Clinical GI (FA)

Question 1

What is Effective Rumen Degradable Protein?

Answer 1

N containing compound broken down to NH4 to feed gut flora

Question 2

What does high urea in the blood indicate, in terms of nutrition?

Answer 2

Excess ERDP - insufficient ME

Question 3

What is the main product from the breakdown of carbohydrates?

Answer 3

VFAs

Question 4

Where are VFAs absorbed?

Answer 4

Across the Rumen wall

Question 5

How much energy is needed by the cow per day?

Answer 5

M: 65-70MJ
P: 5MJ/L

Question 6

When does a dairy cow reach peak yield?

Answer 6

~8w post calving

Question 7

Which type of feeding causes the dolly parton effect of acidosis?

Answer 7

Traditional - Silage at barrier and cake in parlour

Question 8

What does low Milk Protein indicate?

Answer 8

Low Energy in diet

Question 9

What does Low butterfat % indicate?

Answer 9

Lack of fibre

Question 10

How should the diet change in the dry period?

Answer 10

1st 5w: low E, High fibre
last 3w: transition diet

OR

“dry cow diet”: MD 8-8.5, 2” straw. 8-10kg/head/day

Question 11

What is an easy way to make a transition diet?

Answer 11

Add straw/hay to high yielder TMR

Question 12

Which 2 conditions are caused by obesity in early lactation?

Answer 12

Fatty Liver

Type 2 Diabetes

Question 13

What is normal rumen pH?

Answer 13

6-7

Question 14

How does saliva affect rumen pH?

Answer 14

Neutralises Acid - Contains high levels of bicarbonate, released when chewing LONG fibre

Question 15

What is the pH of the rumen in SARA?

Answer 15

<5.5

Question 16

How long should fibres be in the faeces of a health cow?

Answer 16

<1/2”

Question 17

Where should a rumen sample be taken from

Answer 17

6-8” behind last rib at stifle level

Question 18

What needle/syringe is used to sample the rumen?

Answer 18

3-5” 16-18G

Question 19

Which nutritional disorder may cause a bloated rumen, ataxia, profuse, smelly D+, depression, recumbency and shocl?

Answer 19

Acute Ruminal Acidosis

Question 20

A deficiency of which trace element leads to weak neonates?

Answer 20

Iodine

Question 21

Which cattle herds are most at risk of trace element deficiencies?

Answer 21

Beef at pasture

Question 22

Which age group of cows are most at risk of contracting Johnes?

Answer 22

<1yo - ESP 1st 4w

Question 23

Which age group of cow most commonly display signs of Johnes?

Answer 23

> 3yo

Question 24

What it the major transmission route for Johnes?

Answer 24

Oro-Faecal

Question 25

For each clinical case, how many cows are infected with Johnes?

Answer 25

10-25

Question 26

Which branch of the immune system is protective against Johnes?

Answer 26

CMI

Question 27

What does +ve ELISA for Johnes Indicate?

Answer 27

Immune control lost. MAP is being shed in faeces

Question 28

What 3 methods of calf husbandry can be employed to lower the risk of Johnes Transmission?

Answer 28

Snatch Calving NO waste milk feeding NO pooled colostrum feeding

Question 29

What is the lowest risk strategy for buying in stock, with regard to Johnes?

Answer 29

Buy from herd with Whole Herd Test -ve on 3 occasions

Question 30

What are the 4 main Ddx for recumbent cow post-calving?

Answer 30

Milk Fever Acute Coliform Mastitis Botulism Injury at Calving

Question 31

How is ovine hypocalcaemia treated?

Answer 31

20ml CaBG IV (or 80ml SC)

Question 32

How is clinical ketosis treated?

Answer 32

Oral Propylene Glycol Corticosteroids Glucose 40% IV Vit B12

Question 33

What is your major Ddx for a hunched, stiff cow with sudden inappetance and milk drop?

Answer 33

Traumatic Reticulitis

Question 34

Where is the reticulum?

