Sheep (Clinical) Flashcards
1
Q
How much trough space should each ewe have for ad lib forage?
A
15-20cm
2
Q
How much trough space should each ewe have for concentrates?
A
45-60cm
3
Q
How long is ewe pregancy/lactation/dry period?
A
P: 5m
L: 4m
D; 3m
4
Q
Which periparturient problems are fat ewes more predisposed to?
A
Pregnancy Toxaemia
Dystocia
Prolapse
Lamb mortality
5
Q
Above what value would BHOB levels be indicative of pregnancy toxaemia?
A
> 3mmol/L
6
Q
How is pregnancy toxaemia treated medically?
A
IV glucose (50-100ml)
40% dextrose
Propylene glycol 50ml BID
TREAT FLOCK: Molasses!
7
Q
When should you monitor for pregnancy toxaemia by measuring blood ketone levels?
A
2-3w before lambing
8
Q
When does hypocalcaemia occur most commonly in sheep?
A
PRE lambing (6w onwards)
9
Q
How is ovine hypocalcaemia treated?
A
IV 40-80ml 20% CaBO SLOWLY
can do SC
10
Q
How is ovine hypomag treated?
A
40-80ml 20% Ca IV
50-80ml 25% MgSO4 SC!!!
11
Q
Below what blood Mg level is a sheep considered hypomagnesaemic?
A
<0.6mmol/L
12
Q
Which 3 drug classes should be given in cases of dystocia?
A
NSAIDs
Anaesthetics (Epidurals)
Antibiotics
13
Q
What drug & what vol should be used for an ovine Paravertebral nerve block>
A
5ml Procaine per site at T13, L1, L2, L3
14
Q
When is vaginal prolapse most common in the sheep?
A
Last 4w of pregnancy
15
Q
Which suture material should be used for the surgical treatment of vaginal prolapses?
A
Obstetric tape!!!
16
Q
When does mastitis most commonly occur in sheep?
A
Peak lactation - 4-8w post lambing
17
Q
What are the 2 most common ovine mastitis pathogens and where do they originate?
A
S Aureus - teat skin
M Haemolytica - lambs mouth
18
Q
Describe the 4 different stages of mastitis.
A
Per acute: gangrenous - cold, blue, necrotic
Acute: hot, red, pain
Chronic: many hard swellings
Sub Clinical: abnormal milk
19
Q
How is gangrenous mastitis treated?
A
Euthanasia
20
Q
How are acute/chronic mastitis treated?
A
Systemic ABs
Amoxicillin min 5d
Tilmicosin licenced
21
Q
Which ewes should be selected for culling?
A
> 7yo
Udder lumps
Broken Mouth
Abnormal Teat Position
22
Q
What is the industry target for scanning to sale losses?
A
<14%
23
Q
How much colostrum should a lamb ge tin the 1st 6h & 24h?
A
6h: 200ml
24h: 1L
24
Q
What is the ideal level of plasma protein in the lamb?
A
> 60g/L
<45g/L = FPT!!
25
If ewe colostrum is not available, what is the next best replacement?
Goat colostrum - CAE negative flocks ONLY
26
How much milk should an orphan lamb be fed in weeks 1 and 2?
1: 300ml 3-4x daily
2: 1-1.25L BID
27
What is the normal rectal temp of a lamb?
39-40
28
What should be done before warming a hypoglycaemic, hypothermic lamb?
Warm IP Glucose 20%!!! 10ml/kg - below and 2cm to side of navel
OTHERWISE hypoglycaemic fit.
29
How should watery mouth be treated?
Oral Fluids
NSAIDs
Amoxiclav/Neomycin
30
What are the 5 common causes of lamb diarhoea?
```
Salmonella
Rotavirus
E coli
Crypto parvum
Clostridium perfringens
```
31
What are the 3 causative agents of Joint Ill in lambs?
Strep dysgalactiae
```
Erysipelas
Staph Aureus (tick Pyaemia)
```
32
Which lambs are affected by strep dysgalactiae and how does it present?
<4w old
Lame, no pyrexia, mostly single join lame but may be multiple
33
Which lambs are affected by erysipelas and how does it present?
