EQUINE ID Flashcards
1
Q
Which two equine notifiable diseases are ENDEMIC to the UK?
A
Contagious Equine Metritis (Taylorella Equigenitalis) Equine Viral Arteritis
2
Q
Which two exotic NDs of horses are zoonotic?
A
Rabies
Glanders
3
Q
Which 4 exotic NDs of horses are transmitted via a vector?
A
Equine Infectious Anaemia
Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis
West Nile Virus
African Horse Sickness
4
Q
Which 4 equine diseases do we routinely vaccinate against in the UK?
A
EHV 1
EHV 4
Influenza
Tetanus
(also strangles)
5
Q
What are the 4 features of salmonella that make it highly pathogenic?
A
Adhesion molecules
Invasion genes (intracellular)
Virulence Plasmids
Exotoxins
6
Q
What are the 2 diarrhoeal exotoxins produced by salmonelaa?
A
cAMP Cytotoxin
Phospholipase A
7
Q
Which endotoxin of salmonella causes macrophages to recruit neutrophils via IL-1 and TNF?
A
LPS
8
Q
Describe the pathogenesis of salmonella?
A
- Intracellular infection
- LPS produced
- Inflammation
- Tissue necrosis
- Fluid and protein leakage
- Diarrhoea & endotoxamiea
- Circulatory Shock
9
Q
What is a KEY predisposing factor for equine salmonella infection?
A
STRESS - inc susceptibility, lowers required spore dose
10
Q
How many faecal cultures for salmonella must be negative before horse can be removed from isolation?
A
5 (q12-24h)
11
Q
What should your differentials be for acute colitis in the horse?
A
Salmonella
C perfringens
C difficiles
Acute necrotic colitis and dysentery (colitis X)
Rotavirus
Ehrlicihia Risticii
12
Q
Describe the gram staining and O2 requirements of c perfringens and dificile in the horse.
A
Gram + Bacilli Obligate anaerobes
13
Q
Which clostridial disease is the most common in horses?
A
C. perfringens type A
14
Q
How do horses acquire salmonella?
A
Persists in environment
15
Q
How do horses acquire clostridial disease?
A
commensal in gut flora
16
Q
How do horses acquire rotavirus?
A
Ingestion in naive horse
17
Q
How does rotavirus cause diarrhoea in horses?
A
Villous Atrophy
Poor absorption
Osmotic diarrhoea
18
Q
How long is the disease course for rotavirus?
A
5-7d
19
Q
What is the incubation period for rotavirus?
A
18-24h
20
Q
How long after recovery do foals shed rotavirus?
A
2w
21
Q
Which pathogen is the most common cause of infectious diarrhoea in horses?
A
Rotavirus
22
Q
What is the gold standard test for rotavirus?
A
Electronmicroscopy (virus in faeces)
23
Q
Besides the gold standard test - what other testing can be done for equine rotavirus?
A
Latex agglutination ELISA
24
Q
How can we prevents foals suffering from rotavirus?
A
Maternal Vaccine: 8/9/10m of pregnancy. protects for 60d
25
How is Ehrlicihia risticii spread?
Ingestion of snails and aquatic invertebrates ONLY
26
What is the common name for Ehrlicihia Risticii infection?
Potomac Horse Fever
27
How is Ehrlicihia risticii diagnosed?
Paired serum simple with rising titre.
28
Which two equine viruses have a primary neurotropism?
Rabies Bornavirus
29
Which arboviruses cause CNS disease in horses?
East/West/Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Japanese Encephalitis WNV
30
Which viruses cause CNS disease by damaging the BBB?
EHV1
EH4
Equine infectious anaemia
31
What are the two CSF changes commonly associated with viral encephalitis?
Mononuclear Pleocytosis
Inc Protein Concentration
32
How should a horse with neurological disease be kept?
Dark & Quiet stable with padded walls
33
How often should a recumbent horse be turned?
q4-6h OR SLING
34
What are the signs of EHV-1?
Respiratory Abrotion Myeloencephalopathy
35
What are the signs of EHV-2?
