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Veterinary Medicine > FA Repro > Flashcards

FA Repro Flashcards

1
Q

How long is 1st stage labour in the cow?

A

3-6h

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2
Q

How long is 2nd stage labour in the cow?

A

Several Hours

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3
Q

How long is 3rd stage labour in the cow?

A

Within a few hours. MAX 12h!!

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4
Q

How long after the water bag showing should you consider intervening?

A

If no progress at LEAST 1h after bag showing

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5
Q

What are the 3 Rs of dystocia?

A

Reposition
Repulsion
Rotation

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6
Q

When is an episiotomy incision made and where?

A

As head passes through vulva.

at 10-11 or 1-2 o’clock

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7
Q

What should be done for the aftercare of an episiotomy wound?

A

Interrupted deep dissolvable suture.
Skin: cont or interrupted.

ABs!!! Otherwise breakdown.

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8
Q

Which nerve block should be used for an embryotomy?

A

Caudal Epidural Anaesthesia

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9
Q

Which medication should be administered to a cow prior to starting an embryotomy?

A

Clenbuterol (+analgesia)

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10
Q

Which medication should be administered to a cow after performing an embryotomy?

A

NSAID & ABs

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11
Q

Which direction to the majority of uterine torsions occur in?

A

anti-clockwise

ROLL FROM L lat to R lat!

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12
Q

What are the 3 MAJOR indications for caesarian in the cow?

A

Foetal Oversize
Irreducible Torsion
Insufficient cervical dilation

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13
Q

What medication should be given to a cow prior to sedation?

A

Clenbuterol
NSAID
AB

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14
Q

If a cow is down before caesarian, which nerve block should be used?

A

Caudal epidural (high vo)

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15
Q

If a cow is up before caesarian, which nerve block should be used?

A

Paravertebral

Or inverted L / line block

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16
Q

How should the uterus be closed following a c section?

A

2 layers - INVERTED!

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17
Q

What medication should a cow be given post-caesarian?

A

Oxytocin

Calcium (if appropriate)

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18
Q

At what point post-caesarian would peritonitis be palpable on rectal examination?

A

7d

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19
Q

Which type of suture pattern should be used following repulsion of a uterine prolapse?

A

Buhner Suture

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20
Q

At what age do bulls become fertile?

A

7m

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21
Q

At what age do rams become fertile?

A

4-6m

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22
Q

At what age can a bull no longer LEGALLY be castrated by a layperson?

A

2m

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23
Q

At what age can a lamb no longer LEGALLY be castrated by a layperson?

A

> 3m

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24
Q

Until what age are rubber rings allowed to be used to castrate Lambs/Bulls?

A

7d

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25
Q

What LA is commonly used for castration?

A

Procaine + adrenaline

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26
Q

Apart from LA, what should be given at castration?

A

NSAIDs!

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27
Q

What should be given if performing an open castration on farm?

A

Tetanus vaccine

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28
Q

How long should you wait between administering LA and castration?

A

10m

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29
Q

Which ABs are best for surgical castration?

A

LA penicillin or oxytet

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30
Q

When should disbudding be performed?

A

As young as possible! from 1w if you can!

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31
Q

Which nerve should be blocked for dehorning?

A

Cornual Branch of Trigeminal

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32
Q

In addition to local and NSAID, what should be given to bigger animals when dehorning?

A

Sedation - Xylazine!

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33
Q

Which antibiotics are good for sinusitis post de-horning?

A

Penicillin OR Pen/Strep

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34
Q

By law, what must be given to goats for disbudding?

A

Sedation/GA

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35
Q

What is the stimulus for a neonate taking their first breath?

A

High CO2 - resp acidosis

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36
Q

How long should the time to sternal be in a calf?

A

<5m

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37
Q

If checking for FPT in a calf, what should TP be on a refractometer?

A

> 55g/L

38
Q

If checking for FPT in a calf, what should the ZST result be?

A

> 20 units

39
Q

If checking for FPT in a calf, what should Ig be on SST?

A

> 20g/L

40
Q

What is a case definition for FPT?

A

> 20% of calves with TP <55g/L

41
Q

how much colostrum should be tube fed in 1st 6h of life to avoid FPT?

A

3.5L

42
Q

Ideally, what should be done with subsequent colostrum feeds before feeding it to calf?

A

Pasteurisation

43
Q

What are the 3 common sequelae of navel ill?

A

Peritonitis
Septicaemia
Polyarthritis

44
Q

What are the 3 major risk factors for developing navel ill?

A

Calving hygiene
Patent navel (insufficient iodine)
FPT

45
Q

How should navel ill be treated medicallt?

A

ABs

Drainage

46
Q

When should surgery be performed in navel ill cases?

A

If arteries or urachus infected

47
Q

When should euthanasia be performed in navel ill cases?

A

if veins affected

48
Q

What are the 2 main Tx for joint ill?

