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Veterinary Medicine > Sheep (Clinical) > Flashcards

Sheep (Clinical) Flashcards

1
Q

How much trough space should each ewe have for ad lib forage?

A

15-20cm

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2
Q

How much trough space should each ewe have for concentrates?

A

45-60cm

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3
Q

How long is ewe pregancy/lactation/dry period?

A

P: 5m
L: 4m
D; 3m

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4
Q

Which periparturient problems are fat ewes more predisposed to?

A

Pregnancy Toxaemia
Dystocia
Prolapse
Lamb mortality

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5
Q

Above what value would BHOB levels be indicative of pregnancy toxaemia?

A

> 3mmol/L

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6
Q

How is pregnancy toxaemia treated medically?

A

IV glucose (50-100ml)
40% dextrose
Propylene glycol 50ml BID

TREAT FLOCK: Molasses!

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7
Q

When should you monitor for pregnancy toxaemia by measuring blood ketone levels?

A

2-3w before lambing

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8
Q

When does hypocalcaemia occur most commonly in sheep?

A

PRE lambing (6w onwards)

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9
Q

How is ovine hypocalcaemia treated?

A

IV 40-80ml 20% CaBO SLOWLY

can do SC

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10
Q

How is ovine hypomag treated?

A

40-80ml 20% Ca IV

50-80ml 25% MgSO4 SC!!!

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11
Q

Below what blood Mg level is a sheep considered hypomagnesaemic?

A

<0.6mmol/L

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12
Q

Which 3 drug classes should be given in cases of dystocia?

A

NSAIDs
Anaesthetics (Epidurals)
Antibiotics

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13
Q

What drug & what vol should be used for an ovine Paravertebral nerve block>

A

5ml Procaine per site at T13, L1, L2, L3

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14
Q

When is vaginal prolapse most common in the sheep?

A

Last 4w of pregnancy

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15
Q

Which suture material should be used for the surgical treatment of vaginal prolapses?

A

Obstetric tape!!!

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16
Q

When does mastitis most commonly occur in sheep?

A

Peak lactation - 4-8w post lambing

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17
Q

What are the 2 most common ovine mastitis pathogens and where do they originate?

A

S Aureus - teat skin

M Haemolytica - lambs mouth

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18
Q

Describe the 4 different stages of mastitis.

A

Per acute: gangrenous - cold, blue, necrotic

Acute: hot, red, pain

Chronic: many hard swellings

Sub Clinical: abnormal milk

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19
Q

How is gangrenous mastitis treated?

A

Euthanasia

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20
Q

How are acute/chronic mastitis treated?

A

Systemic ABs
Amoxicillin min 5d
Tilmicosin licenced

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21
Q

Which ewes should be selected for culling?

A

> 7yo
Udder lumps
Broken Mouth
Abnormal Teat Position

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22
Q

What is the industry target for scanning to sale losses?

A

<14%

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23
Q

How much colostrum should a lamb ge tin the 1st 6h & 24h?

A

6h: 200ml
24h: 1L

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24
Q

What is the ideal level of plasma protein in the lamb?

A

> 60g/L

<45g/L = FPT!!

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25
Q

If ewe colostrum is not available, what is the next best replacement?

A

Goat colostrum - CAE negative flocks ONLY

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26
Q

How much milk should an orphan lamb be fed in weeks 1 and 2?

A

1: 300ml 3-4x daily
2: 1-1.25L BID

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27
Q

What is the normal rectal temp of a lamb?

A

39-40

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28
Q

What should be done before warming a hypoglycaemic, hypothermic lamb?

A

Warm IP Glucose 20%!!! 10ml/kg - below and 2cm to side of navel

OTHERWISE hypoglycaemic fit.

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29
Q

How should watery mouth be treated?

A

Oral Fluids
NSAIDs
Amoxiclav/Neomycin

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30
Q

What are the 5 common causes of lamb diarhoea?

A 
Salmonella
Rotavirus
E coli
Crypto parvum
Clostridium perfringens
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31
Q

What are the 3 causative agents of Joint Ill in lambs?

A

Strep dysgalactiae

Erysipelas
Staph Aureus (tick Pyaemia)
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32
Q

Which lambs are affected by strep dysgalactiae and how does it present?

A

<4w old

Lame, no pyrexia, mostly single join lame but may be multiple

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33
Q

Which lambs are affected by erysipelas and how does it present?

A

6w-6m

Fibrinous polyarthritis, pyrexia, stiffness

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34
Q

What causes drunken lamb syndrome and which animals are affected?

