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Repro Basics (y1/2) Flashcards

1
Q

Which 4 hormones stimulate mamamry growth during puberty?

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone
Prolactin
GH

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2
Q

Which organelle produces protein in mammary gland secretory cells?

A

Rough ER

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3
Q

Which organelle produces phospholipids and triglycerides in mammary gland secretory cells?

A

Smooth ER

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4
Q

Where is milk synthesised in the mammary gland?

A

Apical Surface

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5
Q

What are the 4 major components of milk in ALL animals?

A

Water
Protein
Fat
Lactose

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6
Q

Which nutrients is colostrum high in?

A

Fat
Protein
Vitamin A

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7
Q

Which nutrient is colostrum low in?

A

Lactose

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8
Q

What are the 2 stages of lactogenesis?

A

1: aquisition of secretory capability pre-partum

2. acquisition of copious secretion at parturition

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9
Q

An increase of which hormones causes stage 1 lactogenesis?

A

Cortisol
Prolactin
Oestrogen
Placental Lactogen

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10
Q

An decrease of which hormone causes stage 2 lactogenesis?

A

Progesterone

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11
Q

Which two hormones, produced from milking, maintain milk secretion?

A

Oxytocin and Prolactin

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12
Q

Apart from pituitary hormones, what maintains of milk secretion?

A

FIL protein

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13
Q

How is milk secreted through the high-resistance milk duct network?

A

Ejection: Myoepithelial cells push milk out

Stimulated by oxytocin

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14
Q

Which hormones are secreted by a developing ovarian follicle?

A

Inhibin

Oestrogen

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15
Q

Which hormones are secreted by a CL?

A

Progesterone

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16
Q

What is the GnRH pulse generator?

A

Hypothalamus prod GnRH –> FSH/LH from pituitary

Signals sexual maturity & repro function

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17
Q

What are the 3 factors in the onset of puberty?

A

Size/BCS
Season of birth/photoperiod
Social Cues

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18
Q

What is puberty in the FEMALE?

A

age at which a female can support a pregnancy without deleterious effects

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19
Q

What is puberty in the male?

A

Age at which ejaculate contains sufficient spermatozoa to fertilise

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20
Q

What are 3 physiological reasons for decreased GnRH pulse frequency?

A

Lactation
Pregnancy
Photoperiod

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21
Q

What are 3 pathological reasons for decreased GnRH pulse frequency?

A

Starvation
Stress
Disease

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22
Q

What are the two receptor types for sex steroids?

A 
Nuclear Receptors (slow)
Membrane Receptors (fast)
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23
Q

What are the 3 main sex steroids?

A

Progesterone
Testosterone
Oestradiol

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24
Q

Where is oestradiol produced?

A

Granulosa Cells of follicle
Sertoli Cells of testis
Placenta

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25
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

A

CL

Placenta

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26
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

Interstitial Cells of Lydig

Cells of Theca Interna

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27
Q

What is the male 1e action of oestradiol?

A

Sexual behaviour

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28
Q

What is the male 1e action of testosterone?

A

Anabolic growth
Spermatogenesis
Secretion from accessory sex glands

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29
Q

What is the female 1e action of testosterone?

A

Oestradiol synthesis

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30
Q

What is the male 1e action of progesterone?

A

Endometrial secretion
|nhibit GnRH/repro behaviour
Maintain pregnancy

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31
Q

What are the two functions of the ovary?

A 
Oogenesis
Endocrine Gland (oestrogens,  progesterone and inhibin)
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32
Q

What is the role of LH? (3)

A

Precursors for oestrogen
Stimulations Maturation, Lutenisation and Ovulation!
Maintains CL

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33
Q

What is the role of FSH? (2)

A

Stimulates growth/recruitment of ovarian follicle

Stimulates oestrogen prod from granulosa cells

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34
Q

What is day 0 of the oestrus cycle?

A

Oestrus - when female is receptive to male

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35
Q

What happens in the run up to oestrus?

A

Progest drops
E increases
LH surge

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36
Q

What is prooestrus?

A

Follicular phase

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37
Q

What is oestrus?

A

Sexually receptive, oestrogen dominant phase

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38
Q

What is metoestrus?

A

CL-Prog dominant phase

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39
Q

What is anoestrus?

A

Reproductive inactivity - NOTHING cyclical

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40
Q

Which domestic animals are year-round polyoestrus?

A

Cow
Queen
Pig

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41
Q

Which domestic animals are seasonal polyoestrus?

A

Mare - Long Day

Ewe, Doe - Short Day

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42
Q

Which domestic animal is monoestrus?

A

Dog

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43
Q

Which animals are reflex ovulators?

A

Rabbit, Ferret

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44
Q

How long does a bovine CL last?

A

2w

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45
Q

How long is a bovine oestrus cycle?

A

21+/-3d

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46
Q

How long after the LH surge do cows ovulate?

A

1d

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47
Q

How long is bovine oestrus?

A

18h

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48
Q

What happens during the luteal phase of oestrus cycle in cows?

A

Follicular waves - until progesterone basal

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49
Q

What causes luteolysis in the cow/horse/sheep/pig?