A

LONG course ABs (amoxicillin/clindamycin)

Joint lavage

49
Q

What are cases of early (0-5d) septicaemia associated with?

A

FPT

50
Q

What are cases of late (5-14d) septicaemia associated with?

A

IgM decline - navel infection spread heamatogenously

51
Q

What diagnostic test can be performed in cases of suspected calf septicaemia and what i the result?

A

CSF tap @ LS Jct.
(2” 19G)
High protein, frothy

52
Q

Apart from supportive care, how can we treat septicaemia in calves?

A

ABs
Flunixin
Corticosteroids
IVFT

53
Q

Which pathogen causes calf diphtheria and how do calves acquire it?

A

Fusobacterium Necrophorum

54
Q

What are the clinical signs of calf diphtheria?

A

ORAL LESIONS: sore mouth, salivation, ulceration

55
Q

How is calf diphtheria treated?

A

Penicillin

56
Q

If a calf has a complete absence of faeces and progressive abdominal distension in 1st few days of life, what is your major DDx?

A

Atresia Coli - PTS!!

57
Q

What is rumen bloat caused by?

A

Failure of oesophageal groove to close - milk ferments causing metabolic acidosis

58
Q

What is the most likely cause of diarrhoea in calves <5d old?

A

ETEC

59
Q

What are the most likely causes of diarrhoea in calves 6d or older?

A

RV/CV

Crypto

60
Q

What does the umbilical artery become in the adult cow?

A

Round ligament of bladder

61
Q

What does the umbilical vein become in the adult cow?

A

Falciform ligament

62
Q

What is the difference between an umbilical hernia and abscess on palpation in the calf?

A

Hernia reducible

Abscess NOT

63
Q

Which type of suture pattern is best for closing a hernia site?

A

Overlapping (vest over pants)

64
Q

Which 2 pathogens are commonly associated with umbilical abscessation?

A

T pyogenes

E coli

65
Q

Which AB is useful to treat umbilical infections?

A

Amoxicillin

66
Q

What complications may occur after removal of a patent urachus?

A

Seroma
Re-herniation
Infection

67
Q

What are the 2 rules for group calf housing?

A

8 MAX per pen

14d MAX age range

68
Q

what is the avg LCT for calves in 1st 2w?

A

15-20oC

69
Q

What is the energy requirement of a calf at weaning?

A

11MJ/Kg

70
Q

What is the energy requirement of a calf at puberty?

A

9MJ/Kg

71
Q

What is hypersecretory diarrhoea?

A

Enterotoxin causes hypersecretion of H10, Na, K and HCO3

72
Q

What is Malabsorptive diarrhoea?

A

Villus damage reduced absorption of nutrients, water drawn into GIT

73
Q

What are the 4 pathological effects of diarrhoea in the calf?

A

Dehydration
Metabolic Acidosis
Hyperkalaemia
Hypoglycaemia

74
Q

What clinical signs is seen at 10% dehydration?

A

Sunken Eyes

75
Q

Which fluids should be given to a calf with diarrhoea and dehydration?

A

Isotonic (Na 140, BIC 25-30, K <4)

Spike with bicarb if acidosis serious (>6d old will need)

76
Q

How much isotonic fluid should be given to a calf?

A

7-20L

77
Q

How much bicarb spike should be added to 5L of fluids for a dairy calf?

A

200mmol (17g)

78
Q

How much bicarb spike should be added to 5L of fluids for a beef suckler calf?

A

400mmol (34g)

79
Q

What is the optimal BIC conc for ORT to correct Acidosis?

A

80-120mmol/L

80
Q

What is the optimal Na conc for ORT to correct Dehydration?

A

120-130mmol/L

81
Q

Which diarrhoea-causing pathogen tends to build up in the environment?

A

Cryptosporidium

82
Q

What are the 3 main aspects to assess in an outbreak of calf diarrhoea?

A

Pathogen Load
Calf immunity
Predisposing factors

83
Q

For how long should dairy calved be fed colostrum?

A

4-7d

84
Q

Which vaccine can help to protect calves form infectious diarrhoea?

A

Rotavac - given to dam 30d pre-calving

ETEC and CV also available

85
Q

Which system can be used to prevent environmental pathogen build-up in beef suckler herds?

A

Sandhills

86
Q

Which infectious agent causes diarrhoea in calves >21d

A

Coccidiosis

87
Q

What are the clinical signs of coccidiosis?

A

Dark scour with blood.
Tenesmus.
BAR.

88
Q

How is Coccidiosis diagnosed?

A

Faecal oocyst count

89
Q

How is coccidiosis treated?

A

Sulfonamides and Vexocan

90
Q

Which group of calves are affected by necrotic enteritis?

A

2-6m old suckler calves

91
Q

What are the clinical signs of necrotic enteritis?

A

Pyrexia
Pale MM
TCP & leucopenia

92
Q

What is a major Ddx for necrotic enteritis?

A

BVD

Veterinary Medicine (68 decks)

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