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Veterinary Medicine > EQUINE ID > Flashcards

EQUINE ID Flashcards

1
Q

Which two equine notifiable diseases are ENDEMIC to the UK?

A

Contagious Equine Metritis (Taylorella Equigenitalis) Equine Viral Arteritis

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2
Q

Which two exotic NDs of horses are zoonotic?

A

Rabies

Glanders

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3
Q

Which 4 exotic NDs of horses are transmitted via a vector?

A

Equine Infectious Anaemia

Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis

West Nile Virus

African Horse Sickness

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4
Q

Which 4 equine diseases do we routinely vaccinate against in the UK?

A

EHV 1

EHV 4

Influenza

Tetanus

(also strangles)

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5
Q

What are the 4 features of salmonella that make it highly pathogenic?

A

Adhesion molecules

Invasion genes (intracellular)

Virulence Plasmids

Exotoxins

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6
Q

What are the 2 diarrhoeal exotoxins produced by salmonelaa?

A

cAMP Cytotoxin

Phospholipase A

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7
Q

Which endotoxin of salmonella causes macrophages to recruit neutrophils via IL-1 and TNF?

A

LPS

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8
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of salmonella?

A
  1. Intracellular infection
  2. LPS produced
  3. Inflammation
  4. Tissue necrosis
  5. Fluid and protein leakage
  6. Diarrhoea & endotoxamiea
  7. Circulatory Shock
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9
Q

What is a KEY predisposing factor for equine salmonella infection?

A

STRESS - inc susceptibility, lowers required spore dose

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10
Q

How many faecal cultures for salmonella must be negative before horse can be removed from isolation?

A

5 (q12-24h)

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11
Q

What should your differentials be for acute colitis in the horse?

A

Salmonella

C perfringens

C difficiles

Acute necrotic colitis and dysentery (colitis X)

Rotavirus

Ehrlicihia Risticii

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12
Q

Describe the gram staining and O2 requirements of c perfringens and dificile in the horse.

A

Gram + Bacilli Obligate anaerobes

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13
Q

Which clostridial disease is the most common in horses?

A

C. perfringens type A

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14
Q

How do horses acquire salmonella?

A

Persists in environment

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15
Q

How do horses acquire clostridial disease?

A

commensal in gut flora

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16
Q

How do horses acquire rotavirus?

A

Ingestion in naive horse

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17
Q

How does rotavirus cause diarrhoea in horses?

A

Villous Atrophy

Poor absorption

Osmotic diarrhoea

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18
Q

How long is the disease course for rotavirus?

A

5-7d

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19
Q

What is the incubation period for rotavirus?

A

18-24h

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20
Q

How long after recovery do foals shed rotavirus?

A

2w

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21
Q

Which pathogen is the most common cause of infectious diarrhoea in horses?

A

Rotavirus

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22
Q

What is the gold standard test for rotavirus?

A

Electronmicroscopy (virus in faeces)

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23
Q

Besides the gold standard test - what other testing can be done for equine rotavirus?

A

Latex agglutination ELISA

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24
Q

How can we prevents foals suffering from rotavirus?

A

Maternal Vaccine: 8/9/10m of pregnancy. protects for 60d

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25
Q

How is Ehrlicihia risticii spread?

A

Ingestion of snails and aquatic invertebrates ONLY

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26
Q

What is the common name for Ehrlicihia Risticii infection?

A

Potomac Horse Fever

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27
Q

How is Ehrlicihia risticii diagnosed?

A

Paired serum simple with rising titre.

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28
Q

Which two equine viruses have a primary neurotropism?

A

Rabies Bornavirus

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29
Q

Which arboviruses cause CNS disease in horses?

A

East/West/Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Japanese Encephalitis WNV

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30
Q

Which viruses cause CNS disease by damaging the BBB?

A

EHV1

EH4

Equine infectious anaemia

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31
Q

What are the two CSF changes commonly associated with viral encephalitis?