A

Prostaglandins

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50
Q

How long after LH surge does ovulation occur in dogs?

A

2-3d

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51
Q

The testicular parenchyma consists of…

A 
Seminiferous tubules
Interstitial cells of leydig
Capillaries
Lymphatic vessels
Connective tissue
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52
Q

What do leydig cells respond to and secrete?

A

Resp to: LH

Secrete: Testosterone

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53
Q

What do Sertoli cells respond to and secrete?

A

Resp to: FSH
Secrete: Inhibin
Convert testosterone to oestradiol

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54
Q

What is the overall role of sertoli cells?

A

spermatogenesis

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55
Q

What is the overall role of leydig cells?

A

Maintain secondary sex characteristics

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56
Q

Where does maturation of spermatids take and how long does it take to happen?

A

epididymis

8-15d

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57
Q

Name the 4 accessory sex glands of the male

A

Ampulla
Vesicular Glands
Prostate
Bulbourethral gland

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58
Q

Which nervous system dominates the control of erection?

A

PARA

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59
Q

Which nervous system dominates the control of ejaculation?

60
Q

What are the two important stages in the journey of the sperm?

A

Transversing the cervix

Transport to oviduct via uterus

61
Q

What is capacitation?

A

Process in FEMALE reproductive tract where sperm become fertile.
Needed to penetrate ZP.

62
Q

How long does it take spermatozoa to reach the oviduct?

63
Q

What are the 4 steps to successful fertilisation, once a sperm has reach the oocyte?

A

Bind to oocyte
Acrosome Reaction
Penetrate ZP
Fuse with oocyte

64
Q

How does the blastocyst prevent luteolysis?

A

Producted IFN
Blocks oxytocin receptor synthesis
Prevents PGF release from endometrium

65
Q

How is maternal recognition of pregnancy achieved in the horse?

A

conceptus migrates over endometrial surface

66
Q

How long does attachment of the cow embryo take?

67
Q

How long does attachment of the dog embryo take?

68
Q

When do 50% of pregnancy losses occur in the cow?

69
Q

What is freemartinism?

A

Fused placenta in cow of XX and XY foetus.
Testis secrete AMH/testosterone.
Prevents female UGT development.
STERILE adult F.

70
Q

Which hormone is obligatory for pregnancy maintenance?

A

Progesterone

71
Q

What is unique abaout the equine placenta and its hormonal maintenance of pregnancy?

A

Produces eCG: maintains CL and stimulates accessory CL formation

72
Q

A peak of which hormone signals periparturient period?

73
Q

How is oestradiol stimulated in late gestation?

A 
Foetal crowding
Foetal ACTH
Foetal Cortisol
Oestradiol/PGF/Relaxin
Parturition
74
Q

What is the role of relaxin in late gestation?

A

softening of cervix

inc elasticity of pelvic ligaments

75
Q

What is the role of oestradiol in late gestation?

A

inc mucus secretion

inc myometrial contraction

76
Q

What are the 3 stages of parturition?

A

Contractions & cervical dilation
Expulsion of foetus
Expulsion of foetal membranes

77
Q

What are the two reflexes involved with stage 2 parturition?

A

Neuroendocrine: oxytocin
Spinal: abdominal straining

78
Q

What is the fergusons reflex?

A

Myometrial contraction Stimulate hypothalamus
PP stimulated
Oxytocin released
Inc uterine contraction

POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP!

79
Q

Which drug inhibits prolactin? (Galastop)

A

Carbergoline (galastop)

80
Q

When is galastop used in bitched?

A

Induce oestrus/abortion

Treat false pregnancy

81
Q

How does cabergoline work?

A

Dopaminergic agonist

82
Q

What are the side effects of cabergoline?

A

V+
Drowsiness
Transient hypotension

83
Q

What are the two pharmaceutical uses for oxytocin?

A

Milk Let Down

Inducing myometrial contraction

84
Q

What is a potential AE of oxytocin use?

A

Cause/complicate uterine dystocia

85
Q

Which androgen is used to treat immune mediated disease?

86
Q

Which androgen is used to increase appetite, EPO and protein synthesis? (esp in CKD cats)

A

Nandrolone

87
Q

Name 5 potential adverse effects when using androgens?

A 
Infertility
Perianal Adenomas
Prostatic disorders
Hepatotoxicity
Masculinisation
88
Q

Name 2 androgen inhibitors and which disease they treat.

A

Finasteride/Osaterone

BPH in dogs

89
Q

What is the MOA of finasteride?

A

Prevents formation of dihydrotestosterone

90
Q

What is the MOA of osaterone?

A

Blocks androgens binding to prostatic receptors

91
Q

Which drug, used to treat USMI, must NOT be used in entire bitches?

92
Q

Which synthetic progesterone can be given to synchronise oestrus in pigs/horses?

A

Altenogest (regumate)

93
Q

Which synthetic progestogen is used to decrease hypersexual behaviour in dogs and how?

A

Delmadinone (tardak)

Inhibits FSH/LH to decrease testosterone

94
Q

Which drug is used to treat false pregnancy in cats/dogs/ferrets?