6w-6m
Fibrinous polyarthritis, pyrexia, stiffness
34
What causes drunken lamb syndrome and which animals are affected?
1-3w old
Metabolic acidosis with excess D lactate
35
how is durnken lamb syndrome treated?
50mmol NaBicarb orally & injection of amoxicillin
36
What are the 2 major clinical signs of a patent urachus?
Umbilicus swollen and dribbling urine
37
What causes swayback and how is it treated?
Cu deficiency - due to molybdenum and sulphur in soil
Injection/Bolus of Cu
38
How can Iodine deficiency be prevented in lambs?
give ewes potassium iodide 4w pre-lambing.
39
How is C parvum Diagnosed in lambs?
Stained Faecal Smear
40
How much and how often should oral fluids be administered to lambs with crypto?
50ml/kg 4-6x daily
41
What are the signs of Coccidiosis and how can you diagnose it?
4-8w old lamb: D+, tenesmus, pyrexia, weight loss
Faecal oocyst count
42
How is coccidiosis treated?
Oral Fluids -6x daily
| Diclurazil or Toltrazuril
43
How is ovine acidosis treated?
IV Fluids (Isotonic + Bicarb)
Oral fluids w/multivit
Penicillin 10d
Hay
44
What are the signs of lamb nephrosis syndrome?
2-12w old - lose BCS, D+, loitering at water
45
How is lamb nephrosis syndrome diagnosed and treated?
Azotaemia
Hyperkalaemia
Dec Alb:Glob
Metabolic acidosis
NO Tx - euthanasia!
46
What changes are noted on a PM of a sheep with Lamb nephrosis syndrome?
Pale, swollen kidneys - tubular necrosis
47
Deficiency of what causes ill-thrift, anaemia, slow growth and watery eye discharge?
Cobalt - give drenches and boluses
48
An excess of which mineral may cause ataxia, head pressing, jaundice, and death?
Copper
49
How is Cu toxicosis treated?
Ca EDTA IV
| Add Molybdenum and Sulphur to water
50
How is mannheimia haemolytica transmitted to sheep? What Dz does it cause?
COMMENSAL of nasopharynx.
Adult: pneumonia when enters lungs
Lamb: severe septicaemia
51
How is pneumonic pasturellosis treated?
oxytet, amoxicillin, macrolides
Vaccine: Heptavac P
52
What are the signs and Tx of mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in sheep?
Cough, Nasal disch in housed sheep
Tx: Oxytet
53
Which 3 pathogens can cause a chronic suppurative pneumonia?
A pyogenes
M haemolytics
P multocida
54
Which 2 lungworms affect sheep?
Dictyocaulus Filaria
| Muellerius Capillaris
55
Which anthelmintic has the highest level of resistance?
Benzimadazoles
56
When do pasture levels of the following peak?
Telodorsagia
Trichostrongylus
Haemonchus
Telo: Early Summer
Trich: late summer
Haemonch: mid spring to late autumn (lamb AND EWE infected)
57
How is N Battus spread?
Lambs 1 year deposit
L3 hatch simultaneously the following late spring/early summer
58
What Dz is caused by nematodes in lambs?
Acute scour
Dec GR, milk and reduced BCS
Haemonchus: only anaemia and WL
59
What are the 2 types of telodorsagia infection?
Type 1: lambs 1st grazing season, midsummer.
| Type 2: Yearlings in winter.
60
Which parasite causes a black scour in lambs/replacements in late summer through winter?
Trichostrongylus
61
What Dz is associated with N Battus infection?
Acute, severe D+, high morbidity, high mortality.
62
How do you test for anthelmintic resistance? (2 methods)
Drench Test
| FEC reduction test
63
What is the test for haemonchosis and what does it asses?
FAMANCHA
| Pallor of eye MMs
64
For which tapeworm spp is the sheep the terminal host?
Monezia expansa
65
Which tapeworm causes cysts in the lungs and liver of sheep?
echinococcus granulosis
66
Which tapeworm causes neurological Dz and brain cysts?
Coenuris Cerebralis (Taenia multiceps_
67
Which tapeworm causes muscle cysts?