Keratitis
36
What are the signs of EHV-3?
Coital exanthema
37
What are the signs of EHV-4?
Respiratory
38
What are the signs of EHV-5?
Multinodular pulmonary fibrosis
39
What are the signs of EHV-6 to 8?
NONE IN HORSES only infect donkeys
40
Why do neurological signs of EHV appear?
vasculitis and thrombosis of arterioles in brain and SC
41
What are the possible neurological signs of EHV-1?
Ataxia (HLs or all 4) Cauda equina possible CN involvement
42
What are the "cauda equina" signs?
Bladder atony Flaccid tail/anus Perineal hypoalgesia
43
How is EHV-1 diagnosed?
PCR (nasal swab) also ELISA possible
44
What may be seen in the CSF of a horse with EHV-1?
Xanthochromia
45
How long does recovery from EHV take?
Days to Weeks (up to 1y)
46
How can we treat the vasculitis associated with EHV-1?
NSAIDs, aspirin ?steroids
47
How do we prevent EHV-1 from causing neuro signs?
can vaccine for EHV1/4 but ineffective on neurological form
48
What type of virus is rabies?
Rhabdovirus (f) Lyssavirus (g)
49
Where does rabies replicate?
Spinal root ganglia
50
How long is the rabies incubation period?
9d-1y
51
What 4 things cause variation in rabies incubation period?
Virus strain host species inoculum proximity of inoculation to CNS
52
What are the 3 forms of rabies and what are they related to?
LOCATION
Paralytic: Spinal
Dumb: Brain Stem
Furious: Cerebrum
53
Whichis the most common form of rabies in horses?
Spinal: localised hyperaesthesia & progressive ataxia
54
How is rabies diagnosed?
PM! negri bodies in neurones
55
What is the Tx for equine rabies?
NOTHING - kill on suspicion
56
Which Group A arboviruses (Togaviridae) infect horses?
EEE WEE VEE
57
Which Group B arboviruses (Flaviviridae) infect horses?
WNV Japanese encpehalitis
58
What is the natural reservoir for WNV?
Birds
59
What is the vector for WNV?
Culex mosquitos
60
What neurological signs accompany WNV?
Fasciculations over body (esp head) Weakness/Ataxia CN deficits decreased mentation
61
How do we treat WNV in the UK?
NSAIDs DMSO/Mannitol C/Ss
62
How do we test for WNV?
Ag specific ELISA
63
Which exotic, notifiable equine diseases cause respiratory signs?
Equine Viral Arteritis African horse sickness
64
Which respiratory virus is ONLY a problem in SCID foals?
Adenovirus
65
How long is the incubation period for equine influenza?
24-48h
66
What are the 5 main signs of equine flu?
Pyrexia
Nasal discharge
Coughing/Tahcypnoea
Inappetance/WL
Retropharyngeal Lymphadenopathy
67
Name the 5 Ddx for equine flu.
Strep equi var equi
EHV
Equine Rhinitis virus
Adenovirus
Equine Arteritis Virus
68
Which groups of horses are at high risk for equine flu?
Large groups of young horses
69
Which surface marker of flu facilitates entry to the host cell?
Neuraminidase
70
How do secondary infections occur in equine influenza?
Damaged cilia and epithelium allow bacterial entry
71
How much rest should a horse take after influenza?
1 week off for each day of fever (50-100d normal)
72
How do we diagnose equine influenza?
Isolate virus from nasal swab/tracheal wash
73
How do we Tx equine flu?
NSAIDs Air Hygiene antimicrobials if secondary infection
74
What does the equine flu vaccine target?
Haemaglutinin
75
What is the british horseracing guidelines on flu vaccines?
1st vac
2nd 21-92d later
3rd 150-215d later
booster WITHIN 365d
76
Where does EHV cause inflammation in the respiratory tract?
URT - rhinitis, tracheitis and pharyngitis
77
Where does EHV remain latent?
CD8+ T cells Trigeminal Neural Ganglion
78
How long is the incubation period for EHV?
