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Ortho (EQ) Flashcards

1
Q

Tendonitis of which tendon causes fetlock sinking and carpal sheath effusion?

A

SDFT

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2
Q

How do we treat SDFT tendonitis?

A

Cold hose + NSAID
Box rest for few days
Controlled exercise
Promote angiogenesis - PrP/Stem cells/US

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3
Q

What are the 2 Ddx for a swelling deep to the DDFT in the proximal metacarpus?

A

ALDDFT desmitis

DDFT desmitis

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4
Q

What is the Px for ALDDFT desmitis?

A

Guarded - likely recurrence

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5
Q

Which US features are diagnostic for suspensory desmitis?

A

Enlargement
Poor margination
Hypoechogenicity

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6
Q

What are the 2 approaches to Tx suspensory ligament desmitis?

A

Conservative: rest and shockwave therapy

Surgery: splitting, Neurectomy/fasciotomy

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7
Q

Is PAL desmitis painful on flexion or extension?

A

Flexion

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8
Q

What are the visible signs of PAL desmitis?

A

Notching of limb
DFTS effusion
+ response to DFTS analgesia

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9
Q

What are the 2 approaches to Tx PAL syndrome?

A

Conservative: Cold, NSAID, rest
Surgery: Tenoscopy and PAL desmotomy

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10
Q

Describe the aetiology of upward patellar fixation in the horse.

A

Medial pole of patellar hooked over medial trochlear ridge of femur

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11
Q

How is patellar fixation treated?

A

Exercise = build up muscle.

Can perform desmotomy as back up.

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12
Q

Following trauma, where may the SDFT luxate to?

A

Lateral Side

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13
Q

How is SDFT luxation treated?

A

Conservatively 3-6m!

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14
Q

Which muscular disease of horses presents like colic - how do you differentiate?

A

Acute Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

Urine - myoglobin
Pain over gluteals and biceps.

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15
Q

How is Acute Exertional Rhabdomyolysis treated?

A

IVFT
ACP
NSAIDs

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16
Q

How is Chronic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis managed?

A

Minimise stress, warm-up, avoid high-energy feeds

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17
Q

Which 3 breeds are predisposed to Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy?

A

Draft Horses
Warmblood
Quarter Horse

Give high fibre, low carb diet!

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18
Q

Where does the common calcaneal tendon insert?

A

Calcaneus

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19
Q

Where does the SDFT insert?

A

calcaneus

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20
Q

What occurs to the flight of the lame limb?

A

Reduced - may drag

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21
Q

In which direction do hoof cracks commonly run?

A

Proximo-distal

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22
Q

What causes hoof cracks?

A

Poor balance
Low horn quality
Trauma

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23
Q

What are transverse hoof crack associated with?

A

Coronary Band injury

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24
Q

How are hoof crack treated?

A

Debride necrotic tissue
stabilise with filler
Trim foot and unload crack (bar shoe/quarter clips best)