A

Mononuclear Pleocytosis

Inc Protein Concentration

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32
Q

How should a horse with neurological disease be kept?

A

Dark & Quiet stable with padded walls

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33
Q

How often should a recumbent horse be turned?

A

q4-6h OR SLING

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34
Q

What are the signs of EHV-1?

A

Respiratory Abrotion Myeloencephalopathy

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35
Q

What are the signs of EHV-2?

A

Keratitis

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36
Q

What are the signs of EHV-3?

A

Coital exanthema

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37
Q

What are the signs of EHV-4?

A

Respiratory

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38
Q

What are the signs of EHV-5?

A

Multinodular pulmonary fibrosis

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39
Q

What are the signs of EHV-6 to 8?

A

NONE IN HORSES only infect donkeys

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40
Q

Why do neurological signs of EHV appear?

A

vasculitis and thrombosis of arterioles in brain and SC

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41
Q

What are the possible neurological signs of EHV-1?

A

Ataxia (HLs or all 4) Cauda equina possible CN involvement

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42
Q

What are the “cauda equina” signs?

A

Bladder atony Flaccid tail/anus Perineal hypoalgesia

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43
Q

How is EHV-1 diagnosed?

A

PCR (nasal swab) also ELISA possible

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44
Q

What may be seen in the CSF of a horse with EHV-1?

A

Xanthochromia

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45
Q

How long does recovery from EHV take?

A

Days to Weeks (up to 1y)

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46
Q

How can we treat the vasculitis associated with EHV-1?

A

NSAIDs, aspirin ?steroids

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47
Q

How do we prevent EHV-1 from causing neuro signs?

A

can vaccine for EHV1/4 but ineffective on neurological form

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48
Q

What type of virus is rabies?

A

Rhabdovirus (f) Lyssavirus (g)

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49
Q

Where does rabies replicate?

A

Spinal root ganglia

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50
Q

How long is the rabies incubation period?

A

9d-1y

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51
Q

What 4 things cause variation in rabies incubation period?

A

Virus strain host species inoculum proximity of inoculation to CNS

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52
Q

What are the 3 forms of rabies and what are they related to?

A

LOCATION

Paralytic: Spinal

Dumb: Brain Stem

Furious: Cerebrum

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53
Q

Whichis the most common form of rabies in horses?

A

Spinal: localised hyperaesthesia & progressive ataxia

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54
Q

How is rabies diagnosed?

A

PM! negri bodies in neurones

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55
Q

What is the Tx for equine rabies?

A

NOTHING - kill on suspicion

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56
Q

Which Group A arboviruses (Togaviridae) infect horses?

A

EEE WEE VEE

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57
Q

Which Group B arboviruses (Flaviviridae) infect horses?

A

WNV Japanese encpehalitis

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58
Q

What is the natural reservoir for WNV?

A

Birds

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59
Q

What is the vector for WNV?

A

Culex mosquitos

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60
Q

What neurological signs accompany WNV?

A

Fasciculations over body (esp head) Weakness/Ataxia CN deficits decreased mentation

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61
Q

How do we treat WNV in the UK?

A

NSAIDs DMSO/Mannitol C/Ss

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62
Q

How do we test for WNV?

A

Ag specific ELISA

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63
Q

Which exotic, notifiable equine diseases cause respiratory signs?

A

Equine Viral Arteritis African horse sickness

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64
Q

Which respiratory virus is ONLY a problem in SCID foals?

A

Adenovirus

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65
Q

How long is the incubation period for equine influenza?

A

24-48h

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66
Q

What are the 5 main signs of equine flu?

A

Pyrexia

Nasal discharge

Coughing/Tahcypnoea

Inappetance/WL

Retropharyngeal Lymphadenopathy

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67
Q

Name the 5 Ddx for equine flu.

A

Strep equi var equi

EHV

Equine Rhinitis virus

Adenovirus

Equine Arteritis Virus

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68
Q

Which groups of horses are at high risk for equine flu?