3-7d
79
What are the clinical signs of EHV? (5)
Biphasic fever
Lethargy
Inappetence
Oedema/hyperaemic mucosa
Serous-mucopurulent discharge
80
What additional clinical signs are seen in foals with EHV 1/4?
Icterus
Leukopenia, neutropenia
Petechial haemorrhage
Severe pneumonia
81
How is EHV diagnosed?
Isolate virus from nasal swab/tracheal wash
82
What is the protocol for EHV1/4 vaccination? (normally and in pregnant mare)
1st: 5m old
2nd: 4-6w later
Booster: 6m Preg: 5, 7 and 9m
83
Which type of virus is equine rhinovirus?
Picornavirus
84
What are the common signs of equine rhinovirus?
Mild resp disease 3-5d Fever, anorexia, serous nasal discharge
85
Which coat protein is responsible for species susceptibility in rotavirus?
VP4
86
Which type of virus is equine viral arteritis?
Ateriviridae
87
Which horses suffer persistent infection of equine viral arteritis?
Stallions - testosterone responsible for maintenance in host
88
What are the three routes of spread for EVA?
Respiratory Venereal Transplacental
89
What is the incubation period of EVA?
3-14d
90
How do most horses with EVA present?
SUBCLINICAL!! do not often have signs
91
What are the clinical signs of EVA?
Fever/Depression/Anorexia Respiratory signs Peripheral Oedema Severe: generalised vasculitis
92
What must we be aware of with breeding mares and EVA?
Causes abortion at 3-10m
93
how do we diagnose EVA?
serology paired samples 21-28d apart
94
What are the 3 reservoirs of AHS?
Dog Zebra Elephant
95
What are the 4 major pathological features of AHS?
Severe vascular endothelial damage
Resp/CV damage
Protein rich fluid leakage into intersitium
Oedema
96
Where are the 4 places we may fins oedema in AHS?
Lungs, thorax, pericardium, Head
97
What are the 4 recognised forms of AHS?
Pulmonary form (fatal 1-4d) Cardiac form Mixed form Horse sickness fever (mild)
98
Apart from pulmonary oedema, what signs may we expect in pulmonary AHS? (4)
Fever & sweating Cyanosis Recumbency Death NO loss of appetite
99
Apart from hydropericardium, what signs may we expect in cardiac AHS? (6)
Persistent Fever Head/Neck oedema Petechiae on MMs Dysphagia Mild colic Slow death
100
Which pathogen is responsible for stranges?
Strep equi equi
101
Which two areas are most commonly targeted by strangles?
URT Head LNs
102
What are the main clinical features of strangles?
Pyrexia/Dull/anorexia Nasal discharge Lymphadenopathy GP empyema
103
Which is the latest clinical sign to develop after strangles infection?
Lymph node abscessation
104
Dyspnoea is a common complication of strangles. How do we treat it?
Tracheostomy
105
What is bastard strangles?
Transient bacteraemia Abscesses in other LNs
106
Which type of hypersensitivity is purpura haemorrhagica?
Ab-Ag complex (type III)
107
Which respiratory disease may cause purpura haemorrhagica?
Strangles
108
How do we treat purpura haemorrhagica?
Immunosuppression
109
Describe the gram staining and morphology of strep equi equi.
Gram + Coccoid
110
How else can we culture and identify strangles?
Catalase: Negative Sorbitol: Negative (lactose fermentation)
111
Describe the O2 requirements of strep equi equi.
Facultative anaerobe
112
What is the major virulence factor of the strangles pathogen?
M protein - binds fibrinogen/Ig
113
how is strangles spread?
Direct contact fomites
114
How long can strangles survive in the environment?
4w
115
What time/temp kills strangles?
30m @ 55oC
116
How do we diagnose strangles?
PCR or culture
117
How do we confirm if a horse is FREE of strangles?
1 negative GP wash or 3 negative swabs each week for 3w
118
what can we use to treat a horse with strangles?
Anti-inflammatories Soft feed Tracheotomy
119
how can we prevent strangles from entering a yard?
