FARM ID (Cows, Sheep) Flashcards
1
Q
A
2
Q
Which 2 major bovine repsiratory pathogens are paramyxoviruses?
A
BRSV PI3
3
Q
How do paramyxoviruses infect cells?
A
Fusion Proteins fuse viral envelope to cell membrane. Viral Nucelocaspids enter cytoplasm.
4
Q
Which bovine respiratory pathogen causes interstitial pneumonia and emphysema?
A
BRSV
5
Q
Which bovine respiratory pathogen causes bronchitis, bronchiolitis and alveolar thickening?
A
PI3
6
Q
Which bovine respiratory pathogen causes intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the lungs?
A
PI3
7
Q
Which bovine respiratory pathogen causes eosinophilic inclusion bodies in the lungs?
A
BRSV
8
Q
Which bovine respiratory pathogen causes disease in cattle 6-18m old?
A
IBR
9
Q
Which bovine respiratory virus causes necrosis, predisposing to “shipping fever”?
A
IBR
10
Q
Which bovine respiratory pathogen causes IBR?
A
BHV-1
11
Q
Which bovine respiratory pathogen destroys alveolar macrophages and lymphoid tissue?
A
BVDV
12
Q
Describe what occurs if a cow is infected with BVDV in its 1st trimester.
A
Abortion
13
Q
Describe what occurs if a cow is infected with BVDV in its 2nd trimester.
A
PI calf produced & ?teratogenic effects
14
Q
Describe what occurs if a cow is infected with BVDV in its 3rd trimester.
A
Foetus Fights off virus
15
Q
Bovine respiratory disease complex is a product of which four viruses?
A
BRSV PI3 BHV BVDV
16
Q
What is OPA?
A
Retrovirus –> causes pulmonary adenocarcinoma
17
Q
What is Maedi?
A
Retrovirus –> progressive smooth muscle hyperplasia in lungs
18
Q
Which bovine pathogen causes cuffing pneumonia, septic arthritis, otitis media and mastitis?
A
Mycoplasma Bovis
19
Q
Which pathogen targets the cranioventral lung lobes, and is referred to as enzootic pneumonia?
A
Mycoplasma Bovis (also M haemolytica and pasturella)
20
Q
Which two bacteria are responsible for shipping fever in cattle?
A
M haemolytica Pasturella Multocida
21
Q
What is the characteristic pathology of shipping fever?
A
Fibrinous pleurisy
22
Q
Which bacteria is commensal in the UGT but pathogenic in the respiratory tract of cattle?
A
Histophilus Somnii
23
Q
Which 2 bacteria are responsible for pasturellosis in sheep?
A
M. Haemolytica Bibersteinia trehalosi
24
Q
How is Maedi-visna tested for in sheep?
A
ELISA
25
How do we test for BRDC?
ELISA or PCR
26
What is special about the myocplasma vaccine for cattle?
Autogenous not commercial
27
Which virus causes enteritis is calves and winter dysentry in cows?
Coronavirus
28
What are the two major diarrhoeal viruses of cattle?
Rotavirus and Coronavirus
29
Which coccidial disease causes a zoonotic diarrhoea of calves/lambs?
Cryptosporidium Parvum
30
Which gram -ve pathogen may cause calf diarrhoea?
E coli
31
Which pathogen causes acute, fatal diarrhoea in calves \<5d old?
ETEC
32
Which zoonotic pathogen poses no Dz risk to animals, but a large one to humans.
E coli 0157 (VTEC)
33
What are your main ddx for diarrhoea in a cald \>6d old?
Rota/corona/crypto
34
What type of diarrhoea is caused by ETEC and cholera?
Hypersecretion
35
What type of diarrhoea is caused by viruses/crypto?
Malabsorptive
36
how do we treat calf diarrhoea?
IVFT - NOT ABs!
37
What is the major route of infection for Johnes?
Faeco-Oral
38
For each clincial case of Johnes, how many animals on the farm are infected?
10-25
39
At what age do cattle tend to present with clinical signs of johnes?
\>3yo
40
What is the impact of subclinical johnes disease?
Lower Yield Inc lameness Inc mastitis
41
How long does MAP survive in the environemnt?
12m water 2y soil
42
Where does MAP survive in the body?
Macrophages
43
What is the underlying pathology of Johnes?
Granulomata in ileum and LNs Diffuse thickening of gut wall.
44
Which immune response is protective against MAP?
Th1 response - CMI!
45
What is the gold standard test for MAP?
Faecal culture
46
What is the use of ELISA for MAP?
Can detect infectious as detects Ab. Poor for detecting infected. Sens only 30-40%
47
What are the clinical signs of Johnes?