A

Large groups of young horses

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69
Q

Which surface marker of flu facilitates entry to the host cell?

A

Neuraminidase

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70
Q

How do secondary infections occur in equine influenza?

A

Damaged cilia and epithelium allow bacterial entry

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71
Q

How much rest should a horse take after influenza?

A

1 week off for each day of fever (50-100d normal)

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72
Q

How do we diagnose equine influenza?

A

Isolate virus from nasal swab/tracheal wash

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73
Q

How do we Tx equine flu?

A

NSAIDs Air Hygiene antimicrobials if secondary infection

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74
Q

What does the equine flu vaccine target?

A

Haemaglutinin

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75
Q

What is the british horseracing guidelines on flu vaccines?

A

1st vac

2nd 21-92d later

3rd 150-215d later

booster WITHIN 365d

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76
Q

Where does EHV cause inflammation in the respiratory tract?

A

URT - rhinitis, tracheitis and pharyngitis

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77
Q

Where does EHV remain latent?

A

CD8+ T cells Trigeminal Neural Ganglion

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78
Q

How long is the incubation period for EHV?

A

3-7d

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79
Q

What are the clinical signs of EHV? (5)

A

Biphasic fever

Lethargy

Inappetence

Oedema/hyperaemic mucosa

Serous-mucopurulent discharge

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80
Q

What additional clinical signs are seen in foals with EHV 1/4?

A

Icterus

Leukopenia, neutropenia

Petechial haemorrhage

Severe pneumonia

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81
Q

How is EHV diagnosed?

A

Isolate virus from nasal swab/tracheal wash

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82
Q

What is the protocol for EHV1/4 vaccination? (normally and in pregnant mare)

A

1st: 5m old
2nd: 4-6w later

Booster: 6m Preg: 5, 7 and 9m

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83
Q

Which type of virus is equine rhinovirus?

A

Picornavirus

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84
Q

What are the common signs of equine rhinovirus?

A

Mild resp disease 3-5d Fever, anorexia, serous nasal discharge

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85
Q

Which coat protein is responsible for species susceptibility in rotavirus?

A

VP4

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86
Q

Which type of virus is equine viral arteritis?

A

Ateriviridae

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87
Q

Which horses suffer persistent infection of equine viral arteritis?

A

Stallions - testosterone responsible for maintenance in host

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88
Q

What are the three routes of spread for EVA?

A

Respiratory Venereal Transplacental

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89
Q

What is the incubation period of EVA?

A

3-14d

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90
Q

How do most horses with EVA present?

A

SUBCLINICAL!! do not often have signs

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91
Q

What are the clinical signs of EVA?

A

Fever/Depression/Anorexia Respiratory signs Peripheral Oedema Severe: generalised vasculitis

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92
Q

What must we be aware of with breeding mares and EVA?

A

Causes abortion at 3-10m

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93
Q

how do we diagnose EVA?

A

serology paired samples 21-28d apart

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94
Q

What are the 3 reservoirs of AHS?

A

Dog Zebra Elephant

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95
Q

What are the 4 major pathological features of AHS?

A

Severe vascular endothelial damage

Resp/CV damage

Protein rich fluid leakage into intersitium

Oedema

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96
Q

Where are the 4 places we may fins oedema in AHS?

A

Lungs, thorax, pericardium, Head

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97
Q

What are the 4 recognised forms of AHS?

A

Pulmonary form (fatal 1-4d) Cardiac form Mixed form Horse sickness fever (mild)

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98
Q

Apart from pulmonary oedema, what signs may we expect in pulmonary AHS? (4)

A

Fever & sweating Cyanosis Recumbency Death NO loss of appetite

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99
Q

Apart from hydropericardium, what signs may we expect in cardiac AHS? (6)

A

Persistent Fever Head/Neck oedema Petechiae on MMs Dysphagia Mild colic Slow death

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100
Q

Which pathogen is responsible for stranges?

