Farm Clinical Repro Flashcards
1
Q
How long is a normal bovine oestrus cycle?
A
18-24d
2
Q
How long does uterine involution and regeneration of the endometrium take?
A
3-4w
3
Q
What happens in all cows 2w pp?
A
inc in FSH - 1st follicular wave stimulated
4
Q
when is the 1st PP oestrus in dairy cows?
A
2-3w PP
5
Q
when is the 1st PP oestrus in beef suckles cows?
A
3w-3m
6
Q
When does ovulation occur?
A
24h after signs of oestrus
7
Q
What hormonal affect do uterine infections have?
A
Suppress GnRH and pituitary LH secretion
8
Q
What are the main pathogens responsible for metritis/endometritis?
A
E coli
T pyogenes
D nodosus
F necrophorum
9
Q
Define Metritis
A
Enlarged uterus, purulent uterine discharge detectable
in the vagina.
Within 21d of parturition
10
Q
What are the 3 grades of metritis?
A
1: enlarged uterus w/purulent disch. Systemically well.
2: Systemically unwell. (dec milk yield, >39.5, dec DMI)
3. Toxaemic (cold extremities, dull)
11
Q
Define Pyometra.
A
Purulent material in uterine lumen
CL present
Closed Cervix
12
Q
How is Pyometra treated?
A
PGF
13
Q
Define Endometritis.
A
purulent uterine discharge detectable
in the vagina >21d pp
14
Q
what are the 4 grades of endometritis?
A
0= clear 1 = flecks of white 2 = <50ml, <50% white 3 = >50ml, lots of white or bloody material
15
Q
How is clinical endometritis treated?
A
____
16
Q
What are cystic follicles?
A
Fluid filled structure >2.5cm
Ovulates in 10d
No luteal tissue present
17
Q
What are follicular cysts?
A
Thin <3mm wall
Fluid filled
Internal diameter >25mm
Last >10d
18
Q
What do follicular cysts secrete for the 1st half of their lifespan?
A
Oestradiol (inhibits LH surge)
19
Q
What are luteal cysts?
A
Thick wall >3mm
>25mm internal diameter
Fluid filled lacuna
Duration >10d
20
Q
define bovine abortion.
A
Calving <270d in gestation
21
Q
Which notifiable pathogen is a serious abortive agent?
A
Brucellosis
22
Q
How do 2e abortive pathogens cause luteolysis and abortion?
A
Inflammation and PG release
23
Q
What are 3 main 2e pathogens?
A
Listeria Monocytogenes
Leptospira borgpetersenii
Salmonella dublin
24
Q
What are the 2 routes of infection for abortive agents?
A
Resident repro flora
Transplacental
Haematogenous
25
Which foetal lesions are associated with transplacental BoHV-1 infection?
Fetal lung (peri-bronchiolar mononuclear inflm & vasculitis)
Fetal liver (centilovular necrosis)
26
Which pathogen causes placentitis without inflammation, and a pale non-autolysed liver?
BVDv (+ group B strep)
27
Which pathogen causes foetal bronchopneumonia after crossing the placenta?
T pyogenes
28
How can we tell when BVDv infection occured in the calf in placenta?
Radio-opaque lines on Tibia
29
Which pathogen causes IBR?
BHV-1
30
What is the most commonly diagnosed cause of abortion in the cow?
Neospora
31
How is neospora diagnosed?
Maternal serology - inc Ab levels!
Test calf at birth
Can also perform brain histopath on dead foetus
32
What is the incubation period for BDV?
5-7d
33
When after initial infection are BVD Abs present?
14-21d
34
What are the 2 biotypes of BVD?
Non-cytopathic: acute Dz. crosses FoetMat barrier --> abortion.
Cytopathic: mucosal Dz in PI animals
35
How can you test for BVD PI calves?
Ab neg, Ag pos
36
What is the danger of BVD in PI calves?