Answer 34

6-8 ICS on LHS

Question 35

What is a normal number of ruminal/reticular contractions in the cow?

Answer 35

3 in 2 mins (2 1e: 1 2e) Eructation in 2e

Question 36

What is the Eric Williams test?

Answer 36

Listen for grunt before 1e rumen contraction

Question 37

What does the withers pinch test for?

Answer 37

Pain - traumatic reticulitis

Question 38

What may be seen on haematology in a case of traumatic reticulitis?

Answer 38

Neutrophilia w/left shift

Question 39

How can traumatic reticulitis cause hyper/hypomotility of the rumen?

Answer 39

Vagus nerve injury form wire

Question 40

What is the classic appearance of a cow with vagus indigestion?

Answer 40

"10 to 4" Inappetant Chaotic contractions

Question 41

Give 3 Ddx for vagus indigestion.

Answer 41

Abomasal impaction Omasal impaction Abomasal ulceration

Question 42

What is the Tx/Px for vagus indigestion?

Answer 42

Poor - Slaughter! Can attempt lavage/IVFT/ rumenotomy if necessary.

Question 43

How is frothy bloat treated?

Answer 43

Drench with surfactant Exercise. If emergency: 4-6" incision in L SL fossa.

Question 44

How is free gas bloat treated?

Answer 44

Stomach tube to relieve. | Trochar in emergency

Question 45

What are the signs of an LDA in a cow?

Answer 45

reduced milk yield Ketosis Selective appetite 0-4w PP

Question 46

What pay you hear on auscultation of an LDA?

Answer 46

Ping

Question 47

What recumbency should a cow be rolled from and to if an LDA is diagnosed?

Answer 47

RL to LL

Question 48

Where should your incision be made for a L>R LDA surgery?

Answer 48

5cm caudal to last rib

Question 49

What 2 conditions predispose cows to LDA?

Answer 49

Ketosis | Endometritis

Question 50

RDA causes a dilatation of the abomasum. What are 3 systemic metabolic sequelae of this?

Answer 50

Metabolic Alkalosis Hypochloraemia Dehydration (due to pooling of H+ and Cl- in abomasum)

Question 51

RDA causes a displacement/torsion of the abomasum. What are 4 systemic metabolic sequelae of this?

Answer 51

Metabolic Acidosis Mucosal Damage Endotoxaemia Severe Dehydration

Question 52

What is the medical Tx for RDA?

Answer 52

Ca 40% Metaclopramide Fluids

Question 53

What should be given post-operatively for RDA surgery?

Answer 53

``` Antibiotics IVFT (50-100L) NSAID KCl (PO) Ca 40% Propylene Glycol ```

Question 54

A ping in the upper right flank may indicate what Dz?

Answer 54

Caecal Dilatation/Volvulus

Question 55

How can a mild Caecal Dilatation be treated?

Answer 55

Quality Hay | Supportive care

Question 56

How can a severe Caecal Dilatation/volvulus be treated?

Answer 56

Surgical Caecotomy

Question 57

What are the 4 types of abomasal ulcer in the cow?

Answer 57

1: non-perforating, minimal haemorrhage 2. major BV perforation, haemorrhage & Melena 3. Perforating ulcer, acute local peritonitis 4. Perforating ulcer w/diffuse peritonitis

Question 58

What is different about the location of abomasal ulcers in calves vs cattle?

Answer 58

Cattle: Fundic Calves: Pyloric

Question 59

What is the 1st line Tx for abomasal ulceration?

Answer 59

Antacid: MgO 800g/450kg SID

Question 60

An HCT value of what indicates need for blood transfusion?

Answer 60

<12%

Question 61

What is shock rate fluids for a cow?

Answer 61

10ml/kg/hr

Question 62

What can be used medically to aid oesophageal obstruction?

Answer 62

Sedation Buscopan Flunixin

Question 63

How can you provide 1st aid to a cow if you're unable to relieve an oesophageal obstruction?

Answer 63

Trocharise rumen & feed into rumen until obstruction passes.