A

Strep equi equi

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101
Q

Which two areas are most commonly targeted by strangles?

A

URT Head LNs

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102
Q

What are the main clinical features of strangles?

A

Pyrexia/Dull/anorexia Nasal discharge Lymphadenopathy GP empyema

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103
Q

Which is the latest clinical sign to develop after strangles infection?

A

Lymph node abscessation

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104
Q

Dyspnoea is a common complication of strangles. How do we treat it?

A

Tracheostomy

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105
Q

What is bastard strangles?

A

Transient bacteraemia Abscesses in other LNs

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106
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity is purpura haemorrhagica?

A

Ab-Ag complex (type III)

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107
Q

Which respiratory disease may cause purpura haemorrhagica?

A

Strangles

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108
Q

How do we treat purpura haemorrhagica?

A

Immunosuppression

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109
Q

Describe the gram staining and morphology of strep equi equi.

A

Gram + Coccoid

110
Q

How else can we culture and identify strangles?

A

Catalase: Negative Sorbitol: Negative (lactose fermentation)

111
Q

Describe the O2 requirements of strep equi equi.

A

Facultative anaerobe

112
Q

What is the major virulence factor of the strangles pathogen?

A

M protein - binds fibrinogen/Ig

113
Q

how is strangles spread?

A

Direct contact fomites

114
Q

How long can strangles survive in the environment?

A

4w

115
Q

What time/temp kills strangles?

A

30m @ 55oC

116
Q

How do we diagnose strangles?

A

PCR or culture

117
Q

How do we confirm if a horse is FREE of strangles?

A

1 negative GP wash or 3 negative swabs each week for 3w

118
Q

what can we use to treat a horse with strangles?

A

Anti-inflammatories Soft feed Tracheotomy

119
Q

how can we prevent strangles from entering a yard?

A

Quarantine on arrival for 2w Serology on arrival Check temp daily

120
Q

What is the most typical disease caused by rhodococcus equi?

A

suppurative bronchopneumonia in foals 1-4m

121
Q

What are the signs of rhodococcus in young foals?

A

ACUTE fever, anorexia, cough, nasal discharge Occasional diarrhoea

122
Q

What are the signs of rhodococcus in older foals?

A

CHRONIC cough, dyspnoea, weight loss, exercise intolerance, crackles in lungs Occasional diarrhoea

123
Q

Where does rhodococcus equi multiply?

A

Alveolar macrophages

124
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of R.equi.

A

Alv Macs destroyed Causes abscess formation Alveolar destruction Mediastinal lymphadenopathy Mesenteric lymphadenopathy Peyers patches in gut destroyed

125
Q

Name 3 complications of R. Equi

A

IM polyarthritis Granulomatous, ulcerative enterocolitis Corneal Oedema/ Anterior Uveitis

126
Q

Describe the gram staining and morphology of R equi.

A

GRam + Pleomorphic (rod or cone)

127
Q

Describe the O2 requirements of R equi

A

Aerobic - commensal & in soil

128
Q

What encodes the antigens of R equi?

A

VAP plasmid

129
Q

How is R. Equi transmitted?

A

Inhalation Oral

130
Q

How do we diagnose R. equi?

A

Clinical signs PLUS tracheal wash and culture +/- PCR of VAP

131
Q

What may be increased on the blood of a horse with R equi?

A

Fibrinogen

132
Q

How do we treat R equi?

A

Support - low dust, warm, anti-inflm Long Term: Antimicrobials

133
Q

Which antimicrobials do we use in R equi?

A

Macrolides (erythromycin) Rifampin

134
Q

What may be used to prevent R equi?

A

Hyperimmune plasma Decrease dust exposure & avoid crowding

135
Q

What are the 5 predisposing factors for pneumonia in horses?

A

Long distance transport Viral Respiratory Dz Aspiration Pneumonia Exercise GA/Surgery

136
Q

What are the 4 stages of pleuropneumonia in the horse?