Bright and alert Weight loss Profuse Diarrhoea Bottle Jaw
48
At what time point is most of Johnes transmitted?
80% in 1st 4w of life
49
How can we control Johnes?
Traffic light system Snatch Calving No pooled/waste milk Pen cleaning Purchase history!
50
What is the danger of the MAP vaccine to TB testing?
Increases chance of false neg - reduced sensitivity
51
Name the 5 contagious mastitis pathogens
Staph Aureus Strep Uberis Strep Dysgalactiae Strep Agalactiae Coag negative Staph Mycoplasma
52
Name the 3 environmental mastitis pathogens
Strep Uberis E coli Klebsiella Pneumonia
53
What is the best way to diagnose common mastitis pathogens?
PCR
54
Describe the staining/morphology of S aureus.
Gram + cocci
55
What is the most common mastitis pathogen?
Staph Aureus
56
What are the 3 ways staph aureus is spread?
Milking Parlous Heifer Teat sucking Flies
57
why is staph aureus mastitis hard to diagnose?
intermittent shed, survives intracellularly
58
Which pathogen may cause gangrenous mastitis, or blockage of secretory ducts and abscessation?
Staph aureus
59
Describe the staining/morphology of S agalactiae.
Gram + cocci NON-haemolytic
60
How severe is S agalactiae mastitis usually?
Subclinical or grade 1/2.
61
How is S agalactiae treated?
PREVENT w/ hygiene Responds well to Tx
62
What are the 3 grades of mastitis?
1. Mild - milk chanegs only 2. Moderate - milk and udder changes 3. Severe - cow systemically unwell
63
Describe the staining/morphology of S dysgalactiae.
Gram + coccus Alpha haemolytic
64
What are the common sources of S. dysgalactiae infection?
Teat licking Summer mastitis SKIN DAMAGE major RF
65
How do we treat s dysgalactiae infection?
Penicillins
66
What are the signs of mycoplasma mastitis?
Marked Milk Drop Swollen/destroyed quarter No systemic illness
67
Why should mycoplasma milk not be fed to calves?
Pneumonia and otitis risk
68
How is Mycoplasma mastitis controlled/treated?
Hygiene & cull POOR AB response!
69
What type of mastitis is caused by coagulase negative staphs?
Mild, High SCC
70
How is coag negative staph mastitis treated?
Penicillins
71
Describe the morphology and staining of E coli.
Gram - Rod Both haemolytic and non-haemolytic
72
Why are housed cattle more at risk of E coli mastitis?
Hygiene issue - RF is faeces!
73
When are clinical cases of E coli mastitis most commonly seen?
EARLY lactation - acquired in dry/peri-parturient period.
74
Which mastitis can cause endotoxic shock?
E Coli
75
What is the use of "startvac" for mastitis?
Reduced severity of E coli toxic mastitis
76
Describe the morphology/staining of strep uberis.
Gram + cocci Non-heamolytic
77
What are the 3 RFs for strep uberis mastitis?
Straw yard Starw Bedding Muddy Fields
78
What is the most common presentation of strep uberis mastitis?
Persistent sub-clinical infection
79
Which spp of fly spread summer mastitis?
Hydrotea irritans
80
What are the clinical signs of summer mastitis?
Hot, hard swollen udder Thick purulent secretion Possible lameness & systemic illness
81
Define metritis.
Iflm of uterus caused by bacterial infection. Foul smelling discharge +/- fever \<21 DIM
82
What are the 4 most common bacterial pathogens associated with metritis?
E coli (w1) T pyogenes F necrophorum Prevotella
83
Describe the staining/O2 activity of F necrophorum.
Gram -ve, anaerobe
84
Describe the staining of T pyogenes
Gram +
85
Which virus is associated with metritis in the cow?
BHV4
86
Define endometritis
inflm of endometrium caused by bacterial infection. Purulent Discharge. \>21 DIM
87
What are the 4 grades of endometritis?
0 clear discharge 1 some fleck of white 2 \<50% white material 3 \>50% white material
88
Which pathogen is respinsible for viral vaginitis?
IBR - BHV1
89
How is viral vaginitis spread & what is the result?
Infected bull Abortion
90
Which STD in cows may cause abortion and chronic endometritis?
Campylobacter fetus venerealis
91
Define bovine pyometra.
Intrauterine accumulation of pus w/ persistent CL and no signs of heat
92
Define abortion in the cow.
Fetus born \<270d post conception
93
What are potential reproductive signs of Leptospira infection in cattle?
Abortion Weak Calves RFM Infertility
94
Which serovar of salmonella is most commonly associated with abortion?
S dublin
95
what is special about the IBR vaccine?
