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Equine Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

How do equine forebrain diseases commonly present?

A 
Behaviour
Seizure
Blindness
Altered Consciousness
Head turn/pressing
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2
Q

What may be an iatrogenic cause of forebrain disease?

A

Intracarotid injection

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3
Q

What are the 3 main causes of neonatal seizure?

A

PAS, sepsis and trauma

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4
Q

Which neurological condition are arab foals predisposed to?

A

Juvenile idiopathic arab epilepsy

Starts before 1yo

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5
Q

What are the signs of vestibular Dz?

A

Head Tilt
Nystagmus
Ventral Strabismus
Ataxia

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of facial nerve paralysis in the horse?

A

Halters left on in field anaesthesia

Also: trauma/THO

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7
Q

What are the signs of facial nerve paralysis in the horse?

A

Dropped ear
Ptosis
Nostril Deviation

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8
Q

What problems can facial nerve paralysis lead to?

A

Exposure keratitis
Dysphagia
Poor Performance

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9
Q

What is the most common cause of horners in the horse?

A

extravascular injection of irritant substance (PBZ/buscopan)

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10
Q

What is Horners?

A

Interruption of SYMP supply to head (and neck)

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11
Q

What are the signs of horners?

A

Miosis, enophthalmos, ptosis, protruding
nictitating membrane.

Hyperaemic MMs

Sweating

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12
Q

What are the signs of cauda equine syndrome?

A

hypotonia/reflexia of tail/anus/perineal region

LMN weakness/paresis of pelvic limbs

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13
Q

What causes cauda equine syndrome?

A

Tauma: SacroCoccy #/luxation

Infection/inflammation: EHV1, Polyneuritis equi

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14
Q

Which herpesvirus may cause myoencephalopathy?

A

EHV-1

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15
Q

What are the signs of Herpes myoencephalopathy?

A

SUDDEN

Ataxia, paresis, incontinence

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16
Q

What causes the signs associated with equine herpes myoencephalopathy?

A

Vasculitis and thrombosis of arterioles in spinal cord

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17
Q

How is equine herpes myoencephalopathy diagnosed?

A

Location
Rule out other cause

CSF: xanthochromia & EHV-1 Ab

NPS: virus

Serum: High Ab titre

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18
Q

How is equine herpes myoencephalopathy managed?

A

Isolate
NURSE
NSAID, CS, Aspirin
Acyclovir

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19
Q

How can we diagnose spinal cord trauma in the horse?

A

Clinical exam & Hx plus Radiography!

CSF rules out other causes

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20
Q

How should spinal cord trauma be managed?

A

Aggressive Anti-inflm: CS, NSAID, DMSO

?Surgery

Box rest if standing, nursing if not

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21
Q

Which types of spinal injury carry a poor Px?

A

Luxation
Unstable #
Poor response in 1-2d

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22
Q

What is the most common cause of equine ataxia in the UK?

A

Cervical Vertebral Malformaiton (CVM)

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23
Q

What is Type I CVM?

A

Young Horse
Compression due to development
Dynamic Stenosis anywhere

24
Q

What is Type II CVM?

A

Older Horse
OA of articular process
Static stenosis at c5-c6 OR c6-c7

25
How is CVM diagnosed?
Clinical exam and radiograph If not diagnostic - myelography may be useful
26
How can you manage Type I CVM?
Dietary restriction
27
How can you manage Type II CVM?
IA Corticosteroids (US guided)
28
What is "Shivers" Dz?
Reflex hypertonia of flexor muscles of pelvic limbs
29
how does shivers initially present?
horse snatches up HL when being picked
30
What does shivers progress to?
HL being held in air in spastic state for some time
31
Which breeds of horse are predisposed to shivers?
Draft horses
32
Which type of diet has anecdotal support in the management of shivers?
High Fat, Low CHO
33
What is stringhalt?
Sudden involuntary exagerated flexion of 1/2 HLs during movement!
34
What causes the 2 types of stringhalt?
Plant: dandelion Sporadic: unknown cause
35
How is sporadic stringhalt treated?
Myotenectomy of Lateral Digital Extensor
36
What are the most common causes of radial nerve injury in the horse?
External blow or recumbency
37
How does radial nerve damage present?
Inability to flex shoulder, extend limb or fix the elbow
38
What is "sweeny"?
"Shoulder Slip" | Atrophy of supra and infraspinatus muscles caused by Suprascapular nerve damage
39
How are peripheral nerve injuries treated?
Antiinflammtories DMSO Phsyio
40
What is EMND caused by?
low vitamin E
41
Which horses are predisposed to motor neurone disease? (EMND)
Stabled - no access to pasture for a long time
42
what are the signs of EMND?
weight loss Muscle fasciculaiton Prolonged recumbency Ocular signs (brown pigment in retina)
43
How do you diagnose EMND?
Tail head muscle biopsy - measure vit E/Se levels
44
How is EMND treated?
VIt E supplement
45
What are the 3 common sources of botulism in horses?
Contamined silage Water Poultry litter and carcasses
46
What may be a rare form of c botulinum transmission in foals?
can grow in ingesta & pass through ulcers
47
How do C botulinum toxins cause clinical signs?
Block Ach release at NMJ --> Weakness
48
what are the clinical signs of botulism?
Abrupt progressive onset of flaccid paralysis: Symmetrical weakness, ataxia, dysphagia, low head MAY be dyspnoeic, GI stasis
49
Which syndrome of foals (1-3m) is caused by c botulinum?
Shaker foal syndrome - inital trembling episodes
50
Why/when do horses die of botulism?
Resp muscle paralysis (takes 10d)
51
How is botulism diagnosed?
Identify spores/toxin in stomach content/faeces/feed
52
How is botulism treated?
GOLD STD: antitoxin | Normally: Penicillin (not procaine), IVFt and support
53
Where is C tetani (tetanus) found?
Soil - Gram + anaerobe
54
How does C tetani cause tetanus?
Neurotoxin inhibits presynaptic inhibitory neurones = continual contraction Migrates along neurones to brainstem
55
What are the signs fo tetanus?
``` Elevated tail head Stiff gait Anxious Lock Jaw 3rd eyelid prolapse Recumbent/rigid ```
56
How is tetanus treated?
Antitoxin ACP/Diazepam (relax) Toxoid (away from antitoxin) + SUPPORT + Clean wound + metronidazole
57
How long may tetanus treatment need to be administered?
14d

Veterinary Medicine (68 decks)

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