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Study Decks > The Urinary System - I found this > Flashcards

The Urinary System - I found this Flashcards

1
Q

The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.

True/False

A

True

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2
Q

Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.

True/False

A

False

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3
Q

The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.

True/False

A

True

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4
Q

The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.

True/False

A

False

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5
Q

In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.

True/False

A

True

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6
Q

Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.

True/False

A

True

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7
Q

The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate.

True/False

A

False

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8
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.

True/False

A

False

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9
Q

Urea is reabsorbed in the nephron loop.

True/False

A

False

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10
Q

Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition.

True/False

A

True

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11
Q

The ureters open through pores in the roof of the urinary bladder.

True/False

A

False

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12
Q

The kidneys secrete antidiuretic hormone to promote water retention and prevent dehydration.

True/False

A

False

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13
Q

The kidney has more distal convoluted tubules than collecting ducts.

True/False

A

True

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14
Q

Tight junctions prevent material from leaking between the epithelial cells of the renal tubule.

True/False

A

False

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15
Q

Many collecting ducts empty into each minor calyx.

True/False

A

True

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16
Q

The glomerulus is a complex of blood capillaries located in the capsular space of the glomerular capsule.

True/False

A

False

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17
Q

Each interlobular artery serves multiple nephrons.

True/False

A

True

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18
Q

Blood-borne solutes can become incorporated into the urine by either glomerular filtration or tubular secretion.

True/False

A

True

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19
Q

The kidneys are normally located in the pelvic cavity.

True/False

A

False

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20
Q

There is a transport maximum for nearly every substance that is reabsorbed using a transport protein in the membrane.

True/False

A

True

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21
Q

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?

a. a podocyte
b. an efferent arteriole
c. a fenestrated capillary
d. a vasa recta

A

d. a vasa recta

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22
Q

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.

a. decrease in the production of ADH
b. increase in the production of aldosterone
c. increase in the production of ADH
d. decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma

A

c. increase in the production of ADH

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23
Q

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.

a. simple squamous
b. transitional
c. stratified squamous
d. pseudostratified columnar

A

b. transitional

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24
Q

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.

a. by a decrease in the blood pressure
b. when the peritubular capillaries are dilated
c. when the pH of the urine decreases
d. when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10

A

a. by a decrease in the blood pressure

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25
Q

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?

a. helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood
b. eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat
c. regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones
d. maintains blood osmolarity

A

b. eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

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26
Q

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.

a. lobar
b. arcuate
c. interlobar
d. cortical radiate

A

b. arcuate

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27
Q

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.

a. nephron loop
b. glomerular capsule
c. nephron
d. capsular space

A

c. nephron

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28
Q

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.

a. the ionic electrochemical gradient
b. protein-regulated diffusion
c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)
d. the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries

A

c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)

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29
Q

Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption?

a. thyroxine
b. ADH
c. aldosterone
d. atrial natriuretic peptide

A

b. ADH

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30
Q

Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method?

a. renal autoregulation
b. hormonal regulation
c. neural regulation
d. electrolyte levels

A

d. electrolyte levels

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31
Q

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.

a. glomerular filtration membrane
b. distal convoluted tubule
c. collecting duct
d. nephron loop

A

d. nephron loop

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32
Q

Which of the following does not describe the justaglomerular complex?

a. Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.
b. It regulates the rate of filtrate formation.
c. It helps control systemic blood pressure.
d. Its granular cells produce renin.

A

a. Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.

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33
Q

The filtration membrane includes all except ________.

a. glomerular endothelium
b. renal fascia
c. podocytes
d. basement membrane

A

b. renal fascia

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34
Q

Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.

a. not limited by a transport maximum
b. in the distal convoluted tubule
c. hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments
d. accomplished after the nephron loop is reached

A

c. hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments

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35
Q

The macula densa cells respond to ________.

a. changes in solute content of the filtrate
b. aldosterone
c. antidiuretic hormone
d. changes in pressure in the tubule

A

a. changes in solute content of the filtrate

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36
Q

The function of angiotensin II is to ________.

a. decrease the production of aldosterone
b. decrease arterial blood pressure
c. decrease water absorption
d. constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

A

d. constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

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37
Q

Select the correct statement about the nephrons.

a. The glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule.
b. The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.
c. Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron.
d. Filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated capillaries their name.

A

b. The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.

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38
Q

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.

a. secondary active transport
b. facilitated diffusion
c. passive transport
d. countertransport

A

a. secondary active transport

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39
Q

Which of the choices below is a function of the nephron loop?

a. form a large volume of very concentrated urine or a small volume of very dilute urine
b. absorb electrolytes actively and water by osmosis in the same segments
c. form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine
d. absorb water and electrolytes into the tubular network

A

c. form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine

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40
Q

Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?

a. principal cell
b. vasa recta
c. macula densa
d. nephron loop

A

c. macula densa

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41
Q

Every day the kidneys filter nearly __________ of fluid from the bloodstream.