Treat cause
Give Local/systemic ABs

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25
Describe the severity of lameness associated with Coronary Band injury
Moderate to severe
26
Which other structures may be involved with Coronary band injury?
DIP/PIP/NB/DFTS Tendons/ligs: SDFT/DDFT/Extensors/collateral ligaments
27
How are Coronary Band injuries treated?
``` PRESERVE Coronary Band - suture it. Stabilise hoof wall Flush synovial structures Antibiotics NSAIDs ```
28
What is the best way to stabilise a Coronary Band injury?
CAST
29
What is the difference between Nail Bind and Nail Prick?
Bind - Nail close to sensitive structures Prick - Nail into sensitive structures, may develop into abscess.
30
What are the signs of subsolar abscessation?
acute severe lameness sensitive to hoof testers Inc Digital Pulse and hoof temp
31
How are subsolar abscesses treated?
``` DRAINAGE remove shoe and nail pare foot remove all necrotic/underrun horn Poultice 1-2x daily Bandage to protect food ``` + NSAID/AB and Tet
32
When should a foot with a subsolar abscess be re-shod?
Once dry/hardened
33
A penetration in which part of the foot may involve synovial structures?
Middle 3rd of frog
34
What are the signs of a synovial foot penetration?
``` severe lameness +/- FB in foot (or wound) Distal limb swelling Inc digital pulse Sensitive to hoof testers over tract ```
35
What is the best way to diagnose foot penetration injuries?
Rx +/- probe/contrast Synoviocentesis MRI
36
How are synovial foot penetrations treated?
Debride infected tissue Flush synovial structures - bursoscopy ABs: systemic/IVRA/Intra-synovial/PPMA beads
37
How should a synovial foot penetration be dressed following surgery?
Bandage Plate to raise heel NSAIDs
38
What is the prognosis for synovial foot penetration?
Fair survival to disch (56%) Guarded return to function (36%)
39
What are 5 potential causes of chronic hoof abscessation?
``` Imm. comp (Cushing’s) Keratoma Laminitis Bone sequestrum Collateral cartilage infection Infective (pedal) osteitis ```
40
What is Quittor?
Infection of the collateral cartilages following wound
41
How does quittor present?
Swelling or discharge from coronary band
42
How is quittor treated?
Surgical debridement - with care to avoid DIPJ
43
What is a keratoma?
Benign hoof/solar horn tumour
44
How do equine keratomas present?
Intermittent lameness/discharge | Circular keratinisation abnormality w/disch tract
45
How can we diagnose keratomas?
Rx = smooth radiolucent defect in P3
46
How are keratomas treated?
Surgical resection (GA)
47
What is canker?
Hypertrophy of frog epithelium - hyperkeratotic w/fronds of unconnected horn Fusobacterium/bacteroides involved
48
How is canker treated?
Early: environment, debride, metronidazole bandage + systemic ABs + astringents Late: aggressive surgery + bandaging
49
What is white line Dz?
Prog crumbling hoof wall w/white line separation +/-lameness
50
What causes white line Dz?
Warm, wet weather | Biotin/Zn/Se deficiency
51
What are the 3 steps in treating white line Dz?
1. Remove abnormal horn 2. Support remaining horn 3. Prevent progression
52
What is the onset/DOA of mepivicaine?
1-2m | 45m-1h
53
What is the onset/DOA of bupivicaine?
4-5mm | 1-2h
54
What are 3 CIs for diagnostic analgesia?
Suspect fracture Cellulitis Uncooperative horse
55
What radiographs are involved in a standard foto series?
ML DP DPr-PaDiO PaPr-PaDiO
56
Where should the beam be aimed for an LM Rx of the foot?
1-2cm below CB | 1/2way between dorsal hoof wall and heel
57
Where should the beam be aimed for a DP Rx of the foot?
Horizontal beam centred 2cm below coronary band, perpendicular to limb
58
What are the 2 versions of a DoPr-PaDiO
Upright (hickman block needed) | High Coronary
59
Which Rx view of the foot is known as the "skyline view"?
PaPr-PaDi Oblique
60
What are the signs of DIPJ Dz?