Quarantine on arrival for 2w Serology on arrival Check temp daily
120
What is the most typical disease caused by rhodococcus equi?
suppurative bronchopneumonia in foals 1-4m
121
What are the signs of rhodococcus in young foals?
ACUTE fever, anorexia, cough, nasal discharge Occasional diarrhoea
122
What are the signs of rhodococcus in older foals?
CHRONIC cough, dyspnoea, weight loss, exercise intolerance, crackles in lungs Occasional diarrhoea
123
Where does rhodococcus equi multiply?
Alveolar macrophages
124
Describe the pathogenesis of R.equi.
Alv Macs destroyed Causes abscess formation Alveolar destruction Mediastinal lymphadenopathy Mesenteric lymphadenopathy Peyers patches in gut destroyed
125
Name 3 complications of R. Equi
IM polyarthritis Granulomatous, ulcerative enterocolitis Corneal Oedema/ Anterior Uveitis
126
Describe the gram staining and morphology of R equi.
GRam + Pleomorphic (rod or cone)
127
Describe the O2 requirements of R equi
Aerobic - commensal & in soil
128
What encodes the antigens of R equi?
VAP plasmid
129
How is R. Equi transmitted?
Inhalation Oral
130
How do we diagnose R. equi?
Clinical signs PLUS tracheal wash and culture +/- PCR of VAP
131
What may be increased on the blood of a horse with R equi?
Fibrinogen
132
How do we treat R equi?
Support - low dust, warm, anti-inflm Long Term: Antimicrobials
133
Which antimicrobials do we use in R equi?
Macrolides (erythromycin) Rifampin
134
What may be used to prevent R equi?
Hyperimmune plasma Decrease dust exposure & avoid crowding
135
What are the 5 predisposing factors for pneumonia in horses?
Long distance transport Viral Respiratory Dz Aspiration Pneumonia Exercise GA/Surgery
136
What are the 4 stages of pleuropneumonia in the horse?
1. Bronchopneumonia 2. Acute Exudative Stage 3. Fibrinopurulent stage 4. Organisational
137
What are the clincal signs of pleuropneumonia in the horse? (5)
Systemic illness Inc HR/RR Pleurodynia Soft cough Ventral lung sounds reuced
138
How would you diagnose equine pleuropneumonia?
US Thoracocentesis
139
Which opportunistic pathogen may cause strep dermatitis in the horse?
Strep Equi var zooepidemicus
140
What are the signs of Strep Equi Zooepidemicus infection?
Folliculitis Furunculosis Cellulitis
141
How is streptococcal dermatitis of the horse treated?
Penicillin Drain Abscesses Topical antimicrobial washes
142
Which pathogen may cause abscesses with dermatitis?
Strep equi equi
143
Which staphs most commonly cause equine dermatitis?
Aureus Intermedius
144
What are the signs of staphylococcal dermatitis in the horse?
Pain Local Exudative Lesions Focal lesions (abscess/pyogranuloma)
145
What are the 5 clinical syndromes associated with staphylococcal dermatitis of the horse?
1. Pyoderma 2. Saddle Rash 3. Pastern Folliculitis 4. Wound infection 5. Abscesses
146
How do we treat equine staphylococcal dermatitis?
Clip hair Antiseptic wash Drain Abscess C+S w/antimicrobial
147
What is Rain Scald caused by?
Dermatophilus Congolensis
148
Which areas are affected by rain scald?
Back, Head and Neck
149
When do the most severe cases of rain scald present?
Winter - matted hair and crusts w/purulent base
150
How is rain scald diagnosed?
SMEARS - easy to recognise: long, purple hyphae
151
How do we treat rain scald? & what if severe?
Move to dry environment Remove crusts Dilute chlorhex wash systemic AB if severe
152
What is equine ringworm caused by?
Trichophyton (equinum or verrucosum) Microsporum (equinum or gypseum)
153
How long is the incubation period for equine ringworm?