A
  1. Bronchopneumonia 2. Acute Exudative Stage 3. Fibrinopurulent stage 4. Organisational
137
Q

What are the clincal signs of pleuropneumonia in the horse? (5)

A

Systemic illness Inc HR/RR Pleurodynia Soft cough Ventral lung sounds reuced

138
Q

How would you diagnose equine pleuropneumonia?

A

US Thoracocentesis

139
Q

Which opportunistic pathogen may cause strep dermatitis in the horse?

A

Strep Equi var zooepidemicus

140
Q

What are the signs of Strep Equi Zooepidemicus infection?

A

Folliculitis Furunculosis Cellulitis

141
Q

How is streptococcal dermatitis of the horse treated?

A

Penicillin Drain Abscesses Topical antimicrobial washes

142
Q

Which pathogen may cause abscesses with dermatitis?

A

Strep equi equi

143
Q

Which staphs most commonly cause equine dermatitis?

A

Aureus Intermedius

144
Q

What are the signs of staphylococcal dermatitis in the horse?

A

Pain Local Exudative Lesions Focal lesions (abscess/pyogranuloma)

145
Q

What are the 5 clinical syndromes associated with staphylococcal dermatitis of the horse?

A
  1. Pyoderma 2. Saddle Rash 3. Pastern Folliculitis 4. Wound infection 5. Abscesses
146
Q

How do we treat equine staphylococcal dermatitis?

A

Clip hair Antiseptic wash Drain Abscess C+S w/antimicrobial

147
Q

What is Rain Scald caused by?

A

Dermatophilus Congolensis

148
Q

Which areas are affected by rain scald?

A

Back, Head and Neck

149
Q

When do the most severe cases of rain scald present?

A

Winter - matted hair and crusts w/purulent base

150
Q

How is rain scald diagnosed?

A

SMEARS - easy to recognise: long, purple hyphae

151
Q

How do we treat rain scald? & what if severe?

A

Move to dry environment Remove crusts Dilute chlorhex wash systemic AB if severe

152
Q

What is equine ringworm caused by?

A

Trichophyton (equinum or verrucosum) Microsporum (equinum or gypseum)

153
Q

How long is the incubation period for equine ringworm?

A

2-3w

154
Q

What are the clinical signs of equine ringworm? (4)

A

Small circle of raised hair “Cigarette Ash” (keratinised squames) Alopecic patches Heals from centre of lesion

155
Q

How do we diagnose equine ringworm?

A

Skin scrape/Hair pluck

156
Q

How do we treat equine ringworm?

A

Isolate (5-10w) Topical anti-fungal (miconazole/natamycin) Disinfect environment and tack

157
Q

What is the other name for grass warts?

A

Viral Papillomatosis

158
Q

Which horses are most commonly affected by grass warts?

A

Young (6m to 4y) OR immunocompromised

159
Q

What are the classic lesions associated with grass warts?

A

Many painless pink/grey lesions on muzzle, lip, face, limbs, genitals

160
Q

How do we diagnose grass warts?

A

Biopsy Virus Isolation

161
Q

How do we treat grass warts?

A

SPONTANEOUS can give autogenous vaccine

162
Q

What is the cause of Pinnal acanthosis (aural plaques)?

A

Papillomavirus

163
Q

How is pinnal acanthosis transmitted?

A

Black Flies (Simulium spp)

164
Q

What are the classic lesions associated with pinnal acanthosis?

A

Small, raised depigmented areas - may cluster in white mass

165
Q

How do we diagnose and treat pinnal acanthosis?

A

Appearance ONLY Do not treat

166
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for equine coital exanthema?

A

EHV-3

167
Q

How is equine coital exanthema transmitted?

A

contact indirect contact droplet inhalation

168
Q

How long is the incubation period for equine coital exanthema?

A

5-7d

169
Q

What are the clinical signs of equine coital exanthema?

A

Rapidly developing papules on penis/vulva/perineum Pruritic but not painful

170
Q

How do we diagnose equine coital exanthema?

