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Veterinary Medicine > Clinical GI (EQ) > Flashcards

Clinical GI (EQ) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal temperature range of the horse?

A

37.5-38.4oC

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2
Q

Which needle should be used for abdominocentesis in the horse?

A

18G

1.5”

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3
Q

What colour is normal peritoneal fluid?

A

Straw coloured

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4
Q

What are the normal values in equine peritoneal fluid for: TP, WBCC, lactate?

A

TP <20g/L
WBCC <5x10^9
Lactate <2mmol/l

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5
Q

What amount of net reflux after NG intubation is serious?

A

2L

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6
Q

What are normal systemic values for PCV, TP and lactate?

A

PCV: 35-45%
TP: 60-70g/L
Lactate <2mmol/L

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7
Q

What are the 3 main causes of foal colic?

A

Meconium impaction
Ruptured Bladder
Congenital abnormalities

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8
Q

How is equine grass sickness diagnosed?

A

Intestinal biopsy with C botulinum type C

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9
Q

What is a partial response to the glucose absorption test and what does this indicate?

A

15-85% inc at 2h

SI/Li Dz or normal

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10
Q

What is a complete response to the glucose absorption test and what does this indicate?

A

> 15% inc at 2h

SI Dz

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11
Q

What 2 things should be given for a rectal biopsy?

A

ABs

Tetanus prophylaxis

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12
Q

How many rib spaces (MAX) should the stomach occupy on US?

A

5

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13
Q

Where is the stomach located for US of the horse?

A

8-13th ICS

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14
Q

What are the 3 infiltrative bowel Dz of the horse/

A

Eosinophilic Enteritis
Granulomatous enteritis
Lymphocytic-Plasmacytic enteritis

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15
Q

How are infiltrative bowel Dz treated?

A

Prednisolone
Dexamethasone
Anthelmintics

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16
Q

Which type of lymphoma is commonly found in juveniles or old horses?

A

Alimentary

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17
Q

Which type of lymphoma is usually found in old horse, involving the GIT?

A

Generalised

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18
Q

What are 2 common bacterial causes of persistent GI infection?

A

S equi

R equi

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19
Q

What is diagnostic of chronic bacterial GI infection?

A

Neutrophilia
Hyperfibrinogen
Anaemia

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20
Q

What are the 3 haemogram changes associated with chronic parasitism?

A

Hypoalbuminaemia
Hyperglobulinaemia
Neutrophilia

NOT eosinophilia

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21
Q

What are the 2 divisions of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome?

A

EGGUS (glandular)

ESGUS (squamous)

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22
Q

What are 3 RFs for EGUS?

A

Intermittent Feeding
High conc diet
Exercise

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23
Q

How is EGUS treated?

A

Omeprazole - lower dose and less time needed for ESGUS

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24
Q

What is responsible for acute diarrhoea?

A

Colitis

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25
Q

Name 5 common infectious causes of Chronic Diarrhoea.

A 
Salmonella
Lawsonia
Paraistism
Abdominal Abscess
R equi
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26
Q

Name 3 common non-infectious causes of Chronic Diarrhoea.

A

Sand
Granulomatous enteritis
Lymphosarcoma

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27
Q

How many faecal samples are needed to diagnose salmonella?

A

5

28
Q

What is the larvicidal treatment protocol for a horse?

A

Fenbendazole 10mg/kg SID 5d
THEN
1w Moxidectin

29
Q

What is the most common cause of acute colitis in horses >9m old

A

Idiopathic

30
Q

What is SIRS caused by?

A

Compromised intestinal wall allows bacterial endotoxin to enter circulation

31
Q

What causes the distributive shock seen in SIRS?

A

Endothelial injury –> oedema –> reduced venous return.

Also reduced contractility due to direct action of toxin.

32
Q

Apart from the GIT, which 2 organ systems are commonly affected by sirs and how?

A

Integument - inflammation of lamellae = laminitis

Kidneys - due to haemodynamic effects

33
Q

How does SIRS cause tissue hypoxia/ischaemia?

A

Cells unable to undergo oxid phos w/glucose.

34
Q

What is the most common species causing salmonellosis in the horse?

A

S. typhimurium

35
Q

What are the 3 effects of S. Typhi toxins in the horse?