Uni or Bi-lateral lameness | DIPJ effusion
61
What is the best imaging technique to assess foot pain?
Rx
62
How is Synovitis/OA/OC frag of the DIPJ treated?
IA medication - hyaluranon/CS/IRAP NSAIDs Remove frag if present
63
How is DIPJ trauma treated?
Rest NSAIDs
64
How is collateral ligament desmitis diagnosed/treated?
MRI Rest Farrier (rolled toe) Shockwave/IA meds
65
How are DIPJ OCLLs treated?
IA meds
66
What are the signs of pedal bone fractures?
Acute pain inc digital pulse Hoof tester +, percussion + +/- DiPJ effusion WITH Hx of trauma!!
67
Where are pedal bone fractures commonly located?
Wings of P3 - need obliques and may need advanced imaging
68
How are pedal bone #s diagnosed?
Partial response to local anaesthesia | Rx!
69
How are pedal bone fractures managed?
Immobilisation - bar shoe and hoof cast. Extensor process: remove frag surgically Articular: internal fixation Non-healing wing #: PD neurectomy
70
How is pedal osteitis diagnosed?
Chronic foot soreness. | Rx: demineralisation and wide vasc channels
71
How is pedal osteitis treated?
Correct foot imbalance to reduce abnormal stresses
72
Traumatic # of which bone causes a moderate lameness, localised by LA to the foot?
Navicular bone
73
What is the best Tx for navicular bone #s?
Conservative
74
What exacerbates navicular Dz?
hard surface circle Low heel/long toe conformation
75
What may an O notice in a horse w/navicular dz?
Bilateral FL lameness Unwilling to go forward Stumbling Refusing Jumps
76
What histopath changes are seen in the fibrocartilage of horses with navicular dz?
Thin fibrocartilage w/ palmar cortex erosion and medullary lysis
77
What histopath changes are seen in the DDFT of horses with navicular dz?
surface fibrillation core lesions adhesions
78
What bony histopath changes are seen in horses with navicular dz?
palmar cortical bone medulla replaced w/vascular CT | Degeneration of DIP/NB articulation
79
What histopath changes are seen in the sesamoidean lig of horses with navicular dz?
New bone formation
80
Where may a horse with Navicular Dz be + on hoof tester?
Over frog (inconsistent)
81
Describe the gait of a horse with navicular Dz?
Toe First
82
Which nerve blocks will resolve navicular Dz?
PD, DIP, NB
83
What Rx abnormalities are seen in navicular dz?
``` Medullary cyst formation Flexor Cortex erosion Loss of corticomedullary definition Fragmentation of distal border Enthesophytes (L/M border) ```
84
What is the most important Tx for navicular Dz?
Farriery! Engage frog w/ground and improve heel support
85
What should be given in addition to correcting navicular Dz?
NSAIDs IA hyaluranon/CS Bisphosphonates can perform neurectomy but complications occur!
86
How are 1e DDFT lesions diagnosed?
MRI - proximal to navicular bone
87
How do 1e DDFT lesions present?
Mild-severe acute unilateral lameness +ve to PDNB and NB
88
How are 1e DDFT lesions treated?
Conservative good Surgery if debridement indicated
89
Which perineural blocks can be used in the pastern/fetlock?
ASNB | L4/6NB
90
Which intra-synovial blocks can be used in the pastern/fetlock?
PIPJ, MCPJ
91
Which ligaments support the pastern/fetlock area?
sesamoidean
92
What is the medical name for "articular ringbone"?
Pastern OA - prog destruction articular cartilage w/ subchondral thickening and osteophyte production
93
What are the clinical signs of pastern OA?
Lameness | Bony thickening on dorsal aspect
94
How is pastern OA diagnosed?
Analgesia: Perineural or articular Rx: standard angles, dorsal changes
95
How is pastern OA managed?
Rest IA meds Shoeing and NSAIDs Can perform arthrodesis
96
Where is osteochondrosis most common?
Tarsus/Stifle Can occur in pastern
97
How does pastern OC present on Rx?
osseous cysts on P1/2 and osteochrondral fragments
98
What is the Px/Tx for Pastern OC?
guarded Px, palliative care!
99
Traumatic injury of which 2 ligaments of the pastern may cause lameness?