A

Proligestone (synth progestogen)

95
Q

What is Aglepristone used for?

A

Abortion, induction of parturition and pyometra

ONLY cats and dogs

96
Q

Name 3 common synthetic GnRH products?

A

Gonadorelin
Buserelin (analogue)
Deslorelin (analogue)

97
Q

Which drugs should be used to induce ovulation or synchronise oestrus?

A

GnRH agonists

98
Q

Which drug can be given as a slow-release implant in the mare to induce ovulation?

A

Deslorelin

99
Q

Which drugs should be used to chemically castrate pigs?

A

GnRF vaccine (GnRH antibodies)

Takes 1w post 2nd vac to work.

100
Q

Which drug is used to induce superovulation in donor cows?

101
Q

Which drug is used to induce oestrus in mares alongside progesterone implants?

102
Q

what drug can we use to treat post-partum anoestrus of the pig? Potential AE?

A

eCG + hCG

Anaphylaxis!!

103
Q

Which prostanoid can be used to synchronise dairy cow oestrus for AI?

104
Q

Which prostanoid can be used to induce luteolysis in cattle and horses?

A

Colprostenol

105
Q

What care must be taken when using prostanoids?

A

WEAR GLOVES - absorbs through skin

106
Q

Which drug would we use to shorten the life of the CL?

107
Q

Which drug would we use to lengthen the life of the CL?

A

Progesterone

108
Q

What is the MOA of clenbuterol?

A

B2 agonist - dilates airway & relaxes myometrium

109
Q

List 4 common uses of clenbuterol in the cow.

A

Delay delivery
Aid obstetric manouvres
Relax uterus for C section
Replace prolapsed uterus

110
Q

How is melatonin used in sheep?

A

Advance the breeding season

111
Q

What effect does increasing melatonin have on short-day breeders?

A

Stimulates reproduction via GnRH

112
Q

What effect does increasing melatonin have on long-day breeders?

A

Represses Reproduction

113
Q

What is the size of the equine follicle at ovulation?

114
Q

Which cells are predominant in vaginal cytology of the bitch during anoestrus?

A

Parabasal cells (round cytoplasm, large nucleus)

115
Q

Which cells are predominant in vaginal cytology of the bitch during proestrus?

A

Cornified cells (angular cytoplasm, small nucleus)

116
Q

Which drug can be used to shorten the luteal phase of oestrus?

117
Q

Which drug can be used to extend the luteal phase of oestrus?

A

Progesterone

118
Q

Which drugs are given & when during an OvSynch protocol?

A

Day 0: GnRH
Day 7: PGF2a
Day 9: GnRH
Day 10: AI

119
Q

What is the fixed-time AI protocol for heifer synchronisation?

A

PGF2a - 2 doses 11d apart then AI at 72&96h or 84h

120
Q

Name 2 devices used to suppress GnrH during anoestrus.

A

CIDR & PRID

Contain progesterone

121
Q

When can you diagnose pregnancy via rectal palpation in the :
Horse?
Cow?

A

Horse: 20-30d
Cow: 35d

122
Q

When can you diagnose pregnancy via US in the cow?

123
Q

When and how is parturition induced in the sow?

A

Day 114 with PGF2a - birth within 36h

124
Q

How and when can you induce abortion in the Mare?

A

Fluprostenol at 35d

125
Q

How and when can you induce abortion in the bitch?

A

Oestradiol on D3 & 5

126
Q

How and when can you induce abortion in the cow?

A

PGF2a on d6-150

127
Q

What is the most common cause of structural defects at birth in cattle?

A

Schistosoma reflexus

128
Q

What is the most common indication for a caesarean in sheep?

129
Q

What is the most common direction for a uterine torsion to occur?

A

Anticlockwise (75%)

130
Q

From what age can mares be used to breed?

131
Q

How much light per day should a breeding mare have?

132
Q

How long will an artificial lighting regime take to have an effect on a mare?

133
Q

What is the mean length of an oestrus cycle in the mare?

134
Q

What is the average gestation length of the mare?

A

341d (+/-2w)

135
Q

What should be done if a twin pregnancy is discovered in a mare?

A

Destroy smaller twin at d16 or give abortive agent at d35.

136
Q

What is the earliest time for +PD via US in a mare?

137
Q

What is the earliest time for +PD via eCG mesaurement in a mare?

138
Q

In which breed of horse is AI prohibited?

139
Q

What are the 3 stages of spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Mitosis
  2. Meiosis
  3. Differentiation
140
Q

What are the 4 phases of the differentiation stage in spermatogensis?

A

Golgi
Cap
Acrosomal
Maturation

141
Q

How does the acrosome help the sperm to penetrate the ZP?

A

Contains hydrolytic enzymes

142
Q

How long does Spermatogenesis take in the bull?

143
Q

How long does Spermatogenesis take in the stallion?

144
Q

How long does Spermatogenesis take in the ram?

145
Q

How long does Spermatogenesis take in the boar?

Veterinary Medicine (68 decks)

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