FA Repro Flashcards by Simon Thackray

How long is 1st stage labour in the cow?

3-6h

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How long is 2nd stage labour in the cow?

Several Hours

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How long is 3rd stage labour in the cow?

Within a few hours. MAX 12h!!

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How long after the water bag showing should you consider intervening?

If no progress at LEAST 1h after bag showing

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What are the 3 Rs of dystocia?

Reposition
Repulsion
Rotation

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When is an episiotomy incision made and where?

As head passes through vulva.

at 10-11 or 1-2 o’clock

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What should be done for the aftercare of an episiotomy wound?

Interrupted deep dissolvable suture.
Skin: cont or interrupted.

ABs!!! Otherwise breakdown.

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Which nerve block should be used for an embryotomy?

Caudal Epidural Anaesthesia

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Which medication should be administered to a cow prior to starting an embryotomy?

Clenbuterol (+analgesia)

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Which medication should be administered to a cow after performing an embryotomy?

NSAID & ABs

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Which direction to the majority of uterine torsions occur in?

anti-clockwise

ROLL FROM L lat to R lat!

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What are the 3 MAJOR indications for caesarian in the cow?

Foetal Oversize
Irreducible Torsion
Insufficient cervical dilation

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What medication should be given to a cow prior to sedation?

Clenbuterol
NSAID
AB

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If a cow is down before caesarian, which nerve block should be used?

Caudal epidural (high vo)

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If a cow is up before caesarian, which nerve block should be used?

Paravertebral

Or inverted L / line block

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How should the uterus be closed following a c section?

2 layers - INVERTED!

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What medication should a cow be given post-caesarian?

Oxytocin

Calcium (if appropriate)

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At what point post-caesarian would peritonitis be palpable on rectal examination?

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Which type of suture pattern should be used following repulsion of a uterine prolapse?

Buhner Suture

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At what age do bulls become fertile?

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At what age do rams become fertile?

4-6m

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At what age can a bull no longer LEGALLY be castrated by a layperson?

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At what age can a lamb no longer LEGALLY be castrated by a layperson?

> 3m

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Until what age are rubber rings allowed to be used to castrate Lambs/Bulls?

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What LA is commonly used for castration?

Procaine + adrenaline

Apart from LA, what should be given at castration?

NSAIDs!

What should be given if performing an open castration on farm?

Tetanus vaccine

How long should you wait between administering LA and castration?

10m

Which ABs are best for surgical castration?

LA penicillin or oxytet

When should disbudding be performed?

As young as possible! from 1w if you can!

Which nerve should be blocked for dehorning?

Cornual Branch of Trigeminal

In addition to local and NSAID, what should be given to bigger animals when dehorning?

Sedation - Xylazine!

Which antibiotics are good for sinusitis post de-horning?

Penicillin OR Pen/Strep

By law, what must be given to goats for disbudding?

Sedation/GA

What is the stimulus for a neonate taking their first breath?

High CO2 - resp acidosis

How long should the time to sternal be in a calf?

<5m

If checking for FPT in a calf, what should TP be on a refractometer?

>55g/L

If checking for FPT in a calf, what should the ZST result be?

>20 units

If checking for FPT in a calf, what should Ig be on SST?

>20g/L

What is a case definition for FPT?

>20% of calves with TP <55g/L

how much colostrum should be tube fed in 1st 6h of life to avoid FPT?

3.5L

Ideally, what should be done with subsequent colostrum feeds before feeding it to calf?

Pasteurisation

What are the 3 common sequelae of navel ill?

Peritonitis Septicaemia Polyarthritis

What are the 3 major risk factors for developing navel ill?

Calving hygiene Patent navel (insufficient iodine) FPT

How should navel ill be treated medicallt?

ABs | Drainage

When should surgery be performed in navel ill cases?

If arteries or urachus infected

When should euthanasia be performed in navel ill cases?

if veins affected

What are the 2 main Tx for joint ill?

LONG course ABs (amoxicillin/clindamycin) | Joint lavage

What are cases of early (0-5d) septicaemia associated with?