SDFT branch | Distal Sesamoidean lig
100
How can we diagnose and treat a Pastern ST injury?
Ultrasound Tx: rest, Nsaids, monitor
101
Which horses are predisposed to P1 fractures?
Racehorses - begin at sagittal groove at articular surface & extend distally
102
Where do P2 fractures occur and what is their cause?
Palmar/Plantar eminence Cause: acute overload
103
How are pastern fractures managed?
Zone 1 External coaptation! If short - conservative If long - internal fixation If comminuted/open - PTS
104
How is pastern subluxation diagnosed/treated?
Signs: MARKED swelling, acute instability plus Rx! Tx: Stabilize w/coaptation. Perform arthrodesis.
105
What are the 2 causes of proximal sesamoid bone fracture?
acute trauma | Non-adaptive remodelling
106
how do proximal sesamoid bone (PSB) fractures present?
Acute lameness Swelling Pain on palpation Joint Effusion
107
What should be used to diagnose proximal sesamoid fractures?
Rx AND US - SL injury common
108
When should PSB fractures be managed conservatively?
Unilateral PSB # in foals | Non-articular #
109
When should PSB fractures be managed surgically?
Fragment needing removal | Mid-body # (repair)
110
When should horses with PSB fractures be PTS?
biaxial/comminuted
111
What may be an indication of SL/annular ligament injury in young performance horses?
Sesamoiditis - inflm of ST at palmar fetlock and inc vascular channels in PSB
112
How is sesamoiditis managed?
Rest, NSAIDs, Cold If refractory - shockwave therapy
113
What is the clinical significance of P1 osteochondral fragmentation?
Not always clinically significant - MUST block out to be the cause of lameness!
114
How is osteochondral fragmentation of P1 treated?
Arthroscopic fragment removal
115
How does Fetlock OCD present?
ranging from flattening of the sagittal ridge to separate fragmentation YOUNG horses. 1+ joints involved Effusion +/- Lameness
116
Where are fetlock Osseous Cysts found?
Distal MCIII
117
How is fetlock osteochondrosis managed?
surgical removal of fragments or cyst curettage
118
what are the signs of fetlock OA on clinical exam?
Lameness exaggerated by flexion Reduced ROM + IA anaesthesia
119
What Rx changes are noted with fetlock OA?
Periarticular osteophyte formation (PrDo P1, Dorsal PSB) Remodelling of saggital risged Subchondral sclerosis Joint Space reduction
120
How is early fetlock OA managed?
Intra-articular medication e.g. hyaluranon/ corticosteroids
121
How is moderate fetlock OA managed?
NSAIDS IA C/S IRAP Polyacrylamide gel
122
How is severe fetlock OA managed?
Arthrodesis | Euthanasia
123
What causes palmar/plantar osteochondral Dz of the fetlock in young racehorses?
High strain = wear lines, cartilage loss. | Eventual collapse of the articular surface.
124
What are the Rx signs of palmar/plantar osteochondral Dz?
Variable - sclerosis and contour changes MRI/Scintigraphy better!
125
How is palmar/plantar osteochondral Dz managed?
Change exercise routine!!
126
What causes chronic proliferative synovitis?
Hyperextension of fetlock --> repetitive trauma to dorsal aspect
127
Which part of the body is most affected by chronic proliferative synovitis?
Forelimb fetlock
128
What are the clinical signs of chronic proliferative synovitis?
Lameness Reduced ROM Heat/pain
129
How is chronic proliferative synovitis diagnosed?
Rx: crescent shaped bone loss distal MC3 & ST swelling US: thickened dorsal synovial pad
130
How is chronic proliferative synovitis managed?
IA meds | Surgical Resection
131
What damage is caused buy fetlock subluxation?
collateral ligament disruption | avulsion fracture
132
How is fetlock subluxation diagnosed?
Acute severe lameness Visible luxation Rx luxation
133
How is fetlock subluxation treated?
Closed reduction - case (leads to OA) | Arthrodesis if unstable
134
What does the Corium contain?