A

Endotoxin - haemodynamic

Cytotoxin - mucosa

Enterotoxin - inc Na/H2O secretion

36
Q

What are the haemogram changes associated with salmonellosis?

A

Neutropenia
Hyponatraemia
Dehydration

37
Q

What should be done with salmonella + patients?

A

ISOLATE to prevent spread

38
Q

Administration of which drug group causes C. difficile overgrowth & subsequent diarrhoea?

A

Antibiotics

39
Q

How is antibiotic-induced diarrhoea treated?

A

Metronidazole
Withdraw other AB
Fluids and support

40
Q

What are the signs of a 4-7% dehydration? How large is the fluid deficit?

A

skin tent 2-3s
CRT 2-3s, MM fair
PCV 40-50%

25-35L

41
Q

What are the signs of a 7-9% dehydration? How large is the fluid deficit?

A

Sunken Eyes
Skin tent 305s
CRT >2-4s, MM tacky
PCV 50-65%

40-50L

42
Q

What are the signs of a >9% dehydration? How large is the fluid deficit?

A

skin tent 5s
CRT >4s, MM dry
PCV >65%

> 50L

43
Q

When are colloids indicated?

A

TP <40g/L

PCV > TP

44
Q

what should be added to Hartmanns in cases of acute eq diarrhoea?

A

K+ (20/L)

45
Q

Which NSAID is best to treat SIRS?

A

Flunixin 0.5-1mg/kg

46
Q

Which 3 oral protectants can be given in SIRS?

A

Bismuth subsalicylate
Activated charcoal
Smectite

47
Q

What can be visualised on RHS abdo U/S?

A

Liver
Caecum
R Dorsal Colon

48
Q

What can be visualised on LHS abdo U/S?

A

Stomach
Spleen
Kidney
SI

49
Q

Which 3 drugs are useful for the treatment of infiltrative bowel diseases?

A

Prednisolone
Dexamethasone
Anthelmintics

50
Q

Which areas are most commonly affected by multisystemic eosinophilic epithelitrophic Dz?

A

Skin at CBs/nose, pancreas and liver.

51
Q

Which type of lymphoma are juveniles most predisposed to?

A

Alimentary

52
Q

Which type of lymphoma are aged horses most predisposed to?

A

Generalised

53
Q

Chronic infection with which parasite may cause verminous arteritis and TE colic?

A

large strongyles

54
Q

Chronic infection with which parasite may cause submucosal inflammation?

A

Small Strongyles

55
Q

What is the pH of the glandular portion of the stomach?

A

1.8

56
Q

What is the pH of the squamous portion of the stomach?

A

5.4

57
Q

What are the 4 grades of squamous ulcer?

A
  1. mucosa intact but areas of red/thickening
  2. 1+ small lesions present
  3. 1+ large lesions present
  4. extensive lesion with deep ulceration
58
Q

Crib biting is a risk factor for which 3 types of colic?

A

EFE (epiploic foramen entrapment)
SCOD (simple colonic obstruction)
Recurrent colic

59
Q

Which colic is associated with inc housing at winter and straw bedding?

A

Large colon impaction

60
Q

Which 3 CV parameters would indicate the need for euthanasia in the colic case?

A

HR >90bpm
PCV >60%
Purple MMs

61
Q

On peritoneal tap, you see brown/red ingesta contaminated fluid - what is the prognosis for the patient?

A

Hopeless - PTS!

62
Q

O calls to say horse is coughing, shaking its head up/down and has food at nostrils. What is your advice?

A

CHOKE!
Take all food/water away and monitor for 30m.
No change: Sedate, NGT, lavage.

63
Q

what is the best Tx for grade I-III rectal prolapse?

A

Reduce and assess cause.

64
Q

what is the best Tx for grade IV rectal prolapse? Px?

A

Surgery - Poor Px

65
Q

What should your approach be to managing an incisional hernia?

A

1e: Prolong box rest and apply hernia belt.

2e - surgical Tx 4-6m post initial surgery

66
Q

What is the 1st step to managing a wound which you suspect to have penetrated the abdomen?

A

Cling Film over it!!

Veterinary Medicine (68 decks)

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