Clinical GI (EQ)

Question 1

What is the normal temperature range of the horse?

Answer 1

37.5-38.4oC

Question 2

Which needle should be used for abdominocentesis in the horse?

Answer 2

18G

1.5”

Question 3

What colour is normal peritoneal fluid?

Answer 3

Straw coloured

Question 4

What are the normal values in equine peritoneal fluid for: TP, WBCC, lactate?

Answer 4

TP <20g/L
WBCC <5x10^9
Lactate <2mmol/l

Question 5

What amount of net reflux after NG intubation is serious?

Answer 5

2L

Question 6

What are normal systemic values for PCV, TP and lactate?

Answer 6

PCV: 35-45%
TP: 60-70g/L
Lactate <2mmol/L

Question 7

What are the 3 main causes of foal colic?

Answer 7

Meconium impaction
Ruptured Bladder
Congenital abnormalities

Question 8

How is equine grass sickness diagnosed?

Answer 8

Intestinal biopsy with C botulinum type C

Question 9

What is a partial response to the glucose absorption test and what does this indicate?

Answer 9

15-85% inc at 2h

SI/Li Dz or normal

Question 10

What is a complete response to the glucose absorption test and what does this indicate?

Answer 10

> 15% inc at 2h

SI Dz

Question 11

What 2 things should be given for a rectal biopsy?

Answer 11

ABs

Tetanus prophylaxis

Question 12

How many rib spaces (MAX) should the stomach occupy on US?

Answer 12

5

Question 13

Where is the stomach located for US of the horse?

Answer 13

8-13th ICS

Question 14

What are the 3 infiltrative bowel Dz of the horse/

Answer 14

Eosinophilic Enteritis
Granulomatous enteritis
Lymphocytic-Plasmacytic enteritis

Question 15

How are infiltrative bowel Dz treated?

Answer 15

Prednisolone
Dexamethasone
Anthelmintics

Question 16

Which type of lymphoma is commonly found in juveniles or old horses?

Answer 16

Alimentary

Question 17

Which type of lymphoma is usually found in old horse, involving the GIT?

Answer 17

Generalised

Question 18

What are 2 common bacterial causes of persistent GI infection?

Answer 18

S equi

R equi

Question 19

What is diagnostic of chronic bacterial GI infection?

Answer 19

Neutrophilia
Hyperfibrinogen
Anaemia

Question 20

What are the 3 haemogram changes associated with chronic parasitism?

Answer 20

Hypoalbuminaemia
Hyperglobulinaemia
Neutrophilia

NOT eosinophilia

Question 21

What are the 2 divisions of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome?

Answer 21

EGGUS (glandular)

ESGUS (squamous)

Question 22

What are 3 RFs for EGUS?

Answer 22

Intermittent Feeding
High conc diet
Exercise

Question 23

How is EGUS treated?

Answer 23

Omeprazole - lower dose and less time needed for ESGUS

Question 24

What is responsible for acute diarrhoea?

Answer 24

Colitis

Question 25

Name 5 common infectious causes of Chronic Diarrhoea.