BVs and Nerves to supple lamellae
135
What are the 3 main causes of laminitis?
1. Inflammation 2. Weight Bearing 3. Endocrine
136
What is the likely cause of laminitis affecting a single foot?
Weight bearing
137
What is obel grade 1 laminitis?
Shifting weight Short stride at trot Not lame at walk
138
What is obel grade 2 laminitis?
Short stabbing gait at walk and trot | Will lift feet
139
What is obel grade 3 laminitis?
Move reluctantly | Resist attempts to lift feet
140
What is obel grade 4 laminitis?
Reluctance or absolute refusal to move or lift feet
141
What visible changes to the hoof may you notice in laminitis?
``` Flattening (convexity) of the sole Depression at coronary band Bruising or submural abscesses Cap Horn White Line Separation ```
142
What causes divergent hoof rings?
Chronic laminitis (due to dorsal hoof wall having inhibited growth)
143
What is critical to laminitis diagnosis?
Radiographs: ML DP DPrPaDiO
144
What are the 3 prognostic indicators on a laminitis radiograph?
D: founder distance (>15mm poor, 2-8 normal) R: rotation (<5 good, 6-11 fair, >11 poor) S: solar depth (prolapse poor)
145
What are the 3 core principles of laminitis Tx?
Treat 1e Dz (endocrine, SIRS etc) Pain Relief (NSAID +/- opioid) Digital Support (cryotherapy, frog support and deep bed)
146
Which type of shoes are helpful with chronic laminitis?
Reverse Shoes Heart Bars Imprint (glued) EDSS
147
What procedure may be used on refractory laminitis cases with rotation? (NOT FOUNDERS)
DDFT tenotomy
148
What do you assess from an anterior view of the foot?
ML symmetry Length/Angle of M/L hoof walls coronary band relating to bearing surface
149
What do you assess from a lateral view of the foot?
Hoof-Pastern Axis coronary band Dorsal wall and heel angle Dorsal wall and heel length
150
Do front or hind feet normally have a steeper angulation?
Hind
151
Describe the footfall of a laminitic horse.
Heel-toe
152
Which nerve blocks can be used in the metacarpus/metatarsus?
H4/H6NB Subcarpal/tarsal Lateral Palmar nerve Deep branch of lateral plantar n.
153
Describe the normal appearance of a fracture to the medial MCIII condyle
Spirals Proximally
154
Describe the normal appearance of a fracture to the lateral MCIII condyle
Exit laterally above physeal scar
155
What is the Px for condylar fractures of MCIII?
Poor - fail due to repetitive strain
156
How do MCIII fractures present?
Moderate/severe lame Diaphyseal displacement Swelling/crepitus/pain Effusion
157
How are MCIII fractures diagnosed?
Rx!
158
Describe MCIII fracture first aid.
zone 2 external coaptation M/L splint if lateral condyle fracture
159
Which MCIII fractures can be managed conservatively?
Non-displaced Closed Transverse Proximal if incomplete
160
Which MCIII fractures can be managed with surgery?
``` Condylar fractures (screw) Diaphyseal fractures (plate) ```
161
Which MCIII fractures should be PTS?
Displaced Open Comminuted
162
Describe the aetiology of Dorsal Metacarpal Dz.
Young Racehorse. Excessive cyclic loading - periosteitis. 2yo horse, at 3 may become stress fracture.
163
How does Dorsal Metacarpal Dz present?
focal pain/swelling/ reduced performance/mild lameness
164
How is dorsal metacarpal Dz diagnosed?
Rx/Scintigraphy
165
What is the Tx for Dorsal Metacarpal Dz?
Alter Training If refractory: Shockwave or Osteostixis/screw placement
166
Which "splint" bone is most prone to fractures?
Lateral Splint (MtIV)
167
What causes splint bone fractures?
Trauma IF distal - fetlock hyperextension
168
What is a potential complication of proximal splint bone fracture?
Joint Sepsis - CMC or TMT
169
How are splint bone fractures diagnosed?
Rx
170
How are splint bone fractures treated?
REMOVE small fragments. Conservative: Rest, NSAID, AB, debride Surgery: partial ostectomy (choice), internal fixation if proxmial articular.
171
What is the aetiology of splint bone exostosis?
