Derm Flashcards
1
Q
What is the main biting louse of the dog?
A
Trichodectes Canis
2
Q
What is the main biting louse of the cat?
A
Felicola Subrostratus
3
Q
What is the main sucking louse of the dog?
A
Linognathus setosus
4
Q
What are the 3 long-legged mites of small animals?
A
Cheyletiella
Otodectes
Trombicula
5
Q
What are the short legged mites of small animals?
A
Sarcoptes
Demodex
6
Q
which mite has a ‘lemon’ shaped egg?
A
Demodex Canis
7
Q
Which parasite may be found on a hair pluck?
A
Demodex
8
Q
What are the 2 main derm conditions seen in dogs <1y old?
A
Parasites
Food induced atopy
9
Q
Which derm condition is commonly seen in dogs 6m-3y old?
A
Environmental allergen induced atopy
10
Q
What are the 2 main causes of dermatological dz in adult dogs?
A
Immune mediated
Endocrinopathy
11
Q
What are 2 common signs of demodex overgrowth?
A
Greasy hair and pruritis on dorsum
12
Q
Which mite leads to extreme pruritis, crusting and excoriation?
A
Sarcoptes
13
Q
Which mite causes “walking dandruff” w/pruritis and erythema.
A
Cheyletiella
14
Q
Which canine/feline mites are zoonotic?
A
Cheyletiella
Sarcoptes
15
Q
Which mites cause a dark brown, waxy discharge?
A
Otodectes
16
Q
Which flea/mite/lice treatment is best for small furry exotics?
A
Ivermectin/milbemycin
17
Q
What can be used to treat otodectes in cats?
A
Imidacloprid + moxidectin
OR
Selamectin
18
Q
Which SA parasite is a possible vector of anaplasma and borrelia?
A
Neotrombicula
19
Q
How is uncinaria treated?
A
Fenbendazole/milbemycin
20
Q
What is the most common cause of bacterial pyoderma?
A
Staph pseudintermedius
21
Q
What can be seen on cytology of superficial pyoderma?
A
Degenerative neutrophils
Phagocytosis of bacteria
22
Q
What are the main clinical signs of superficial pyoderma?
A
Macules Papules/pustules Collarettes Hyperpigmentation Erosion
23
Q
What are the main clinical signs of deep pyoderma?
A
systemically unwell Furuncules, nodules, plaques Crusts, ulcers, sinus tracts Heat/erythema/swelling Haemorrhagic bullae Haemo-purulent exudate
24
Q
Which breed of cat is predisposed to malassezia overgrowht?
A
Devon Rex
25
What are the signs of malassezia dermatitis?
Alopecia
Seborrhoea
Hyperpigmentation
26
How is malassezia dermatitis treated?
Chlorhexidine + miconazole shampoo
If unsuccessful: systemic anti-fungals
27
What are the key signs of atopic dermatitis?
Pruritis
Alopecia
Acral lick
Recurrent otitis externa
28
What are favrots criteria for cAD?
DOG PENN
Dog lives indoors
Onset <3yo
Glucocorticoid-responsive pruritus
Pruritus at onset
Ear pinnae +/- front feet
Nonaffected ear margins
Nonaffected dorso-lumbar area
29
How is canine food allergy diagnosed?
+ response to 6-8w diet trial w/novel or hydrolysed protein
30
What is the onset of improvement for allergen-specific immunotherapy?
3-9m
MUST DO FOR 12m
31
How can we control allergies medically?
```
Glucocorticoids (low dose)
JAK inhibitor (oclacitinib)
```
32
What are the 2 contraindications for apoquel use?
<12m
| <3kg
33
Name 3 glucocorticoids used to treat cAD.
Hydrocortisone
Ciclosporin
Tacrolimus
34
How would self-induced alopecia appear on a trichogram?
frayed/broken tips
35
What is the main cause of ringworm in dogs and cats?
Microsporum Canis
ALSO: M. gypseum & T. mentagrophytes
36
What is the gold standard test for ringworm in cats/dogs?
External lab fungal culture.
woods lamp and trichography have false +/-'s.
37
Which antifungal treatment can be given to cats?
Itraconazole
38
Which antifungal treatment(s) can be given to dogs?
Itraconazole
| Ketoconazole
39
What treatment is given for juvenile onset demodicosis?
None - most spontaneously resolve
40
What treatment is given for adult onset demodicosis?
Aggressive Tx:
Manage underlying Dz.
ABs as often 2e infection.