Answer 25

``` Salmonella Lawsonia Paraistism Abdominal Abscess R equi ```

Question 26

Name 3 common non-infectious causes of Chronic Diarrhoea.

Answer 26

Sand Granulomatous enteritis Lymphosarcoma

Question 27

How many faecal samples are needed to diagnose salmonella?

Answer 27

5

Question 28

What is the larvicidal treatment protocol for a horse?

Answer 28

Fenbendazole 10mg/kg SID 5d THEN 1w Moxidectin

Question 29

What is the most common cause of acute colitis in horses >9m old

Answer 29

Idiopathic

Question 30

What is SIRS caused by?

Answer 30

Compromised intestinal wall allows bacterial endotoxin to enter circulation

Question 31

What causes the distributive shock seen in SIRS?

Answer 31

Endothelial injury --> oedema --> reduced venous return. Also reduced contractility due to direct action of toxin.

Question 32

Apart from the GIT, which 2 organ systems are commonly affected by sirs and how?

Answer 32

Integument - inflammation of lamellae = laminitis Kidneys - due to haemodynamic effects

Question 33

How does SIRS cause tissue hypoxia/ischaemia?

Answer 33

Cells unable to undergo oxid phos w/glucose.

Question 34

What is the most common species causing salmonellosis in the horse?

Answer 34

S. typhimurium

Question 35

What are the 3 effects of S. Typhi toxins in the horse?

Answer 35

Endotoxin - haemodynamic Cytotoxin - mucosa Enterotoxin - inc Na/H2O secretion

Question 36

What are the haemogram changes associated with salmonellosis?

Answer 36

Neutropenia Hyponatraemia Dehydration

Question 37

What should be done with salmonella + patients?

Answer 37

ISOLATE to prevent spread

Question 38

Administration of which drug group causes C. difficile overgrowth & subsequent diarrhoea?

Answer 38

Antibiotics

Question 39

How is antibiotic-induced diarrhoea treated?

Answer 39

Metronidazole Withdraw other AB Fluids and support

Question 40

What are the signs of a 4-7% dehydration? How large is the fluid deficit?

Answer 40

skin tent 2-3s CRT 2-3s, MM fair PCV 40-50% 25-35L

Question 41

What are the signs of a 7-9% dehydration? How large is the fluid deficit?

Answer 41

Sunken Eyes Skin tent 305s CRT >2-4s, MM tacky PCV 50-65% 40-50L

Question 42

What are the signs of a >9% dehydration? How large is the fluid deficit?

Answer 42

skin tent 5s CRT >4s, MM dry PCV >65% >50L

Question 43

When are colloids indicated?

Answer 43

TP <40g/L | PCV > TP

Question 44

what should be added to Hartmanns in cases of acute eq diarrhoea?

Answer 44

K+ (20/L)

Question 45

Which NSAID is best to treat SIRS?

Answer 45

Flunixin 0.5-1mg/kg

Question 46

Which 3 oral protectants can be given in SIRS?

Answer 46

Bismuth subsalicylate Activated charcoal Smectite

Question 47

What can be visualised on RHS abdo U/S?

Answer 47

Liver Caecum R Dorsal Colon

Question 48

What can be visualised on LHS abdo U/S?

Answer 48

Stomach Spleen Kidney SI

Question 49

Which 3 drugs are useful for the treatment of infiltrative bowel diseases?

Answer 49

Prednisolone Dexamethasone Anthelmintics

Question 50

Which areas are most commonly affected by multisystemic eosinophilic epithelitrophic Dz?

Answer 50

Skin at CBs/nose, pancreas and liver.

Question 51

Which type of lymphoma are juveniles most predisposed to?

Answer 51

Alimentary

Question 52

Which type of lymphoma are aged horses most predisposed to?

Answer 52

Generalised

Question 53

Chronic infection with which parasite may cause verminous arteritis and TE colic?

Answer 53

large strongyles

Question 54

Chronic infection with which parasite may cause submucosal inflammation?

Answer 54

Small Strongyles

Question 55

What is the pH of the glandular portion of the stomach?

Answer 55

1.8

Question 56

What is the pH of the squamous portion of the stomach?

Answer 56

5.4

Question 57

What are the 4 grades of squamous ulcer?

Answer 57

1. mucosa intact but areas of red/thickening 2. 1+ small lesions present 3. 1+ large lesions present 4. extensive lesion with deep ulceration

Question 58

Crib biting is a risk factor for which 3 types of colic?

Answer 58

EFE (epiploic foramen entrapment) SCOD (simple colonic obstruction) Recurrent colic

Question 59

Which colic is associated with inc housing at winter and straw bedding?

Answer 59

Large colon impaction

Question 60

Which 3 CV parameters would indicate the need for euthanasia in the colic case?

Answer 60

HR >90bpm PCV >60% Purple MMs

Question 61

On peritoneal tap, you see brown/red ingesta contaminated fluid - what is the prognosis for the patient?

Answer 61

Hopeless - PTS!

Question 62

O calls to say horse is coughing, shaking its head up/down and has food at nostrils. What is your advice?

Answer 62

CHOKE! Take all food/water away and monitor for 30m. No change: Sedate, NGT, lavage.

Question 63

what is the best Tx for grade I-III rectal prolapse?

Answer 63

Reduce and assess cause.

Question 64

what is the best Tx for grade IV rectal prolapse? Px?

Answer 64

Surgery - Poor Px

Question 65

What should your approach be to managing an incisional hernia?

Answer 65

1e: Prolong box rest and apply hernia belt. 2e - surgical Tx 4-6m post initial surgery

Question 66

What is the 1st step to managing a wound which you suspect to have penetrated the abdomen?

Answer 66

Cling Film over it!!