A

clinical signs only

171
Q

how do we treat equine coital exanthema?

A

Stop breeding until 3w post resolution Topical AB/Antiseptic Local anaesthetic cream

172
Q

What pathogen may be responsible for equine sarcoids?

A

Bovine Papillomavirus 1 and 2

173
Q

What predisposes horses to sarcoids?

A

Genetics!!

174
Q

Name the 6 presentations of sarcoid in the horse

A

Occult Verrucose Nodular Fibroblastic Mixed Malignant

175
Q

How do we diagnose sarcoids?

A

biopsy and histology

176
Q

How do we treat equine sarcoids?

A

DIFFICULT: - Surgery (cryo/laser) - Immunotherapy - cytotoxics -Antimitotics

177
Q

What are the 4 rules of sarcoid prognosis?

A
  1. More they have, more they get. 2. Fewer they have, fewer they get. 3. Summer: multiply. Winter: grow. 4. Single sarcoid implies susceptibility.
178
Q

What are the 4 rules of sarcoid prognosis?

A
  1. More they have, more they get. 2. Fewer they have, fewer they get. 3. Summer: multiply. Winter: grow. 4. Single sarcoid implies susceptibility.
179
Q

How do we treat equine sarcoids?

A

DIFFICULT: - Surgery (cryo/laser) - Immunotherapy - cytotoxics -Antimitotics

180
Q

How do we diagnose sarcoids?

A

biopsy and histology

181
Q

Name the 6 presentations of sarcoid in the horse

A

Occult Verrucose Nodular Fibroblastic Mixed Malignant

182
Q

What predisposes horses to sarcoids?

A

Genetics!!

183
Q

What pathogen may be responsible for equine sarcoids?

A

Bovine Papillomavirus 1 and 2

184
Q

how do we treat equine coital exanthema?

A

Stop breeding until 3w post resolution Topical AB/Antiseptic Local anaesthetic cream

185
Q

How do we diagnose equine coital exanthema?

A

clinical signs only

186
Q

What are the clinical signs of equine coital exanthema?

A

Rapidly developing papules on penis/vulva/perineum Pruritic but not painful

187
Q

How long is the incubation period for equine coital exanthema?

A

5-7d

188
Q

How is equine coital exanthema transmitted?

A

contact indirect contact droplet inhalation

189
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for equine coital exanthema?

A

EHV-3

190
Q

How do we diagnose and treat pinnal acanthosis?

A

Appearance ONLY Do not treat

191
Q

What are the classic lesions associated with pinnal acanthosis?

A

Small, raised depigmented areas - may cluster in white mass

192
Q

How is pinnal acanthosis transmitted?

A

Black Flies (Simulium spp)

193
Q

What is the cause of Pinnal acanthosis (aural plaques)?

A

Papillomavirus

194
Q

How do we treat grass warts?

A

SPONTANEOUS can give autogenous vaccine

195
Q

How do we diagnose grass warts?

A

Biopsy Virus Isolation

196
Q

What are the classic lesions associated with grass warts?

A

Many painless pink/grey lesions on muzzle, lip, face, limbs, genitals

197
Q

Which horses are most commonly affected by grass warts?

A

Young (6m to 4y) OR immunocompromised

198
Q

What is the other name for grass warts?

A

Viral Papillomatosis

199
Q

How do we treat equine ringworm?

A

Isolate (5-10w) Topical anti-fungal (miconazole/natamycin) Disinfect environment and tack

200
Q

How do we diagnose equine ringworm?

A

Skin scrape/Hair pluck

201
Q

What are the clinical signs of equine ringworm? (4)

A

Small circle of raised hair “Cigarette Ash” (keratinised squames) Alopecic patches Heals from centre of lesion

202
Q

How long is the incubation period for equine ringworm?

A

2-3w

203
Q

What is equine ringworm caused by?