41
What are the two mites causing feline demodicosis and how do they differ?
D. Cati: non-pruritic, usually due to immunosuppresive drugs.
D. gatoi: pruritic and infectious.
42
How is feline demodicosis treated?
treat pyoderma
| Imidacloprid 1st
43
When should demodicosis tx be stopped?
2-3 consecutive skin scrapes (4w apart)
44
What are the clinical signs of alopecia areata?
Focal to MF alopecia
| Variable hyperpigmentation
45
Which breeds are predisposed to dermatomyositis?
Collies
| Shetland sheepdogs
46
How does dermatomyositis present?
```
6m old
patchy alopecia on face/extremities
erythema
scale
hyperpigmented
```
47
How is dermatomyositis treated?
Preds
Pentoxifylline
Vit E
48
What is sebaceous adenitis?
autoimmune attack on sebaceous glands
49
What are the derm signs of an endocrine Dz?
generalised alopecia
dull/dry/scaly
comedones
atrophic skin/poor healing
50
Which endocrine Dz presents with weight gain, tragic expression and truncal alopecia?
hypothyroidism
51
Which cancers cause feline paraneoplastic alopecia?
pancreatic/bile duct carcinoma
52
How does feline paraneoplastic alopecia present?
shiny, translucent skin.
| Alopecia ventrum & legs.
53
How is alopecia X diagnosed?
Breed - plush coat
| Exclude Ddx
54
Which 2 dog breeds are prone to pattern alopecia affecting the pinnae?
YRT
| Daxie
55
Which 2 breeds are predisposed to sebaceous adenitis?
Akitas
| Poodles
56
Clinical signs of sebaceous adenitis are...
Alopecia
Dry/Dull coat
Large adherent scales
Bacterial folliculitis
57
What is the treatment for sebaceous adenitis?
Skin care
Intense moisturisation
Manage 2e infection
58
What are the 5 main causes of head and neck pruritis in the cat?
```
FBH
Otodectes
Neotrombicula
Bacteria
Malassezia
```
59
What are the 3 presentations of eosinophilic granuloma complex in the cat?
Eosinophilic plaque
Eosinophilic granuloma
Eosinophilic ulcer
60
What is a feline Eosinophilic plaque?
Raised, alopecic, erythematous, erosive to ulcerative plaque
| HIGHLY PRURITIC
61
What is a feline Eosinophilic Granuloma?
Raised, alopecic, erythematous, erosive to ulcerative plaque.
Non-pruritic!!!
62
What is a feline Eosinophilic Ulcer?
Well circumscribed, red/brown ulcer with raised border on upper lip.
Non-pruritic, non-painful.
63
What is atopic dermatitis?
Genetically predisposed inflammatory & pruritic allergic skin disease - commonly environmental or food associated
64
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is CAD?
```
Type I (IgE)
Type IV Th2
```
65
What is an atopic flare?
Inc in staph and malassezia pyoderma due to defective skin barrier function
66
What are the 4 key features of cAD treatment?
Improve skin barrier
Allergen avoidance/AST
Control inflammation and pruritis
Control flare factors
67
How does Food-Induced Atopy differ for CAD?
Younger onset
Concurrent GI signs present
Not seasonal
68
What is the gold std Tx for FIA?
Home cooked diet trial with novel protein (min 6w)
69
What ways can we improve skin barrier function?
Non-irritating shampoos
Supplementation of EFAs
Topical EFA containing formulations
70
Name 2 topical lipid formulations that can aid skin barrier function.
Alladerm Spot on
| Dermoscent
71
Via which 2 route can glucocorticoids be given in CAD? Give examples of each.
Systemic: Preds, methypreds
Topical: Betamethasone, hydrocortisone
72
What systemic calcineurin inhibtors can be given in CAD?
Ciclosporin
73
What topical calcineurin inhibtors can be given in CAD?
Tacrolimus
74
How does oclacitinib work?
Janus Kinase Inhibitor
75
What is Lokivetmab?
Monoclonal Antibody against IL-31 (pruritic IL)
76
How should Glucocorticoids be used in CAD?
Crisis busting - relieve flares
77
Why is topical hydrocortisone a low-risk Tx for CAD flares?
MEtabolised in skin so very little drug reaches circulation
78
How do calcineurin inhibitors work?
Inhibit Tc function
79
How is oclacitinib (apoquel) given?
BID 2w then SID
80
What are the 2 contraindications of oclacitinib?
<12m
| <3kg
81
What is the CI for lokivetmab?