Trauma - periosteal bleed- bone formation often in horses which "dish" in front
172
What are the acute and chronic signs of splint bone exostosis?
Acute: heat, pain, swelling. Chronic: hard bony swelling
173
How does splint bone exostosis cause lameness?
Interferes with suspensory ligament
174
What is the best management for splint bone exostosis?
CONSERVATIVE - rest, cold, NSAID, local C/S Sx only if recurrent or severe
175
What may cause fetlock sinking and carpal sheath effusion?
SDFT tendonitis
176
What 2 forms of SDFT tendonitis my be diagnosed?
Generalised Core lesions USE US to detect
177
How is SDFT Tendonitis treated in the first few days?
Cold, NSAID, dressing and box rest
178
How is SDFT Tendonitis treated in the first few weeks?
Promote angiogenesis: PrP, tendon splitting, stem cells, US. Minimise scar: PrP, Stem cells, US Early exercise: promotes type III t type I collagen transition
179
How is SDFT Tendonitis treated after the first few weeks/months?
Controlled exercise program
180
What causes a swelling in the proximal palmar metacarpus deeper to SDFT?
ALDDFT desmitis
181
Where is DDFT tendonitis typically located?
DFTS or digit also in carpal/tarsal sheath
182
Which condition causes a notching of the fetlock?
PAL constriction of DDFT with effusion
183
What are the signs of PAL constriction?
Notching of limb Pain on flexion + response to DFTS or perineural analgesia
184
How is PAL constriction diagnosed?
US
185
How is PAL constriction treated?
Conservative: cold, rest, NSAID, Local CS Surgical: remove damaged portion, PAL desmotomy to relive compression
186
What can be seen dorsally on US of the carpus?
Carpal and digital extensors and sheaths
187
What can be seen on the palmar aspect of the carpus on US?
Carpal sheath (SDFT, DDFT, ALSDFT)
188
Which breed are predisposed to CMC OA?
Arabs
189
How is Carpal OA treated?
IA Meds and NSAIDs Arthodesis in advanced cases
190
How is Carpal OA diagnosed?
IA anaesthesia +Rx
191
How is osteochondral fragmentation of the carpus treated?
Arthroscopic fragment removal
192
What is the colloquial term for carpal osteochondral fragmentation?
Chip fracture
193
What are the 3 causes of osteochondral fragmentation of the carpus?
OA: osteophyte frag Racing: dorsal articular margin GA recovery: Palmar frag
194
What are the 2 causes of carpal bone fracture?
Acute single overload | Stress maladaptation
195
Which Rx views are needed for carpal bone fracture diagnosis?
Skyline
196
How do carpal bone fractures present?
Acute lameness | Joint effusion and pain
197
How are slab/frontal Carpal bone fractures managed?
Incomplete: Conservative or surgical (internal fixation via arthroscopy) Complete: surgical only
198
A horse standing with its carpus semi-flexed with a painful radiocarpal/carpal sheath effusion has what?
Accessory Carpal Bone fracture
199
How is an Accessory Carpal Bone fracture diagnosed?
Rx
200
Accessory Carpal Bone fracture treated?
Fibrosis - conservative Can remove fragments surgically
201
How do horses with carpal subluxation present?
severely lame with marked swelling, carpal instability and overt anatomical derangement
202
How is carpal subluxation treated?
Full limb bandage + splints to stabilise Partial/complete arthrodesis PTS if fractures or carpal bone collapsed
203
What is a carpal hygroma? How can you differentiate it from a tendon sheath issue?
Subcut fluid swelling over dorsal carpus - 2e to repeat trauma Palpate, Rx and US
204
How is a carpal hygroma treated?
CONSERVATIVE wound breakdown common w/surgery
205
Which nerve blocks are used to diagnose carpal canal syndrome?
Median/Ulnar nerve blocks or carpal sheath block
206
Apart from analgesia, how may carpal canal syndrome be diagnosed?
Synoviocentesis Rx US
207
What are the clinical signs of carpal canal syndrome?
carpal sheath effusion Lameness - worse with flexion Puncture wound
