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Veterinary Medicine > Equine Neurology > Flashcards

Equine Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

How do equine forebrain diseases commonly present?

A 
Behaviour
Seizure
Blindness
Altered Consciousness
Head turn/pressing
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2
Q

What may be an iatrogenic cause of forebrain disease?

A

Intracarotid injection

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3
Q

What are the 3 main causes of neonatal seizure?

A

PAS, sepsis and trauma

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4
Q

Which neurological condition are arab foals predisposed to?

A

Juvenile idiopathic arab epilepsy

Starts before 1yo

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5
Q

What are the signs of vestibular Dz?

A

Head Tilt
Nystagmus
Ventral Strabismus
Ataxia

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of facial nerve paralysis in the horse?

A

Halters left on in field anaesthesia

Also: trauma/THO

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7
Q

What are the signs of facial nerve paralysis in the horse?

A

Dropped ear
Ptosis
Nostril Deviation

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8
Q

What problems can facial nerve paralysis lead to?

A

Exposure keratitis
Dysphagia
Poor Performance

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9
Q

What is the most common cause of horners in the horse?

A

extravascular injection of irritant substance (PBZ/buscopan)

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10
Q

What is Horners?

A

Interruption of SYMP supply to head (and neck)

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11
Q

What are the signs of horners?

A

Miosis, enophthalmos, ptosis, protruding
nictitating membrane.

Hyperaemic MMs

Sweating

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12
Q

What are the signs of cauda equine syndrome?

A

hypotonia/reflexia of tail/anus/perineal region

LMN weakness/paresis of pelvic limbs

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13
Q

What causes cauda equine syndrome?

A

Tauma: SacroCoccy #/luxation

Infection/inflammation: EHV1, Polyneuritis equi

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14
Q

Which herpesvirus may cause myoencephalopathy?

A

EHV-1

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15
Q

What are the signs of Herpes myoencephalopathy?

A

SUDDEN

Ataxia, paresis, incontinence

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16
Q

What causes the signs associated with equine herpes myoencephalopathy?

A

Vasculitis and thrombosis of arterioles in spinal cord

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17
Q

How is equine herpes myoencephalopathy diagnosed?

A

Location
Rule out other cause

CSF: xanthochromia & EHV-1 Ab

NPS: virus

Serum: High Ab titre

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18
Q

How is equine herpes myoencephalopathy managed?

A

Isolate
NURSE
NSAID, CS, Aspirin
Acyclovir

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19
Q

How can we diagnose spinal cord trauma in the horse?

A

Clinical exam & Hx plus Radiography!

CSF rules out other causes

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20
Q

How should spinal cord trauma be managed?

A

Aggressive Anti-inflm: CS, NSAID, DMSO

?Surgery

Box rest if standing, nursing if not

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21
Q

Which types of spinal injury carry a poor Px?

A

Luxation
Unstable #
Poor response in 1-2d

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22
Q

What is the most common cause of equine ataxia in the UK?

A

Cervical Vertebral Malformaiton (CVM)

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23
Q

What is Type I CVM?

A

Young Horse
Compression due to development
Dynamic Stenosis anywhere

24
Q

What is Type II CVM?

A

Older Horse
OA of articular process
Static stenosis at c5-c6 OR c6-c7

25
Q

How is CVM diagnosed?

A

Clinical exam and radiograph

If not diagnostic - myelography may be useful

26
Q

How can you manage Type I CVM?

A

Dietary restriction

27
Q

How can you manage Type II CVM?

A

IA Corticosteroids (US guided)

28
Q

What is “Shivers” Dz?

A

Reflex hypertonia of flexor muscles of pelvic limbs

29
Q

how does shivers initially present?

A

horse snatches up HL when being picked

30
Q

What does shivers progress to?

A

HL being held in air in spastic state for some time

31
Q

Which breeds of horse are predisposed to shivers?

A

Draft horses

32
Q

Which type of diet has anecdotal support in the management of shivers?

A

High Fat, Low CHO

33
Q

What is stringhalt?

A

Sudden involuntary exagerated flexion of 1/2 HLs during movement!

34
Q

What causes the 2 types of stringhalt?

A

Plant: dandelion

Sporadic: unknown cause

35
Q

How is sporadic stringhalt treated?

A

Myotenectomy of Lateral Digital Extensor

36
Q

What are the most common causes of radial nerve injury in the horse?

A

External blow or recumbency

37
Q

How does radial nerve damage present?

A

Inability to flex shoulder, extend limb or fix the elbow

38
Q

What is “sweeny”?

A

“Shoulder Slip”

Atrophy of supra and infraspinatus muscles caused by Suprascapular nerve damage

39
Q

How are peripheral nerve injuries treated?

A

Antiinflammtories
DMSO
Phsyio

40
Q

What is EMND caused by?

A

low vitamin E

41
Q

Which horses are predisposed to motor neurone disease? (EMND)

A

Stabled - no access to pasture for a long time

42
Q

what are the signs of EMND?

A

weight loss
Muscle fasciculaiton
Prolonged recumbency
Ocular signs (brown pigment in retina)

43
Q

How do you diagnose EMND?

A

Tail head muscle biopsy - measure vit E/Se levels

44
Q

How is EMND treated?

A

VIt E supplement

45
Q

What are the 3 common sources of botulism in horses?

A

Contamined silage
Water
Poultry litter and carcasses

46
Q

What may be a rare form of c botulinum transmission in foals?

A

can grow in ingesta & pass through ulcers

47
Q

How do C botulinum toxins cause clinical signs?

A

Block Ach release at NMJ –> Weakness

48
Q

what are the clinical signs of botulism?

A

Abrupt progressive onset of flaccid paralysis: Symmetrical weakness, ataxia, dysphagia, low head

MAY be dyspnoeic, GI stasis

49
Q

Which syndrome of foals (1-3m) is caused by c botulinum?

A

Shaker foal syndrome - inital trembling episodes

50
Q

Why/when do horses die of botulism?

A

Resp muscle paralysis (takes 10d)

51
Q

How is botulism diagnosed?

A

Identify spores/toxin in stomach content/faeces/feed

52
Q

How is botulism treated?

A

GOLD STD: antitoxin

Normally: Penicillin (not procaine), IVFt and support

53
Q

Where is C tetani (tetanus) found?

A

Soil - Gram + anaerobe

54
Q

How does C tetani cause tetanus?

A

Neurotoxin inhibits presynaptic inhibitory neurones = continual contraction

Migrates along neurones to brainstem

55
Q

What are the signs fo tetanus?

A 
Elevated tail head
Stiff gait
Anxious
Lock Jaw
3rd eyelid prolapse
Recumbent/rigid
56
Q

How is tetanus treated?

A

Antitoxin
ACP/Diazepam (relax)
Toxoid (away from antitoxin)

+ SUPPORT
+ Clean wound + metronidazole

57
Q

How long may tetanus treatment need to be administered?

A

14d

Veterinary Medicine (68 decks)

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