Equine REPRO Flashcards
1
Q
Define Prematurity
A
Foal born <320d, displays immature physical characteristics
2
Q
Define dysmaturity
A
Full term foal displaying immature characteristics
3
Q
Name 6 signs of dysmaturity
A
Low Weight Floppy Ears Domed Head Prolonged time to stand Flexor Tendon laxity IO of tarsal/carpal bones
4
Q
what is the T1/2 of maternal IgG?
A
20-23d
5
Q
What is the time for max absorption of maternal Ig?
A
8h - must be 1L in 1st 6h
6
Q
What IgG value indicates partial and full FPT?
A
Partial: 4-8g
full: <4g
7
Q
What is a normal time to stand for a foal?
A
<1h
8
Q
What is a normal time to suck for a foal?
A
2h
9
Q
What is the best time to test for FPT?
A
18-24h
10
Q
At what time will foals need HI plasma?
A
> 12h PP
11
Q
When should the sucking reflex begin in a foal?
A
20m
12
Q
What is a normal foal body temp?
A
37.2-38.9
13
Q
What is the normal RR for a newborn foal?
A
45-60bpm
14
Q
When should foal meconium be passed yb?
A
24h
15
Q
How much milk should a foal consume per day?
A
20% BW
16
Q
What are the 3 main presentations of sepsis in the foal?
A
Umbilical infection
Pneumonia
Osteomyelitis
17
Q
Which type of pathogen produces a diffuse interstitial pneumonia?
A
Virus
18
Q
Which 2 drugs can be given as an infusion to provide circulatory suppport to the foal?
A
Dobutamine
OR
Dopamine
19
Q
Which ABs cause nephrotoxicity in foals?
A
Aminoglycosides
20
Q
What is ESSENTIAL to aid resp function of the foal?
A
Move to sternal recumbency
21
Q
What are the 4 ways in which Septic Shock leads to death in the foal?
A
Multiple organ failure
CNS depression
Renal Failure
Circulatory decompensation
22
Q
At what age does SCID normally resent?
A
1-2m old
23
Q
What are the 2 diagnostic features of SCID?
A
clinical signs
Persistent lymphopenia
24
Q
What is the predominant sign of Perinatal Asphyxia Syndrome?
A
Hypoxic encephalopathy - caused by reperfusion injury
25
A moderate form of which Dz causes aimless wandering, "barkers" and blindness?
Perinatal asphyxia syndrome
26
What is given BID in fluids if cerebral oedema is present in foals?
DMSO
27
How are foal seizures controlled?
Diazepam
| Phenobarbital
28
What is your main DDx for a 2d old foal presenting with dys/stranguria?
Ruptured Bladder
29
What haemogram changes would you noticed on a foal wiht a ruptured bladder?
Post-renal azotaemia.
Hypo Na/Cl
Hyper K
30
What should be noted about foal creatinine vs adult horse?
30-40% higher is NORMAL
31
Which ratio of peritoneal fluid:serum creatinine would indicate a ruptured bladder?
>2:1
32
Before surgical correction, how should a ruptured bladder be managed? (4)
IV fluids (met acid)
0.9% saline 5% glucose to reduce HyperK+
O2 therapy
Remove abdo fluid
33
How do you differentiate between blood low and haemolytic anaemia in the foal?
Blood loss = low protein.
34
At what age does neonatal isoerythrolysis present?
24h
35
What are the main Ddx for NI?
Jaundice: Tyzzers, EHV, Sepsis
Anaemia: Haemorrhage
36
Which test will confirm neonatal isoerythrolysis?
Coombs test
37
What PCV indicates the need for a blood transfusion to a foal?
12-15% or less
38
What is the name and treatment for mild D+ in foals 5-12d old?
Foal Heat diarrhoea
39
Which infectious agent(s) cause(s) a severe, peracute, necrotising D+?
C difficile/perfringens
40
What does the PCR/ELISA test for in clostridial D+?
Clostridial Toxins - bacteria commensal so interpretation of culture difficult
41
How is clostridial diarrhoea treated?
Metronidazole
| Penicillin
42
How long is the incubation period for crypto?
3-7d
43
How is crypto diagnosed?
Sugar Floatation - faecal oocytes present
44
Which 3 viruses cause foal D+ by invading and destroying intestinal villi?
Immunocompromised: Adenovirus/Coronavirus
All foals: Rotavirus
45
Which disinfectant must be used for suspected rotavirus cases?
Phenolic Disinfectant
46
When is the rotavirus vaccine administered?
To pregnant mare
47
Which pathogen is responsible for Equine Proliferative Enteropathy (EPE) in foals 3-11m?
Lawsonia Intracellularis
48
What are the clinica signs of EPE?
Weight loss, Oedema, lethargy, depression, weakness, mild colic (due to abdominal abscesses)
49
Which ABs are used to treat EPE?
Rifampin
Erythromycin
Oxytetracycline
50
At what age does a filly undergo puberty
12-24m
51
How long is equine dioestrus?