FPT

What are cases of late (5-14d) septicaemia associated with?

IgM decline - navel infection spread heamatogenously

What diagnostic test can be performed in cases of suspected calf septicaemia and what i the result?

CSF tap @ LS Jct. (2" 19G) High protein, frothy

Apart from supportive care, how can we treat septicaemia in calves?

ABs Flunixin Corticosteroids IVFT

Which pathogen causes calf diphtheria and how do calves acquire it?

Fusobacterium Necrophorum

What are the clinical signs of calf diphtheria?

ORAL LESIONS: sore mouth, salivation, ulceration

How is calf diphtheria treated?

Penicillin

If a calf has a complete absence of faeces and progressive abdominal distension in 1st few days of life, what is your major DDx?

Atresia Coli - PTS!!

What is rumen bloat caused by?

Failure of oesophageal groove to close - milk ferments causing metabolic acidosis

What is the most likely cause of diarrhoea in calves <5d old?

ETEC

What are the most likely causes of diarrhoea in calves 6d or older?

RV/CV | Crypto

What does the umbilical artery become in the adult cow?

Round ligament of bladder

What does the umbilical vein become in the adult cow?

Falciform ligament

What is the difference between an umbilical hernia and abscess on palpation in the calf?

Hernia reducible | Abscess NOT

Which type of suture pattern is best for closing a hernia site?

Overlapping (vest over pants)

Which 2 pathogens are commonly associated with umbilical abscessation?

T pyogenes | E coli

Which AB is useful to treat umbilical infections?

Amoxicillin

What complications may occur after removal of a patent urachus?

Seroma Re-herniation Infection

What are the 2 rules for group calf housing?

8 MAX per pen | 14d MAX age range

what is the avg LCT for calves in 1st 2w?

15-20oC

What is the energy requirement of a calf at weaning?

11MJ/Kg

What is the energy requirement of a calf at puberty?

9MJ/Kg

What is hypersecretory diarrhoea?

Enterotoxin causes hypersecretion of H10, Na, K and HCO3

What is Malabsorptive diarrhoea?

Villus damage reduced absorption of nutrients, water drawn into GIT

What are the 4 pathological effects of diarrhoea in the calf?

Dehydration Metabolic Acidosis Hyperkalaemia Hypoglycaemia

What clinical signs is seen at 10% dehydration?

Sunken Eyes

Which fluids should be given to a calf with diarrhoea and dehydration?

Isotonic (Na 140, BIC 25-30, K <4) Spike with bicarb if acidosis serious (>6d old will need)

How much isotonic fluid should be given to a calf?

7-20L

How much bicarb spike should be added to 5L of fluids for a dairy calf?

200mmol (17g)

How much bicarb spike should be added to 5L of fluids for a beef suckler calf?

400mmol (34g)

What is the optimal BIC conc for ORT to correct Acidosis?

80-120mmol/L

What is the optimal Na conc for ORT to correct Dehydration?

120-130mmol/L

Which diarrhoea-causing pathogen tends to build up in the environment?

Cryptosporidium

What are the 3 main aspects to assess in an outbreak of calf diarrhoea?

Pathogen Load Calf immunity Predisposing factors

For how long should dairy calved be fed colostrum?

4-7d

Which vaccine can help to protect calves form infectious diarrhoea?

Rotavac - given to dam 30d pre-calving | ETEC and CV also available

Which system can be used to prevent environmental pathogen build-up in beef suckler herds?

Sandhills

Which infectious agent causes diarrhoea in calves >21d

Coccidiosis

What are the clinical signs of coccidiosis?

Dark scour with blood. Tenesmus. BAR.

How is Coccidiosis diagnosed?

Faecal oocyst count

How is coccidiosis treated?

Sulfonamides and Vexocan

Which group of calves are affected by necrotic enteritis?

2-6m old suckler calves

What are the clinical signs of necrotic enteritis?

Pyrexia Pale MM TCP & leucopenia

What is a major Ddx for necrotic enteritis?

BVD