Cysticercus ovis (Taenia ovis)
68
Which tapeworm causes liver damage and condemnation?
Cysticercus Tenucollis (T hydatigena)
69
How are sheep tapeworms controlled medically?
Monezia - BZs
Everything else - praziquantel in DOG q6w!
70
What are the 2 major pathogens associated with interdigital dermatitis in sheep?
```
D nodosus (MAJOR)
F necrophorum
```
71
How does interdigital dermatitis appear on sheep?
Interdigital skin inflm
Discharge
NO under-running of horn.
Freq in lambs
72
What is ovine foot rot caused by?
```
D nodosus (MAJOR)
F necrophorum
```
73
What are the clinical signs of ovine foot rot?
Progressive under- running of hoof horn sole - starts medial, prog laterally.
Grey, necrotic and pungent
74
How is IDD in sheep Tx?
Oxytet spray
| Can foot bath in formalin/ZnSO4
75
How is ovine foot rot treated?
LA oxytet (SYSTEMIC)
DONT TRIM FEET
76
What is the clinical appearance of CODD?
Ulcerative/proliferative lesion at CB - prog down and hoof sloughs off
77
What are the 5 grades of CODD?
1: CB lesion only
2: <50%
3: >50%
4: healing but lesion present
5: healed fully
78
Which pathogen is associated with CODD?
Treponemes (like DD in cows)
79
How is CODD treated?
LA amoxicillin
2e macrolide
80
Which cause of lameness does Footvax prevent?
Footrot (some evidence for CODD)
81
How is ovine toe granuloma treated?
IVRA
| Cut back granulation tissue & cauterise
82
Where should you disarticulate in a sheep for digit amputation?
between P1 and P2
83
How often should a bandage be changed following a digit amputation?
after 3/4d
84
When should sheep feet be trimmed?
ONLY if overgrown - NOT for Dz
85
Which pathogen causes post-dipping lameness & how does it present?
Erysipelas
Lame, swelling above CB/in joints
86
How is post-dipping lameness treated?
Prompt penicillin
87
Which pathogen causes strawberry footrot and how does it present?
Orf Dermatophilus
Proliferative scab on distal limb
88
Which pathogens cause infectious arthritis in sheep?
Strep dysgalactiae
Staph Aureus (Tick pyaemia)
Erysipelas
89
Which pathogen is responsible for Orf?
Parapox virus
90
Why should an orf vaccine not be used in uninfected flocks?
LIVE - CAN CAUSE Dz which is hard to eradicate and CANNOT be treated
91
Which parasite is responsible for sheep scab and how does it present?
Psoroptes Ovis
Severe Pruritis on the flanks and dorsum - with ragged fleece
92
How is psoroptes ovis diagnosed?
Itchiest sheep
Wool pluck/skin scrape from EDGE of lesion
or ELISA
93
How should sheep scab be treated?
Diazanon Dip (1min)
Dex for severely pruritic sheep
94
Which part of the body are affected by choripotes bovis?
Ventrum and Scrotum
95
When is fly strike risk highest?
May - Oct
Humidity and soiling play major role.
96
Which fly is responsible for fly strike?
Lucilia Sericata
97
How is flystrike tretaed?
SP pour-on/deltamethrin
+ABs, NSAIDs, Fluids
98
What can be used to prevent flystrike?
OP dip
Pyrethroid pour-on
IGRs
99
Which bacteria caises peri-orbital eczema?
Staph Aureus
100
Which pathogen causes lumpy wool and what are the clinical signs?
Dermatolphillus congolensi
Crusty lesions, wool loss, pruritis - DDx =scab
101
Which pathogen causes CLA in sheep?
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Parotid LN most affected
102
How is CLA controlled?
NO Tx!!
Test and cull.
103
Which Dz causes "hairy shaker" lambs?
Border Dz
104
Which pathogen, spread by ticks, causes profound immunosuppression and fertility issues?
Anaplasma phagocytophila
105
Which virus, spread by ticks, causes a non-suppurative meningioencephalomyelitis?
Louping Ill
106
Which drugs can be used to prevent ticks?