A

1-3w old

Metabolic acidosis with excess D lactate

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35
Q

how is durnken lamb syndrome treated?

A

50mmol NaBicarb orally & injection of amoxicillin

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36
Q

What are the 2 major clinical signs of a patent urachus?

A

Umbilicus swollen and dribbling urine

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37
Q

What causes swayback and how is it treated?

A

Cu deficiency - due to molybdenum and sulphur in soil

Injection/Bolus of Cu

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38
Q

How can Iodine deficiency be prevented in lambs?

A

give ewes potassium iodide 4w pre-lambing.

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39
Q

How is C parvum Diagnosed in lambs?

A

Stained Faecal Smear

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40
Q

How much and how often should oral fluids be administered to lambs with crypto?

A

50ml/kg 4-6x daily

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41
Q

What are the signs of Coccidiosis and how can you diagnose it?

A

4-8w old lamb: D+, tenesmus, pyrexia, weight loss

Faecal oocyst count

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42
Q

How is coccidiosis treated?

A

Oral Fluids -6x daily

Diclurazil or Toltrazuril

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43
Q

How is ovine acidosis treated?

A

IV Fluids (Isotonic + Bicarb)
Oral fluids w/multivit
Penicillin 10d
Hay

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44
Q

What are the signs of lamb nephrosis syndrome?

A

2-12w old - lose BCS, D+, loitering at water

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45
Q

How is lamb nephrosis syndrome diagnosed and treated?

A

Azotaemia
Hyperkalaemia
Dec Alb:Glob
Metabolic acidosis

NO Tx - euthanasia!

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46
Q

What changes are noted on a PM of a sheep with Lamb nephrosis syndrome?

A

Pale, swollen kidneys - tubular necrosis

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47
Q

Deficiency of what causes ill-thrift, anaemia, slow growth and watery eye discharge?

A

Cobalt - give drenches and boluses

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48
Q

An excess of which mineral may cause ataxia, head pressing, jaundice, and death?

A

Copper

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49
Q

How is Cu toxicosis treated?

A

Ca EDTA IV

Add Molybdenum and Sulphur to water

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50
Q

How is mannheimia haemolytica transmitted to sheep? What Dz does it cause?

A

COMMENSAL of nasopharynx.

Adult: pneumonia when enters lungs

Lamb: severe septicaemia

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51
Q

How is pneumonic pasturellosis treated?

A

oxytet, amoxicillin, macrolides

Vaccine: Heptavac P

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52
Q

What are the signs and Tx of mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in sheep?

A

Cough, Nasal disch in housed sheep

Tx: Oxytet

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53
Q

Which 3 pathogens can cause a chronic suppurative pneumonia?

A

A pyogenes
M haemolytics
P multocida

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54
Q

Which 2 lungworms affect sheep?

A

Dictyocaulus Filaria

Muellerius Capillaris

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55
Q

Which anthelmintic has the highest level of resistance?

A

Benzimadazoles

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56
Q

When do pasture levels of the following peak?
Telodorsagia
Trichostrongylus
Haemonchus

A

Telo: Early Summer

Trich: late summer

Haemonch: mid spring to late autumn (lamb AND EWE infected)

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57
Q

How is N Battus spread?

A

Lambs 1 year deposit

L3 hatch simultaneously the following late spring/early summer

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58
Q

What Dz is caused by nematodes in lambs?

A

Acute scour
Dec GR, milk and reduced BCS

Haemonchus: only anaemia and WL

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59
Q

What are the 2 types of telodorsagia infection?

A

Type 1: lambs 1st grazing season, midsummer.

Type 2: Yearlings in winter.

60
Q

Which parasite causes a black scour in lambs/replacements in late summer through winter?

A

Trichostrongylus

61
Q

What Dz is associated with N Battus infection?

A

Acute, severe D+, high morbidity, high mortality.

62
Q

How do you test for anthelmintic resistance? (2 methods)

A

Drench Test

FEC reduction test

63
Q

What is the test for haemonchosis and what does it asses?

A

FAMANCHA

Pallor of eye MMs

64
Q

For which tapeworm spp is the sheep the terminal host?

A

Monezia expansa

65
Q

Which tapeworm causes cysts in the lungs and liver of sheep?

A

echinococcus granulosis

66
Q

Which tapeworm causes neurological Dz and brain cysts?

A

Coenuris Cerebralis (Taenia multiceps_

67
Q

Which tapeworm causes muscle cysts?