A

Trichophyton (equinum or verrucosum) Microsporum (equinum or gypseum)

204
Q

How do we treat rain scald? & what if severe?

A

Move to dry environment Remove crusts Dilute chlorhex wash systemic AB if severe

205
Q

How is rain scald diagnosed?

A

SMEARS - easy to recognise: long, purple hyphae

206
Q

When do the most severe cases of rain scald present?

A

Winter - matted hair and crusts w/purulent base

207
Q

Which areas are affected by rain scald?

A

Back, Head and Neck

208
Q

What is Rain Scald caused by?

A

Dermatophilus Congolensis

209
Q

How do we treat equine staphylococcal dermatitis?

A

Clip hair Antiseptic wash Drain Abscess C+S w/antimicrobial

210
Q

What are the 5 clinical syndromes associated with staphylococcal dermatitis of the horse?

A
  1. Pyoderma 2. Saddle Rash 3. Pastern Folliculitis 4. Wound infection 5. Abscesses
211
Q

What are the signs of staphylococcal dermatitis in the horse?

A

Pain Local Exudative Lesions Focal lesions (abscess/pyogranuloma)

212
Q

Which staphs most commonly cause equine dermatitis?

A

Aureus Intermedius

213
Q

Which pathogen may cause abscesses with dermatitis?

A

Strep equi equi

214
Q

How is streptococcal dermatitis of the horse treated?

A

Penicillin Drain Abscesses Topical antimicrobial washes

215
Q

What are the signs of Strep Equi Zooepidemicus infection?

A

Folliculitis Furunculosis Cellulitis

216
Q

Which opportunistic pathogen may cause strep dermatitis in the horse?

A

Strep Equi var zooepidemicus

217
Q

How would you diagnose equine pleuropneumonia?

A

US Thoracocentesis

218
Q

What are the clincal signs of pleuropneumonia in the horse? (5)

A

Systemic illness Inc HR/RR Pleurodynia Soft cough Ventral lung sounds reuced

219
Q

What are the 4 stages of pleuropneumonia in the horse?

A
  1. Bronchopneumonia 2. Acute Exudative Stage 3. Fibrinopurulent stage 4. Organisational
220
Q

What are the 5 predisposing factors for pneumonia in horses?

A

Long distance transport Viral Respiratory Dz Aspiration Pneumonia Exercise GA/Surgery

221
Q

What may be used to prevent R equi?

A

Hyperimmune plasma Decrease dust exposure & avoid crowding

222
Q

Which antimicrobials do we use in R equi?

A

Macrolides (erythromycin) Rifampin

223
Q

How do we treat R equi?

A

Support - low dust, warm, anti-inflm Long Term: Antimicrobials

224
Q

What may be increased on the blood of a horse with R equi?

A

Fibrinogen

225
Q

How do we diagnose R. equi?

A

Clinical signs PLUS tracheal wash and culture +/- PCR of VAP

226
Q

How is R. Equi transmitted?

A

Inhalation Oral

227
Q

What encodes the antigens of R equi?

A

VAP plasmid

228
Q

Describe the O2 requirements of R equi

A

Aerobic - commensal & in soil

229
Q

Describe the gram staining and morphology of R equi.

A

GRam + Pleomorphic (rod or cone)

230
Q

Name 3 complications of R. Equi

A

IM polyarthritis Granulomatous, ulcerative enterocolitis Corneal Oedema/ Anterior Uveitis

231
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of R.equi.

A

Alv Macs destroyed Causes abscess formation Alveolar destruction Mediastinal lymphadenopathy Mesenteric lymphadenopathy Peyers patches in gut destroyed

232
Q

Where does rhodococcus equi multiply?

A

Alveolar macrophages

233
Q

What are the signs of rhodococcus in older foals?

A

CHRONIC cough, dyspnoea, weight loss, exercise intolerance, crackles in lungs Occasional diarrhoea

234
Q

What are the signs of rhodococcus in young foals?