Diazinon OP dip (3-6w)
SP pour on (6-12w)
107
How does border Dz lead to shaking lambs?
Cerebellar Hypoplasia
108
How are ovine spinal abscesses treated?
1mg/kg Dex
| Penicillin 5d
109
Which tick-borne pathogen causes neurological Dz (trembling, nystagmus, lip twitch) in sheep of all ages?
Louping ill
110
What age of sheep are most affected by listeriosis and how does it present?
18-24m
Anorexia/dep
Trigeminal and facial nerve paralysis
111
How is ovine listeriosis treated?
```
Benzylpenicillin IV (or PP IM) initially, then 5d of IM PP
Dexamethasone IV
```
& REMOVE SILAGE!!
112
What is the most common cause of vestibular Dz in sheep? Tx?
Otitis media - pasturella/strep/T pyogenes
5d penicillin
113
What is a typical presentation for scrapie in sheep?
2-5yo
Neurological Dz and pruritis (no scab)
WL
Death
114
Quidding indicates a problem with which teeth?
Molars
115
Which pathogen causes necrotic stomatitis?
F necrophorum
116
Which pathogen causes wooden tongue?
Actinobacillus ligneresei
117
Which pathogen causes lumpy jaw?
Actinomycosis bovis
118
What is the prognosis for a sheep with pharyngeal trauma?
POOR - euthanasia likely
119
How is maedi-visna controlled?
Test and Cull
120
Which pathogen causes systemic pasturellosis? Signs?
Biebersteinia trehalosi
Sudden death 6-10m
121
What are the 3 subclasses of Clostridum Perfringens that affect sheep and what do they cause?
B: lamB dystentry
c: struCk enterotoxaemia
D: pulpy kiDney
122
What are the 3 subclasses of Clostridum Novyi that affect sheep and what do they cause?
A: Big heAd
B: Blacks Dz
D: bacillary haemoglobinuria
123
What does Cl septicum cause in sheep?
Braxy - sudden death w/abdo pain
or
Malignant oedema
124
Which clostridial subspp causes black leg in sheep?
Cl Chauvoei
125
Which clostridial subspp causes flaccid paralysis and death?
C botulinum type C
126
Which clostridial subspp causes spastic paralysis and death?
C tetani
127
Which clostridial dz affects neonatal lambs?
C perfringens B (dysentry)
| Tetanus
128
What is the most common ovine clostridial Dz and which animals does it affect?
C perfringens type D (pulpy kidney)
| 4-10w old or finishers
129
Which sheep are most affected by C sordelli (abomasitis toxaemia)?
4-10w old intensively housed creep fed lambs
130
Which Dz ghives the spleen a "soft tar appearance on PM?
Anthrax
131
what is the % mortality for bluetongue?
70%
132
when does acute fluke infection occur?
sep-dec
133
What is the underlying pathogenesis of acute fascioliasis in sheep?
Severe haemorhage du to migration through the liver.
134
when does sub-acute fluke infection occur?
Late autumn onwards
135
What are 2 major signs of sub-acute fascioliasis?
SM and facial oedema
136
Which infection occurs 2e to subacute fascioliasis?
Blacks Dz
137
What is the underlying pathogenesis of subacute fascioliasis in sheep?
Longer period of metercercariae infection cause haemorhage to liver and bile duct.
138
When does chronic fluke Dz arise?
Jan-March
139
What are the signs of chronic fluke?
```
Hypoalbuminaemia
Anaemia
WL
SM oedema
Hepatic fibrosis
```
140
when should triclabendazole be used to control fluke?
Autumn only due to inc level of resistance
141
How is fluke diagnosed?
Haem: eos, anaemia, AST/GLDH/GGT
ELISA (for naive)
PM
142
What are the Clinical signs of Johnes?
Anaemia
WL
Bottle Jaw
143
How should eye dz in sheep be treated?
LA oxytet IM + local ABs
144
What are the signs of silage eye?
Blephorospasm
Corneal Opacity
Swollen/folded iris
145
How is silage eye treated?
Sub-conjunctival oxytet and dex, systemic penicillin.
146
What pathogen is associated with interdigital dermatitis?
D nodosus