2-3w
154
What are the clinical signs of equine ringworm? (4)
Small circle of raised hair "Cigarette Ash" (keratinised squames) Alopecic patches Heals from centre of lesion
155
How do we diagnose equine ringworm?
Skin scrape/Hair pluck
156
How do we treat equine ringworm?
Isolate (5-10w) Topical anti-fungal (miconazole/natamycin) Disinfect environment and tack
157
What is the other name for grass warts?
Viral Papillomatosis
158
Which horses are most commonly affected by grass warts?
Young (6m to 4y) OR immunocompromised
159
What are the classic lesions associated with grass warts?
Many painless pink/grey lesions on muzzle, lip, face, limbs, genitals
160
How do we diagnose grass warts?
Biopsy Virus Isolation
161
How do we treat grass warts?
SPONTANEOUS can give autogenous vaccine
162
What is the cause of Pinnal acanthosis (aural plaques)?
Papillomavirus
163
How is pinnal acanthosis transmitted?
Black Flies (Simulium spp)
164
What are the classic lesions associated with pinnal acanthosis?
Small, raised depigmented areas - may cluster in white mass
165
How do we diagnose and treat pinnal acanthosis?
Appearance ONLY Do not treat
166
What is the pathogen responsible for equine coital exanthema?
EHV-3
167
How is equine coital exanthema transmitted?
contact indirect contact droplet inhalation
168
How long is the incubation period for equine coital exanthema?
5-7d
169
What are the clinical signs of equine coital exanthema?
Rapidly developing papules on penis/vulva/perineum Pruritic but not painful
170
How do we diagnose equine coital exanthema?
clinical signs only
171
how do we treat equine coital exanthema?
Stop breeding until 3w post resolution Topical AB/Antiseptic Local anaesthetic cream
172
What pathogen may be responsible for equine sarcoids?
Bovine Papillomavirus 1 and 2
173
What predisposes horses to sarcoids?
Genetics!!
174
Name the 6 presentations of sarcoid in the horse
Occult Verrucose Nodular Fibroblastic Mixed Malignant
175
How do we diagnose sarcoids?
biopsy and histology
176
How do we treat equine sarcoids?
DIFFICULT: - Surgery (cryo/laser) - Immunotherapy - cytotoxics -Antimitotics
177
What are the 4 rules of sarcoid prognosis?
1. More they have, more they get. 2. Fewer they have, fewer they get. 3. Summer: multiply. Winter: grow. 4. Single sarcoid implies susceptibility.
178
What are the 4 rules of sarcoid prognosis?
1. More they have, more they get. 2. Fewer they have, fewer they get. 3. Summer: multiply. Winter: grow. 4. Single sarcoid implies susceptibility.
179
How do we treat equine sarcoids?
DIFFICULT: - Surgery (cryo/laser) - Immunotherapy - cytotoxics -Antimitotics
180
How do we diagnose sarcoids?
biopsy and histology
181
Name the 6 presentations of sarcoid in the horse
Occult Verrucose Nodular Fibroblastic Mixed Malignant
182
What predisposes horses to sarcoids?
Genetics!!
183
What pathogen may be responsible for equine sarcoids?
Bovine Papillomavirus 1 and 2
184
how do we treat equine coital exanthema?
Stop breeding until 3w post resolution Topical AB/Antiseptic Local anaesthetic cream
185
How do we diagnose equine coital exanthema?
clinical signs only
186
What are the clinical signs of equine coital exanthema?
Rapidly developing papules on penis/vulva/perineum Pruritic but not painful
187
How long is the incubation period for equine coital exanthema?
5-7d
188
How is equine coital exanthema transmitted?
contact indirect contact droplet inhalation
189
What is the pathogen responsible for equine coital exanthema?
EHV-3
190
How do we diagnose and treat pinnal acanthosis?
Appearance ONLY Do not treat
191
What are the classic lesions associated with pinnal acanthosis?
Small, raised depigmented areas - may cluster in white mass
192
How is pinnal acanthosis transmitted?
Black Flies (Simulium spp)
193
What is the cause of Pinnal acanthosis (aural plaques)?