Conversion of non-cytopathic biotype to cytopathic.
Also don't do well as Imm Supp.
37
Infection with BVD at what age causes congenital abnormalities? (cerebellar hypoplasia etc)
120-285d of gestation
38
how does cytopathic BVD present?
Ulcerated mucosa
Ill thrift
Diarrhoea
Resp Dz
39
When can you test calves blood for being PI for BVD?
>30d
40
What is the bulk tank PCR detection limit?
1 in 300
41
where do leptospires survive in the environment?
Water!
42
Which repro issues are caused by acute lepto cases?
Abortion
Stillbirth
Weak Calf
RFM
43
How is lepto diagnosed?
Bulk milk - herd level
Identify in aborted tissue
Can do serology
44
Which 2 antibiotics can be used to treat bovine lepto?
dihydrostreptomycin (25mg /kg sid) or
| oxytetracycline (10mg/kg sid)
45
What are the 3 sources of salmonella?
Faeces
Feed
Fomites
46
Which is the most common salmonella serovar associated with abortion?
S dublin
47
When do salmonella infections peak?
Sep to Dec
48
Which campylobacter subspp cause mild endometritis?
C fetus venerealis
| C fetus fetus
49
Which campy subspp causes abortion?
C fetus fetus
50
How is campylobacter fetus diagnosed?
preputial washing in bulls (PBS warm)
| Vaginal mucus aspiration in cows - IgA MIN 12 samples
51
How is campylobacter fetus spread?
Venereally
52
Where does T fetus live on the host?
cow and bull repro tract
53
how is trichomonas fetus spread?
Natural Service
54
How is campylobacter fetus in bulls treateD?
Systemic: Streptomycin 10mg/kg Sheath lavage: 100 mls pen/strep
55
What is the Submission rate?
No. animals served / No. Eligible / 3 week cycle
56
What is the pregnancy rate?
% Pregnant of those served
57
What is the PREG rate?
No. Preg/No. eligible to be served/3 week
58
What is the target fertility for the bull?
90% of 50 normal, cycling, disease free, females pregnant within 9 weeks
59
How long is spermatogenesis in the bull?
61d
60
What are the 3 main steps in a bull breeding soundness exam?
1. General clinical exam
2. Repro tract exam
3. Semen evaluation
61
What are the 4 components of the bull repro tract exam?
Scrotal Circumference
Testes
Accessory sex glands
Prepuce and Penis
62
What are the 4 components of semen examination?
Gross motility
Linear progressive motility
Morphology
White blood cells
63
What is the rule of thumb for libido testing in the bull?
If a bull is put with a cow on heat he should serve her in 20 minutes (ideally <10)
64
What is the medical term for "broken penis"?
Penile Haematoma
65
When is Tx for penile haematoma most successful?
If <15cm
66
What is the medical Tx for penile haematoma?
```
Sexual rest for 2m
Cold hosting for 4d
Then warm hose and massage for 3w
ABs to stop abscess
NSAIDs for pain
```
67
What is the surgical Tx of penile haematoma?
Removal of blood clot.
Suture tunica albuginea if possible.
Medical Tx to follow
68
When should penile fibropapillomas be removed?
If interfering with service - otherwise leave to regress
69
Which nerve block si used to remove penile fibropapillomas?
Pudendal
70
What are the 3 main venereal dz of the bull?
C fetus venerealis
Tritrichomonas fetus
BHV1
71
Which pathogen causes Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis/Balanoposthitis?
BHV-1
72
What are the signs of BHV 1 infection in the cow?
MP vaginal disch
| Inflm of vagina/vulva w/pustules which become ulcers
73
What are the signs of BHV 1 infection in the bull?
painful swelling of penis and prepuce
74
How is BHV-1 diagnosed?
PCR or FAT on swabs
or Paired serology
75
How is BHV-1 treated?
NOT - will resolve
76
What is the growth rate of finishing beef animals?