<3kg
82
Which 2 anti-histamines show some effect at relieving CAD when combined?
Chlorpheniramine and hydroxyzine
83
What is the most important source of environmental allergen for CAD and how can we reduce this?
House Dust mites
Environmental Flea Sprays and cleaning!
84
What is ASIT?
Expose dog to gradually increasing allergen dose over 12m
85
What is the Tx for ear margin seborrhoea?
Emollient rinse
VAseline
Propylene Glycol
Backup: surgery
86
What are the 3 Ps of otitis?
Primary (pathogen/disorder)
Predisposing (hair, morphology)
Perpetuating Factors
87
What is the best Tx for localised otodectes cyanosis?
Selamectin/moxidectin spot on
88
What is the best Tx for secondary Dz to otodectes cyanosis?
Cleaner +/- steroids
89
What are the signs of otitis externa?
Malodour
Head Tilt
Aural pruritis
Deafness
90
What are the signs of otitis media?
Pain
Concurrent OE
Deafness
Pain Eating
91
What are 3 potential complications of Otitis Media?
Conductive Deafness
Horners
Vestibular Syndrome
92
What is the first diagnostic method used to asses OM?
Video otoscopy - assess drum
93
What Tx is indicted in cases of chonric OM or evidence of TM bulging/fluid behind it?
Myringotomy (w catheter)
+ swabs
+ saline flush
94
What is the best method for assessing internal damage caused by OM?
MRI
95
What are the clinical signs of Otitis Interna?
Ipsilateral head tilt
rotatory nystagmus
asymmetric ataxia/falling
Vomiting +/- anorexia
96
What is the underlying cause of "dry coffee ground" exudate from the ears?
Otodectes cyanotis
97
What is the underlying cause of "moist brown" exudate from the ears?
Staph spp/Malassezia
98
What is the underlying cause of "purlent yellow/green, malodorous" exudate from the ears?
Gram negative infection
99
What is the underlying cause of ceruminous discharge from the ears?
Allergy
Endocrinopathy
Bacteroides Spp
100
How should wax samples be stained?
Methylene blue only
101
How should purulent ear samples be stained?
Diffquick
102
How should parasites from the ear be prepared for microscopic exam?
Mix in LP
103
Which 3 flushing solutions are most commonly used in canine medicine?
Saline
Dilute Chlorhexidine
Povidone Iodine
104
What 3 medications are sued to treat otitis?
AB + Anti-inflam + Anti-fungal
105
Which drugs are ototoxic? (4 ABs, 2 cleaners)
Gentamicin
Polymixin B
Ticarcillin
Imipenem
Propylene Glycol
Chlorhexine (conc)
106
What is the best method of identifying the pathogen responsible for otitis?
Charcoal Swab and Culture
107
Why does pseudomonas otitis cause ear drum rupture?
Bacteria produces collagenase
108
What 2 Tx cane be used for a multi-resistant otitis?
Flamazine 1:9 in sterile water
| Ticarcillin solution
109
What are the 4 Tx for stenosis?
Potent topical steroids
Oral steroids
Tacrolimus ointment BID
Intralesional steroids
110
What is the Tx of choice for an end-stage ear?
TECA
111
What are the 3 signs of surface bacterial pyoderma?
Hotspots
Intertrigo
Bacterial Overgrowth
112
How should Malassezia be sampled?
If dry: acetate tape
If greasy: indirect smear w/cotton bud
113
What can be seen on cytology with superficial pyoderma?
Degen neutrophils and phagocytosis of bacteria
114
What are the signs of superficial bacterial pyoderma?
```
Papule/Pustules/Colarettes
ALopecia
Erythema
Hyperpigmentation
Lichenification
```
115
What are the signs of DEEP pyoderma?
```
Inflammation
furuncules/nodules/bullae
plaques
sinus tracts
ulcers/exudation/crusts
```
Sytemically unwell!!
116
How should a direct impression smear be performed on a pustule?
Pop it/lift crust - then apply slide SEVERAL times
117
How should acetate strips be stained?
Eosin and Basophil stains ONLY - no fixative
118
What size needle and syringe should be used for an FNA?
21G
| 2-5ml
119
What is the 1st line Tx for malassezia dermatits?
Chlorhexidine + miconazole shampoo
120
What is the Tx for chronic malassezia dermatits?
systemic antifungals
121
How longs should ABs be prescribed for a superficial pyoderma?
2-3w past clinical cure
122
How longs should ABs be prescribed for a deep pyoderma?
3m past clinical cure