Papillomavirus
194
How do we treat grass warts?
SPONTANEOUS can give autogenous vaccine
195
How do we diagnose grass warts?
Biopsy Virus Isolation
196
What are the classic lesions associated with grass warts?
Many painless pink/grey lesions on muzzle, lip, face, limbs, genitals
197
Which horses are most commonly affected by grass warts?
Young (6m to 4y) OR immunocompromised
198
What is the other name for grass warts?
Viral Papillomatosis
199
How do we treat equine ringworm?
Isolate (5-10w) Topical anti-fungal (miconazole/natamycin) Disinfect environment and tack
200
How do we diagnose equine ringworm?
Skin scrape/Hair pluck
201
What are the clinical signs of equine ringworm? (4)
Small circle of raised hair "Cigarette Ash" (keratinised squames) Alopecic patches Heals from centre of lesion
202
How long is the incubation period for equine ringworm?
2-3w
203
What is equine ringworm caused by?
Trichophyton (equinum or verrucosum) Microsporum (equinum or gypseum)
204
How do we treat rain scald? & what if severe?
Move to dry environment Remove crusts Dilute chlorhex wash systemic AB if severe
205
How is rain scald diagnosed?
SMEARS - easy to recognise: long, purple hyphae
206
When do the most severe cases of rain scald present?
Winter - matted hair and crusts w/purulent base
207
Which areas are affected by rain scald?
Back, Head and Neck
208
What is Rain Scald caused by?
Dermatophilus Congolensis
209
How do we treat equine staphylococcal dermatitis?
Clip hair Antiseptic wash Drain Abscess C+S w/antimicrobial
210
What are the 5 clinical syndromes associated with staphylococcal dermatitis of the horse?
1. Pyoderma 2. Saddle Rash 3. Pastern Folliculitis 4. Wound infection 5. Abscesses
211
What are the signs of staphylococcal dermatitis in the horse?
Pain Local Exudative Lesions Focal lesions (abscess/pyogranuloma)
212
Which staphs most commonly cause equine dermatitis?
Aureus Intermedius
213
Which pathogen may cause abscesses with dermatitis?
Strep equi equi
214
How is streptococcal dermatitis of the horse treated?
Penicillin Drain Abscesses Topical antimicrobial washes
215
What are the signs of Strep Equi Zooepidemicus infection?
Folliculitis Furunculosis Cellulitis
216
Which opportunistic pathogen may cause strep dermatitis in the horse?
Strep Equi var zooepidemicus
217
How would you diagnose equine pleuropneumonia?
US Thoracocentesis
218
What are the clincal signs of pleuropneumonia in the horse? (5)
Systemic illness Inc HR/RR Pleurodynia Soft cough Ventral lung sounds reuced
219
What are the 4 stages of pleuropneumonia in the horse?
1. Bronchopneumonia 2. Acute Exudative Stage 3. Fibrinopurulent stage 4. Organisational
220
What are the 5 predisposing factors for pneumonia in horses?
Long distance transport Viral Respiratory Dz Aspiration Pneumonia Exercise GA/Surgery
221
What may be used to prevent R equi?
Hyperimmune plasma Decrease dust exposure & avoid crowding
222
Which antimicrobials do we use in R equi?
Macrolides (erythromycin) Rifampin
223
How do we treat R equi?
Support - low dust, warm, anti-inflm Long Term: Antimicrobials
224
What may be increased on the blood of a horse with R equi?
Fibrinogen
225
How do we diagnose R. equi?
Clinical signs PLUS tracheal wash and culture +/- PCR of VAP
226
How is R. Equi transmitted?
Inhalation Oral
227
What encodes the antigens of R equi?
VAP plasmid
228
Describe the O2 requirements of R equi
Aerobic - commensal & in soil
229
Describe the gram staining and morphology of R equi.
GRam + Pleomorphic (rod or cone)
230
Name 3 complications of R. Equi
IM polyarthritis Granulomatous, ulcerative enterocolitis Corneal Oedema/ Anterior Uveitis
231
Describe the pathogenesis of R.equi.