A

Cysticercus ovis (Taenia ovis)

68
Q

Which tapeworm causes liver damage and condemnation?

A

Cysticercus Tenucollis (T hydatigena)

69
Q

How are sheep tapeworms controlled medically?

A

Monezia - BZs

Everything else - praziquantel in DOG q6w!

70
Q

What are the 2 major pathogens associated with interdigital dermatitis in sheep?

A 
D nodosus (MAJOR)
F necrophorum
71
Q

How does interdigital dermatitis appear on sheep?

A

Interdigital skin inflm
Discharge
NO under-running of horn.
Freq in lambs

72
Q

What is ovine foot rot caused by?

A 
D nodosus (MAJOR)
F necrophorum
73
Q

What are the clinical signs of ovine foot rot?

A

Progressive under- running of hoof horn sole - starts medial, prog laterally.

Grey, necrotic and pungent

74
Q

How is IDD in sheep Tx?

A

Oxytet spray

Can foot bath in formalin/ZnSO4

75
Q

How is ovine foot rot treated?

A

LA oxytet (SYSTEMIC)

DONT TRIM FEET

76
Q

What is the clinical appearance of CODD?

A

Ulcerative/proliferative lesion at CB - prog down and hoof sloughs off

77
Q

What are the 5 grades of CODD?

A

1: CB lesion only
2: <50%
3: >50%
4: healing but lesion present
5: healed fully

78
Q

Which pathogen is associated with CODD?

A

Treponemes (like DD in cows)

79
Q

How is CODD treated?

A

LA amoxicillin

2e macrolide

80
Q

Which cause of lameness does Footvax prevent?

A

Footrot (some evidence for CODD)

81
Q

How is ovine toe granuloma treated?

A

IVRA

Cut back granulation tissue & cauterise

82
Q

Where should you disarticulate in a sheep for digit amputation?

A

between P1 and P2

83
Q

How often should a bandage be changed following a digit amputation?

A

after 3/4d

84
Q

When should sheep feet be trimmed?

A

ONLY if overgrown - NOT for Dz

85
Q

Which pathogen causes post-dipping lameness & how does it present?

A

Erysipelas

Lame, swelling above CB/in joints

86
Q

How is post-dipping lameness treated?

A

Prompt penicillin

87
Q

Which pathogen causes strawberry footrot and how does it present?

A

Orf Dermatophilus

Proliferative scab on distal limb

88
Q

Which pathogens cause infectious arthritis in sheep?

A

Strep dysgalactiae
Staph Aureus (Tick pyaemia)
Erysipelas

89
Q

Which pathogen is responsible for Orf?

A

Parapox virus

90
Q

Why should an orf vaccine not be used in uninfected flocks?

A

LIVE - CAN CAUSE Dz which is hard to eradicate and CANNOT be treated

91
Q

Which parasite is responsible for sheep scab and how does it present?

A

Psoroptes Ovis

Severe Pruritis on the flanks and dorsum - with ragged fleece

92
Q

How is psoroptes ovis diagnosed?

A

Itchiest sheep
Wool pluck/skin scrape from EDGE of lesion

or ELISA

93
Q

How should sheep scab be treated?

A

Diazanon Dip (1min)

Dex for severely pruritic sheep

94
Q

Which part of the body are affected by choripotes bovis?

A

Ventrum and Scrotum

95
Q

When is fly strike risk highest?

A

May - Oct

Humidity and soiling play major role.

96
Q

Which fly is responsible for fly strike?

A

Lucilia Sericata

97
Q

How is flystrike tretaed?

A

SP pour-on/deltamethrin

+ABs, NSAIDs, Fluids

98
Q

What can be used to prevent flystrike?

A

OP dip
Pyrethroid pour-on
IGRs

99
Q

Which bacteria caises peri-orbital eczema?

A

Staph Aureus

100
Q

Which pathogen causes lumpy wool and what are the clinical signs?

A

Dermatolphillus congolensi

Crusty lesions, wool loss, pruritis - DDx =scab

101
Q

Which pathogen causes CLA in sheep?

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

Parotid LN most affected

102
Q

How is CLA controlled?

A

NO Tx!!

Test and cull.

103
Q

Which Dz causes “hairy shaker” lambs?

104
Q

Which pathogen, spread by ticks, causes profound immunosuppression and fertility issues?

A

Anaplasma phagocytophila

105
Q

Which virus, spread by ticks, causes a non-suppurative meningioencephalomyelitis?

A

Louping Ill

106
Q

Which drugs can be used to prevent ticks?