16-17d
52
What size is the dominant follicle at ovulation?
35mm
53
On US scan, the ovary has a "bunch of grapes" appearance. What does this indicate?
Horse in transitional period between anoestrus and cyclic activity.
54
What oestrus manipulation is caused by prostaglandin administration?
Induce luteolysis in CL.
| Oestrus 3-5d post-injection.
55
What SEs are common following prostaglandin administration?
Colic
Sweating
Diarrhoea
56
What oestrus manipulation is caused by progestagen administration?
Oestrus suppression.
| Withdrawal causes rebound activity - use to shorten transitional period.
57
What oestrus manipulation is caused by oestrogen administration?
Behavioural signs ONLY. No true changes.
58
What oestrus manipulation is caused by Chorionic Gonadotropin administration?
In Oestrus - induces ovulation of dominant follicle in 24h
59
What oestrus manipulation is caused by GnRH analogue administration?
If follicle >30cm - induce oestrus within 48h
60
What is the name of the commonly used GnRH analogue in horses?
Deslorelin
61
How long should artificial light be provided over winter, in order to manipulate the breeding season?
16h (from 2-4w pre winter solistice)
62
When should mares be served?
24-48h prior to ovulation
63
How long are spermatozoa viable in the equine female repro tract?
48h
64
How long after ovulation does oestrus behaviour cease in the mare?
24h
65
What are the 4 signs of oestrus in the mare?
Dominant Follicle on 1 ovary
Uterine Oedema
Soft, oedematous cervix
Behavioural signs
66
When should the mare first be scanned after mating? Why?
12-48h
Check if ovulated and if only one!
Check for post-mating endometritis & treat.
67
What are the 3 mechanisms that prevent bacterial entry to the womb in mares?
Vulval Seal
Vestibular Seal
Cervical Competence
68
What is Caslicks vulvuloplasty used for?
Correct poor perineal conformation when pregnant - remove close to foaling/after 2w
69
How is a persistent CL treated?
PGs
70
How are anovulatory follicles treated?
PGs
71
How are granulosa cell tumours treated?
Surgical removal
72
Which agents often cause chronic infectious endometritis?
Strep zooepidemicus
E coli
Pseudomonas
Klebsiella
73
What is the cause of post-mating endometritis?
Inflammation due to stallions repro tract flora and semen.
Self-resolving in 24h
74
What are the 3 methods for diagnosing endometririts?
Scan
Swab and Smear
Endometrial biopsy
75
How should endometritis be treated?
Uterine lavage (saline)
Oxytocin
IU ABs - ceftiofur
76
How is endometritis prevented?
AI
77
At what age does endometrosis begin in horses?
11-12y
78
What pre-breeding disease clearance is done in the mare?
CEM (Taylorella), Klebsiella, Psuedomonas
Sites: Clitoral Fossa, Urethral Fossa, Uterine swab
Medium: Charcoal
79
When does the embryo enter the uterus?
d5-6
80
When does the embryo implant in the uterus?
d15-16
81
When are endometrial cups produced?
d35
82
What do the endometrial cups secrete?
eCG
83
What is the role of the endometrial cups?
Secure pregnancy for 1st 5m
84
How is the pregnancy maintained at 200d?
Endometrial cups gone - foetal-placental progesterone acts locally
85
Why must attemps to abort a foal be done before d35?
Cups prevent oestrus cycling - cannot breed from mare again in same season if aborted after they have formed
86
Which test indicates foetal viability and when is it conducted?
Oestrone Sulphate
120d +
87
When is 1st rectal palpation normally carried out?
d40 (can be done at 20d if v skilled)
88
When should scanning be done?
1: Day 15-16
2: Day 24-26
3: 6w
To identify twins and before cups form
89
If you are only performing a single PD scan, when should it be done?
28-35d post mating
90
When is an equine "abortion"?
Day 40-day 300
91
When is the highest rate of pregnancy loss?
1st 14d
92
What is the most common cause of equine infectious abortion?
Equine Herpesvirus 1
93
When do equine herpesvirus abortions occur?
>5m in pregnancy
94
How is EHV diagnosed?
PCR of aborted material or nasal swab (if resp signs)
95
How is EHV prevented?
Vaccine at 5, 7, 9m during pregnancy
96
Which viral cause of pregnancy failure is persistently shedded by stallions?
EVA
97
What should be done before EVA vaccination?
Seronegativity confirmed
98
Out of 100 confirmed twin pregnancies - how many foals will survive?
1% - 2 live foals
| 62% single live foal
99
How is abortion induced <3m in gestation?
Prostaglandin injection
100
How is abortion induced >3m in gestation?
Repeat PG injection - BID for 2-5d
101
How is foaling induced?
oxytocin q15m until delivery starts
102
What pre-breeding disease clearance is done in the stallion?
Uretha, Urethral Fossa, Penile Sheath, Pre-ejeculatory fluid
CEM, klebsiella, pseudomonas