1-1.4kg/day
77
At what age do we want to slaughter beef finishers?
18-24m
78
At what weight do we want to slaughter beef animals?
600-800kg
79
What should be our target growth rate for beef stores over winter?
0.8kg/day
80
What is the target calving spread in beef suckler herds?
9w
81
What is the target barren rate in beef suckler herds?
3-4%
82
What is the target % born in beef suckler herds?
95%
83
What is the target calf mortality in beef suckler herds?
<3-4%
84
What is the target % weaning in beef suckler herds?
93-95%
85
What is the target % weaned calf/weaned cow weight in beef suckler herds?
50% (300kg calf from 600kg cow)
86
What is the most sensitive measure of cow performance in a beef suckler her?
Calving spread
87
What is the most important factor influencing profitability of suckler herds?
Fertility
88
How does calving spread influence disease risk?
Pathogen multiplier effect
89
Why does a decreased calving spread increase conception rate?
Gives cow greater period of rest
90
What is the target calf/cow per year in beef suckler herds?
1
91
What is the target conception rate in beef suckler herds?
60-80%
92
How long should the bull be in with the cows in a suckler herd?
9-12w max
93
Which type of suckler herd should receive supplementary feeding at mating?
Autumn calvers only - until 6w after end of mating
94
What problem does using continental bulls cause?
Dystocia! BIG effect on profit.
95
How old should suckler heifers be at 1st calving?
2y
96
Describe how you would change a beef suckler calving program for the heifers in the herd?
Calve 3-4w before cows
Wean 1m early (help growth)
97
What are the 2 methods farmers can employ to keep a tight calving pattern?
Cull late calvers - replace w/heifers
Split herd into spring and autumn calving herds
98
Which EBV is important to be negative in the beef suckler herd?
Birth Weight
99
which EBV is indicative of the dam milk supply?
200d eight
100
Which website can be used for AI synchonisation in suckler herds?
http://www.iowabeefcenter.org/estrus_synch.html
101
Describe a generic AI program for a suckler herd.
d0 GnrH and PRID
d8 remove PRID, inject PG
56-72h later: AI (GnRH at serving)
102
What type of abortion is caused by campylobacter fetus venerealis?
EARLY embryonic death - empty at PD
103
How long is 1st stage labour in the cow?
3-6h
104
How long is 2nd stage labour in the cow?
hours
105
When should you intervene with 2nd stage labour?
1h after water bag starts showing
106
What should be done BEFORE performing an episiotomy?
Stretch vulval lips manually with arms for 20min
107
When should an episiotomy incision be made?
When calfs head passes through vulva
108
When do most bovine uterine torsions occur?
Onset of parturition
109
What are the risk factors for uterine torsion?
Poor rumen fill
Hilly Land
Standing/Lying frequently
110
Which direction are most bovine uterine torsions?
Anti-clockwise
111
What are the 4 methods for correcting a bovine uterine torsion?
Swing calf with abdominal ballotment
Twist calfs legs
Roll cow
C section (last resort)
112
How does a caudal epidural block help with caesarian?
Blocks fergusons reflex
113
Which nerve block is best for a bovine caesar?
Paravertebral
114
Which meds should be given pre-caesar?
```
Clenbuterol
NSAIS
AB
Ca
LOCAL
```
115
How can you prevent a cow falling on her open wound during a caesar?
Rope RH and pass under abdo - if she goes down, pull rope to ensure it falls away from wound
116
Where should the start of your caesar incision be?
1hand below transverse process, 1 hand behind last rib
117
Where should you incise the uterus in a caesar?
Normal pres: point of hock to tip of toe
Breech: carpus to tip of toe
AVOID placentomes
118
Which suture pattern is used to hold a prolapsed uterus in place?
Buhner
119
How does the calf control calving?
Pituitary releases ACTH
Fetal Cortisol released
Inc PGF2a from placentome, dec P4
Delivery