208
What are the causes of carpal canal syndrome?
``` Idiopathic or Septic tenosynovitis Tendinitis of SDFT/DDFT AL-SDFT desmitis Radial Physeal exostosis ACB fracture Osteochondroma of distal radius ```
209
How are: Radial Physeal exostosis and Osteochondroma of distal radius treated?
Removal via tenoscopy
210
``` How are: Idiopathic/Septic tenosynovitis, Tendinitis of SDFT/DDFT and AL-SDFT desmitis treated? ```
Tenoscopic lavage | Debridement of damaged tendon/lig
211
How is carpal canal syndrome managed
Treat underlying cause + anti-inflammatories into carpal sheath
212
Where are radial fractures most commonly found?
Distomedial radius - due to kick
213
What are the prognostic indicators for Radial fractures?
Swollen but weight-bearing - incomplete, can treat. Open or non-weightbearing PTS.
214
How are radial fractures treated in adults?
Conservatively - full limb bandage, caudal and Lateral splint. Cross Tie horse in box.
215
How are radial fractures treated in foals?
Internal Fixation
216
Which fracture may cause a "dropped elbow" stance? Ddx?
Ulna Fracture Ddx: radial nerve paralysis, triceps myopathy
217
What causes ulna fractures?
Trauma/kick
218
How are ulna fractures diagonsed?
Rx
219
Why must the carpus be splinted in ulna fractures?
Stay apparatus lost
220
How are ulna fractures treated in adults?
Tension band principle with plate fixation Conservative causes non-union/delays
221
How are ulna fractures treated in foals?
Plate or wire and pins.
222
What are the 2 causes of fracture in the humerus/scapula?
Acute trauma | Stress fracture in racehorses
223
Which stress conditions occur in racehorses?
Fracture: Humerus/Scapula/Carpal Bone/P1 Dorsal Metacarpal Dz Fetlock palmar/plantar osteochondral Dz
224
Where are the 3 common fracture sites on the equine humerus?
Diaphysis Deltoid tuberosity Humeral Tubercle
225
Where are the 3 common fracture sites on the equine scapula?
Supraglenoid Body Spine
226
Which fracture causes a loss of FL function?
COMPLETE humeral/scapula fracture
227
How are Scapula/Humeral fractures Diagnosed?
Rx difficult Can tru US
228
How are complete humeral fractures managed?
PTS
229
How are deltoid tuberosity/scapula spine fractures treated?
Conservatively
230
How does elbow osteochondrosis present?
OCLL in proximal radius
231
How is elbow osteochondrosis treated?
Conservative: IA meds Surgical: Extra-articular drilling
232
How does shoulder osteochondrosis present?
OCLL in distal scapula (+/- proximal humerus) or OCD of glenoid cavity
233
What is the Px for elbow/shoulder osteochondrosis ?
Poor - 2e disease often present
234
What is the presenting sign for shoulder dysplasia/subluxation?
Moderate/severe lameness with pain on shoulder extension/abduction
235
which breeds are predisposed to shoulder dysplasia/subluxation?
Shetland/mini breeds
236
How is shoulder dysplasia/subluxation diagnosed?
Rx: poor scapulohumeral alignment and 2e OA
237
What must you warn the owner about reduction under GA for shoulder dysplasia/subluxation?
may succeed but often recurs
238
Apart from reduction, how may shoulder dysplasia/subluxation be treated?
shoulder arthrodesis | though most cases are PTS
239
What are the signs of shoulder OA?
Moderate to severe lameness
240
How is shoulder OA diagnosed?
Regional analgesia | Rx
241
How is shoulder OA treated?
Palliative - Px guarded
242
What causes equine elbow OA?
RARE: 2e to trauma, sepsis, OCLL
243
How is elbow OA diagnosed?
HARD - Rx best option, can perform scintigraphy
244
How is Elbow OA treated?
IA meds/NSAIDs Guarded Px
245
Which horses are prone to elbow hygroma? (capped elbow)
High action or ones who lie down regularly
246
How is elbow hygroma treated?
NSAID ABs Draining Correct cause Surgery not advised - breakdown likely

Veterinary Medicine (68 decks)

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