A

Diazinon OP dip (3-6w)

SP pour on (6-12w)

107
Q

How does border Dz lead to shaking lambs?

A

Cerebellar Hypoplasia

108
Q

How are ovine spinal abscesses treated?

A

1mg/kg Dex

Penicillin 5d

109
Q

Which tick-borne pathogen causes neurological Dz (trembling, nystagmus, lip twitch) in sheep of all ages?

A

Louping ill

110
Q

What age of sheep are most affected by listeriosis and how does it present?

A

18-24m

Anorexia/dep
Trigeminal and facial nerve paralysis

111
Q

How is ovine listeriosis treated?

A 
Benzylpenicillin IV (or PP IM) initially, then 5d of IM PP
Dexamethasone IV

& REMOVE SILAGE!!

112
Q

What is the most common cause of vestibular Dz in sheep? Tx?

A

Otitis media - pasturella/strep/T pyogenes

5d penicillin

113
Q

What is a typical presentation for scrapie in sheep?

A

2-5yo
Neurological Dz and pruritis (no scab)
WL
Death

114
Q

Quidding indicates a problem with which teeth?

115
Q

Which pathogen causes necrotic stomatitis?

A

F necrophorum

116
Q

Which pathogen causes wooden tongue?

A

Actinobacillus ligneresei

117
Q

Which pathogen causes lumpy jaw?

A

Actinomycosis bovis

118
Q

What is the prognosis for a sheep with pharyngeal trauma?

A

POOR - euthanasia likely

119
Q

How is maedi-visna controlled?

A

Test and Cull

120
Q

Which pathogen causes systemic pasturellosis? Signs?

A

Biebersteinia trehalosi

Sudden death 6-10m

121
Q

What are the 3 subclasses of Clostridum Perfringens that affect sheep and what do they cause?

A

B: lamB dystentry
c: struCk enterotoxaemia
D: pulpy kiDney

122
Q

What are the 3 subclasses of Clostridum Novyi that affect sheep and what do they cause?

A

A: Big heAd

B: Blacks Dz

D: bacillary haemoglobinuria

123
Q

What does Cl septicum cause in sheep?

A

Braxy - sudden death w/abdo pain
or
Malignant oedema

124
Q

Which clostridial subspp causes black leg in sheep?

A

Cl Chauvoei

125
Q

Which clostridial subspp causes flaccid paralysis and death?

A

C botulinum type C

126
Q

Which clostridial subspp causes spastic paralysis and death?

127
Q

Which clostridial dz affects neonatal lambs?

A

C perfringens B (dysentry)

Tetanus

128
Q

What is the most common ovine clostridial Dz and which animals does it affect?

A

C perfringens type D (pulpy kidney)

4-10w old or finishers

129
Q

Which sheep are most affected by C sordelli (abomasitis toxaemia)?

A

4-10w old intensively housed creep fed lambs

130
Q

Which Dz ghives the spleen a “soft tar appearance on PM?

131
Q

what is the % mortality for bluetongue?

132
Q

when does acute fluke infection occur?

133
Q

What is the underlying pathogenesis of acute fascioliasis in sheep?

A

Severe haemorhage du to migration through the liver.

134
Q

when does sub-acute fluke infection occur?

A

Late autumn onwards

135
Q

What are 2 major signs of sub-acute fascioliasis?

A

SM and facial oedema

136
Q

Which infection occurs 2e to subacute fascioliasis?

137
Q

What is the underlying pathogenesis of subacute fascioliasis in sheep?

A

Longer period of metercercariae infection cause haemorhage to liver and bile duct.

138
Q

When does chronic fluke Dz arise?

139
Q

What are the signs of chronic fluke?

A 
Hypoalbuminaemia
Anaemia
WL
SM oedema
Hepatic fibrosis
140
Q

when should triclabendazole be used to control fluke?

A

Autumn only due to inc level of resistance

141
Q

How is fluke diagnosed?

A

Haem: eos, anaemia, AST/GLDH/GGT
ELISA (for naive)
PM

142
Q

What are the Clinical signs of Johnes?

A

Anaemia
WL
Bottle Jaw

143
Q

How should eye dz in sheep be treated?

A

LA oxytet IM + local ABs

144
Q

What are the signs of silage eye?

A

Blephorospasm
Corneal Opacity
Swollen/folded iris

145
Q

How is silage eye treated?

A

Sub-conjunctival oxytet and dex, systemic penicillin.

146
Q

What pathogen is associated with interdigital dermatitis?

Veterinary Medicine (68 decks)

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