Marker vaccine - can tell infected form vaccinated
95
what is special about the IBR vaccine?
Marker vaccine - can tell infected form vaccinated
96
Which type of virus is BVD?
Pestivirus
97
Describe the clinical signs of BVD.
Mild diarrhoea and enteritis
98
What leads to a cow being persistently infected with BVD?
Infected as neonate in 1st 90d gestation
99
How do we diagnose a carrier of BVD?
Presence of virus
100
Which type of virus is BVD?
Pestivirus
101
Describe the clinical signs of BVD.
Mild diarrhoea and enteritis
102
What leads to a cow being persistently infected with BVD?
Infected as neonate in 1st 90d gestation
103
How do we diagnose a carrier of BVD?
Presence of virus
104
What are the clinical signs of foul in the foot?
severe, acute lameness fever/anorexia swollen interdigital space
105
How is foul in the foot treated?
3d systemic penicillin/oxytet/macrolide
106
How long is ovine gestation?
140-150d
107
What are the 4 main abortive agents of the sheep?
Chlamydia Toxoplasma Salmonella Campylobacter
108
Which bacteria causes abortion in indoor lambs in sheep infected \>90d in lamb?
Chlamydia
109
Which pathogen causes abortion storms in sheep?
Chlamydia
110
How can we control chlamydia in sheep?
Vaccination
111
What is the definitive host of toxoplasma gondii?
Cats
112
In which two populations of sheep is immunity to toxoplasma likely?
Aborted Ewes Non-pregnant infected ewes
113
Which abortive agent produces "frosted strawberry cotyledones"? (sheep)
Toxoplasma
114
How is toxoplasma prevented in sheep?
Vaccination 3w pre-tupping
115
Which ovine pathogen causes abortion in the last 1/3 of pregnancy with metritis post-abortion?
Salmonella abortus ovis
116
How do we prevent salmonella abortion in sheep?
Biosecurity Closed Flock Antibiotics (oxytetracycline)
117
Which bacteria causes abortion in last 6w OR weak born lambs?
Campylobacter fetus fetus
118
What is the cause of border dz?
Pestivirus
119
What are the signs of border dz in a flock of sheep?
Barren ewe Still birth Small/weak lambs Hairy Shakers
120
What happens if a ewe is infected with border Dz \<60d in lamb?
Abortion of 50%, 50% normal
121
What happens if a ewe is infected with border Dz 60-85d in lamb?
Abortion Weak/shaky lamb
122
What happens if a ewe is infected with border Dz \>85d in lamb?
Normal Ab + lamb
123
What is the risk factor for listeria monocytogenes in sheep?
Silage
124
What are the 3 potential illnesses from listeria in sheep?
Encephalitis Abortion Septicaemia
125
Which pathogen, carried by ticks, causes infertility, abortion and immunosuppresion?
Anaplasma phagoctyophila
126
Which pathogen, spread by ticks, causes abortion storms, still births and poor lambs?
Q fever
127
What are the two main histopathological features of priondisease?
Vacuolation of brain Neuron loss Spongiform changes ot brain
128
Which disease of sheep is caused by prions?
Scrapie
129
What are the clinical signs of scrapie?
Ataxia, Tremors, Rubbing, Loss of BCS, Death
130
What are the typical signs of BSE?
ataxia, nervousnes, aggression, loss of BCS
131
Which spirochete is spread by ixodes ticks?
Borrelia Burgdorferi
132
What are the clinical signs of lyme disease?
Fever, lameness, joint swelling, swollen LNs & lethargy
133
What are the clinical signs of foul in the foot?
severe, acute lameness fever/anorexia swollen interdigital space
133
What are the clinical signs of foul in the foot?
severe, acute lameness fever/anorexia swollen interdigital space
133
How is foul in the foot treated?
3d systemic penicillin/oxytet/macrolide
134
Which pathogen, causing purulent placentitis, is the UK free of?
Brucella Abortus
135
Which pathogen is responsible for CODD?
Dcihelobacter nodosus
136
What are the clinical signs of CODD?
Interdigital dermatitis \> under-running hoof wall
137
How is CODD treated?
Trim and apply topic disinfectants. CuSO4 foot baths good
138
What is the cause of bovine foot rot & foul?
F necrophorum
139
What is the tick vector or canine babesiosis?
Dermacentor Reticularis
140
Which porcine Dz is spread by ornithodirus ticks?
African Swine Fever
141
What is the vector for dilofilaria in dogs?
Mosquitos
142
Which fatal Dz of horses and humans is spread by mosquitoes?
West nile virus
143
What is the vector of both blue tongue virus and african horse sickness?
Culicoides biting midges
