
Q

What are the 4 components of the bull repro tract exam?

A

Scrotal Circumference
Testes
Accessory sex glands
Prepuce and Penis

62
Q

What are the 4 components of semen examination?

A

Gross motility
Linear progressive motility
Morphology
White blood cells

63
Q

What is the rule of thumb for libido testing in the bull?

A

If a bull is put with a cow on heat he should serve her in 20 minutes (ideally <10)

64
Q

What is the medical term for “broken penis”?

A

Penile Haematoma

65
Q

When is Tx for penile haematoma most successful?

A

If <15cm

66
Q

What is the medical Tx for penile haematoma?

A 
Sexual rest for 2m
Cold hosting for 4d 
Then warm hose and massage for 3w
ABs to stop abscess
NSAIDs for pain
67
Q

What is the surgical Tx of penile haematoma?

A

Removal of blood clot.
Suture tunica albuginea if possible.
Medical Tx to follow

68
Q

When should penile fibropapillomas be removed?

A

If interfering with service - otherwise leave to regress

69
Q

Which nerve block si used to remove penile fibropapillomas?

A

Pudendal

70
Q

What are the 3 main venereal dz of the bull?

A

C fetus venerealis
Tritrichomonas fetus
BHV1

71
Q

Which pathogen causes Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis/Balanoposthitis?

A

BHV-1

72
Q

What are the signs of BHV 1 infection in the cow?

A

MP vaginal disch

Inflm of vagina/vulva w/pustules which become ulcers

73
Q

What are the signs of BHV 1 infection in the bull?

A

painful swelling of penis and prepuce

74
Q

How is BHV-1 diagnosed?

A

PCR or FAT on swabs

or Paired serology

75
Q

How is BHV-1 treated?

A

NOT - will resolve

76
Q

What is the growth rate of finishing beef animals?

A

1-1.4kg/day

77
Q

At what age do we want to slaughter beef finishers?

A

18-24m

78
Q

At what weight do we want to slaughter beef animals?

A

600-800kg

79
Q

What should be our target growth rate for beef stores over winter?

A

0.8kg/day

80
Q

What is the target calving spread in beef suckler herds?

A

9w

81
Q

What is the target barren rate in beef suckler herds?

A

3-4%

82
Q

What is the target % born in beef suckler herds?

A

95%

83
Q

What is the target calf mortality in beef suckler herds?

A

<3-4%

84
Q

What is the target % weaning in beef suckler herds?

A

93-95%

85
Q

What is the target % weaned calf/weaned cow weight in beef suckler herds?

A

50% (300kg calf from 600kg cow)

86
Q

What is the most sensitive measure of cow performance in a beef suckler her?

A

Calving spread

87
Q

What is the most important factor influencing profitability of suckler herds?

A

Fertility

88
Q

How does calving spread influence disease risk?

A

Pathogen multiplier effect

89
Q

Why does a decreased calving spread increase conception rate?

A

Gives cow greater period of rest

90
Q

What is the target calf/cow per year in beef suckler herds?

A

1

91
Q

What is the target conception rate in beef suckler herds?

A

60-80%

92
Q

How long should the bull be in with the cows in a suckler herd?

A

9-12w max

93
Q

Which type of suckler herd should receive supplementary feeding at mating?

A

Autumn calvers only - until 6w after end of mating

94
Q

What problem does using continental bulls cause?

A

Dystocia! BIG effect on profit.

95
Q

How old should suckler heifers be at 1st calving?

A

2y

96
Q

Describe how you would change a beef suckler calving program for the heifers in the herd?

A

Calve 3-4w before cows

Wean 1m early (help growth)

97
Q

What are the 2 methods farmers can employ to keep a tight calving pattern?

A

Cull late calvers - replace w/heifers

Split herd into spring and autumn calving herds

98
Q

Which EBV is important to be negative in the beef suckler herd?

A

Birth Weight

99
Q

which EBV is indicative of the dam milk supply?

A

200d eight

100
Q

Which website can be used for AI synchonisation in suckler herds?

A

http://www.iowabeefcenter.org/estrus_synch.html

101
Q

Describe a generic AI program for a suckler herd.

A

d0 GnrH and PRID
d8 remove PRID, inject PG
56-72h later: AI (GnRH at serving)

102
Q

What type of abortion is caused by campylobacter fetus venerealis?

A

EARLY embryonic death - empty at PD

103
Q

How long is 1st stage labour in the cow?

A

3-6h

104
Q

How long is 2nd stage labour in the cow?

A

hours

105
Q

When should you intervene with 2nd stage labour?

A

1h after water bag starts showing

106
Q

What should be done BEFORE performing an episiotomy?

A

Stretch vulval lips manually with arms for 20min

107
Q

When should an episiotomy incision be made?

A

When calfs head passes through vulva

108
Q

When do most bovine uterine torsions occur?

A

Onset of parturition

109
Q

What are the risk factors for uterine torsion?

A

Poor rumen fill
Hilly Land
Standing/Lying frequently

110
Q

Which direction are most bovine uterine torsions?

A

Anti-clockwise

111
Q

What are the 4 methods for correcting a bovine uterine torsion?

A

Swing calf with abdominal ballotment
Twist calfs legs
Roll cow
C section (last resort)

112
Q

How does a caudal epidural block help with caesarian?

A

Blocks fergusons reflex

113
Q

Which nerve block is best for a bovine caesar?

A

Paravertebral

114
Q

Which meds should be given pre-caesar?

A 
Clenbuterol
NSAIS
AB
Ca
LOCAL
115
Q

How can you prevent a cow falling on her open wound during a caesar?

A

Rope RH and pass under abdo - if she goes down, pull rope to ensure it falls away from wound

116
Q

Where should the start of your caesar incision be?

A

1hand below transverse process, 1 hand behind last rib

117
Q

Where should you incise the uterus in a caesar?

A

Normal pres: point of hock to tip of toe

Breech: carpus to tip of toe

AVOID placentomes

118
Q

Which suture pattern is used to hold a prolapsed uterus in place?

A

Buhner

119
Q

How does the calf control calving?

A

Pituitary releases ACTH
Fetal Cortisol released
Inc PGF2a from placentome, dec P4
Delivery

Veterinary Medicine (68 decks)

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