A

ACUTE fever, anorexia, cough, nasal discharge Occasional diarrhoea

235
Q

What is the most typical disease caused by rhodococcus equi?

A

suppurative bronchopneumonia in foals 1-4m

236
Q

how can we prevent strangles from entering a yard?

A

Quarantine on arrival for 2w Serology on arrival Check temp daily

237
Q

what can we use to treat a horse with strangles?

A

Anti-inflammatories Soft feed Tracheotomy

238
Q

How do we confirm if a horse is FREE of strangles?

A

1 negative GP wash or 3 negative swabs each week for 3w

239
Q

How do we diagnose strangles?

A

PCR or culture

240
Q

What time/temp kills strangles?

A

30m @ 55oC

241
Q

How long can strangles survive in the environment?

A

4w

242
Q

how is strangles spread?

A

Direct contact fomites

243
Q

What is the major virulence factor of the strangles pathogen?

A

M protein - binds fibrinogen/Ig

244
Q

Describe the O2 requirements of strep equi equi.

A

Facultative anaerobe

245
Q

How else can we culture and identify strangles?

A

Catalase: Negative Sorbitol: Negative (lactose fermentation)

246
Q

Describe the gram staining and morphology of strep equi equi.

A

Gram + Coccoid

247
Q

How do we treat purpura haemorrhagica?

A

Immunosuppression

248
Q

Which respiratory disease may cause purpura haemorrhagica?

A

Strangles

249
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity is purpura haemorrhagica?

A

Ab-Ag complex (type III)

250
Q

What is bastard strangles?

A

Transient bacteraemia Abscesses in other LNs

251
Q

Dyspnoea is a common complication of strangles. How do we treat it?

A

Tracheostomy

252
Q

Which is the latest clinical sign to develop after strangles infection?

A

Lymph node abscessation

253
Q

What are the main clinical features of strangles?

A

Pyrexia/Dull/anorexia Nasal discharge Lymphadenopathy GP empyema

254
Q

Which two areas are most commonly targeted by strangles?

A

URT Head LNs

255
Q

Which pathogen is responsible for stranges?

A

Strep equi equi

256
Q

Apart from hydropericardium, what signs may we expect in cardiac AHS? (6)

A

Persistent Fever Head/Neck oedema Petechiae on MMs Dysphagia Mild colic Slow death

257
Q

Apart from pulmonary oedema, what signs may we expect in pulmonary AHS? (4)

A

Fever & sweating Cyanosis Recumbency Death NO loss of appetite

258
Q

What are the 4 recognised forms of AHS?

A

Pulmonary form (fatal 1-4d) Cardiac form Mixed form Horse sickness fever (mild)

259
Q

Where are the 4 places we may fins oedema in AHS?

A

Lungs, thorax, pericardium, Head

260
Q

What are the 4 major pathological features of AHS?

A

Severe vascular endothelial damage Resp/CV damage Protein rich fluid leakage into intersitium Oedema

261
Q

What are the 3 reservoirs of AHS?

A

Dog Zebra Elephant

262
Q

how do we diagnose EVA?

A

serology paired samples 21-28d apart

263
Q

What must we be aware of with breeding mares and EVA?

A

Causes abortion at 3-10m

264
Q

What are the clinical signs of EVA?

A

Fever/Depression/Anorexia Respiratory signs Peripheral Oedema Severe: generalised vasculitis

265
Q

How do most horses with EVA present?

A

SUBCLINICAL!! do not often have signs

266
Q

What is the incubation period of EVA?

A

3-14d

267
Q

What are the three routes of spread for EVA?

A

Respiratory Venereal Transplacental

268
Q

Which horses suffer persistent infection of equine viral arteritis?

A

Stallions - testosterone responsible for maintenance in host

269
Q

Which type of virus is equine viral arteritis?

A

Ateriviridae

270
Q

Which coat protein is responsible for species susceptibility in rotavirus?

A

VP4

Veterinary Medicine (68 decks)

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