Alv Macs destroyed Causes abscess formation Alveolar destruction Mediastinal lymphadenopathy Mesenteric lymphadenopathy Peyers patches in gut destroyed
232
Where does rhodococcus equi multiply?
Alveolar macrophages
233
What are the signs of rhodococcus in older foals?
CHRONIC cough, dyspnoea, weight loss, exercise intolerance, crackles in lungs Occasional diarrhoea
234
What are the signs of rhodococcus in young foals?
ACUTE fever, anorexia, cough, nasal discharge Occasional diarrhoea
235
What is the most typical disease caused by rhodococcus equi?
suppurative bronchopneumonia in foals 1-4m
236
how can we prevent strangles from entering a yard?
Quarantine on arrival for 2w Serology on arrival Check temp daily
237
what can we use to treat a horse with strangles?
Anti-inflammatories Soft feed Tracheotomy
238
How do we confirm if a horse is FREE of strangles?
1 negative GP wash or 3 negative swabs each week for 3w
239
How do we diagnose strangles?
PCR or culture
240
What time/temp kills strangles?
30m @ 55oC
241
How long can strangles survive in the environment?
4w
242
how is strangles spread?
Direct contact fomites
243
What is the major virulence factor of the strangles pathogen?
M protein - binds fibrinogen/Ig
244
Describe the O2 requirements of strep equi equi.
Facultative anaerobe
245
How else can we culture and identify strangles?
Catalase: Negative Sorbitol: Negative (lactose fermentation)
246
Describe the gram staining and morphology of strep equi equi.
Gram + Coccoid
247
How do we treat purpura haemorrhagica?
Immunosuppression
248
Which respiratory disease may cause purpura haemorrhagica?
Strangles
249
Which type of hypersensitivity is purpura haemorrhagica?
Ab-Ag complex (type III)
250
What is bastard strangles?
Transient bacteraemia Abscesses in other LNs
251
Dyspnoea is a common complication of strangles. How do we treat it?
Tracheostomy
252
Which is the latest clinical sign to develop after strangles infection?
Lymph node abscessation
253
What are the main clinical features of strangles?
Pyrexia/Dull/anorexia Nasal discharge Lymphadenopathy GP empyema
254
Which two areas are most commonly targeted by strangles?
URT Head LNs
255
Which pathogen is responsible for stranges?
Strep equi equi
256
Apart from hydropericardium, what signs may we expect in cardiac AHS? (6)
Persistent Fever Head/Neck oedema Petechiae on MMs Dysphagia Mild colic Slow death
257
Apart from pulmonary oedema, what signs may we expect in pulmonary AHS? (4)
Fever & sweating Cyanosis Recumbency Death NO loss of appetite
258
What are the 4 recognised forms of AHS?
Pulmonary form (fatal 1-4d) Cardiac form Mixed form Horse sickness fever (mild)
259
Where are the 4 places we may fins oedema in AHS?
Lungs, thorax, pericardium, Head
260
What are the 4 major pathological features of AHS?
Severe vascular endothelial damage Resp/CV damage Protein rich fluid leakage into intersitium Oedema
261
What are the 3 reservoirs of AHS?
Dog Zebra Elephant
262
how do we diagnose EVA?
serology paired samples 21-28d apart
263
What must we be aware of with breeding mares and EVA?
Causes abortion at 3-10m
264
What are the clinical signs of EVA?
Fever/Depression/Anorexia Respiratory signs Peripheral Oedema Severe: generalised vasculitis
265
How do most horses with EVA present?
SUBCLINICAL!! do not often have signs
266
What is the incubation period of EVA?
3-14d
267
What are the three routes of spread for EVA?
Respiratory Venereal Transplacental
268
Which horses suffer persistent infection of equine viral arteritis?
Stallions - testosterone responsible for maintenance in host
269
Which type of virus is equine viral arteritis?
Ateriviridae
270
Which coat protein is responsible for species susceptibility in rotavirus?
VP4