100 liters
500 liters
200 liters
50 liters

A

200 liters

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42
Q

The perirenal fat capsule is a transparent capsule that prevents infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidney.

True/False

A

False

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43
Q

The __________ is the darker, reddish-brown area of the kidney that exhibits cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids.

renal medulla
renal pelvis
renal column
renal cortex

A

renal medulla

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44
Q

Under normal resting conditions, the __________ arteries deliver one-fourth of the total cardiac output (about 1200 ml) to the kidneys each minute.

renal
interlobar
cortical radiate
segmental

A

renal

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45
Q

__________ are the structural and functional units of the kidneys, which carry out the processes that form urine.

Glomerular capsules
Major calyces
Nephrons
Renal pyramids

A

Nephrons

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46
Q

In what part of the nephron is plasma filtered?

distal convoluted tubule
renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
collecting duct

A

renal corpuscle

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47
Q

The net filtration pressure (NFP) is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane.

True/ False

A

False

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48
Q

In situations where there is an extreme change of blood pressure (e.g., mean arterial pressure of less than 80 mm Hg), extrinsic controls take precedence over intrinsic blood pressure controls.

True/ False

A

True

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49
Q

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is indicative that glomerular blood pressure may be too low to cause filtration?

hydronephrosis
anuria
pyelitis
renal ptosis

A

anuria

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50
Q

The reason glucose is detected in the urine of individuals with uncontrolled diabetes is because __________.

a. the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption has been exceeded
b. glucose cannot be reabsorbed by the kidney
c. glucose is too large to be filtered by the nephron
d. glucose is secreted in the collecting ducts of diabetics

A

a. the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption has been exceeded

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51
Q

Water can leave the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

True/ False

A

False

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52
Q

Tubular secretion is important for all EXCEPT which of the following?

a. controlling blood pH
b. disposing of substances, such as certain drugs
c. ridding the body of excess glucose
d. eliminating undesirable substances or end products that have been reabsorbed by passive processes

A

c. ridding the body of excess glucose

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53
Q

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is relatively impermeable to solutes and freely permeable to water.

True/ False

A

True

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54
Q

Alcohol and many drugs prescribed for hypertension are all examples of diuretics.

True/ False

A

True

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55
Q

Which of the following is NOT a physical characteristic of freshly voided urine in a healthy person?

a. a given volume of urine has a greater specific gravity than the same volume of distilled water
b. slightly basic in pH
c. slightly aromatic in odor
d. clear and pale to deep yellow in color

A

b. slightly basic in pH

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56
Q

The urethra has two functions in men, but only one in women.

True/ False

A

True

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57
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the most common causes of incontinence in adults?

a. emotional problems
b. a side effect after general anesthesia
c. nervous system problems
d. physical pressure during pregnancy

A

b. a side effect after general anesthesia

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58
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons account for more than 80% of the nephrons.

True/ False

A

False

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59
Q

Reabsorption occurs through the renal tubule wall and into the peritubular capillaries.

True/ False

A

True

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60
Q

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to NaCl and actively transports water into the surrounding interstitial fluids.

True/ False

A

False

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61
Q

The juxtaglomerular complex contains both osmoreceptors and mechanoreceptors

True/ False

A

False

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62
Q

The kidneys are located in the lower abdominal cavity at the L5 to S3 region.

True/ False

A

False

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63
Q

The myogenic control mechanism reflects the fact that vascular smooth muscle tends to contract when stretched.

True/ False

A

True

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64
Q

The renal cortex contains the glomeruli.

True/ False

A

True

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65
Q

The thick smooth muscle layer of the bladder is called the trigone.

True/ False

A

False

66
Q

The collecting duct is under control of ADH and aldosterone.

True/ False

A

True

67
Q

Blood is carried to the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole.

True/ False

A

False

68
Q

The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule.

True/ False

A

True

69
Q

The stimulus for renin secretion is a drop in systemic blood pressure.

True/ False

A

True

70
Q

Renal clearance tests are conducted to test the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

True/ False

A

True

71
Q

The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors.

True/ False

A

True

72
Q

Blood pressure in the glomerulus is higher than in other capillary beds.

True/ False

A

True

73
Q

creatinine - Match the urinary system feature with its correct characteristic.

a. a protein metabolite found in skeletal muscle and excreted in urine
b. waste that actually helps form the medullary gradient
c. a nitrogen waste product from nucleic acid metabolism
d. not normally found in the urine
e. its reabsorption occurs with K+ efflux

A

a. a protein metabolite found in skeletal muscle and excreted in urine

74
Q

glucose - Match the urinary system feature with its correct characteristic.

a. a protein metabolite found in skeletal muscle and excreted in urine
b. waste that actually helps form the medullary gradient
c. a nitrogen waste product from nucleic acid metabolism
d. not normally found in the urine
e. its reabsorption occurs with K+ efflux

A

d. not normally found in the urine

75
Q

Na+ - Match the urinary system feature with its correct characteristic.

a. a protein metabolite found in skeletal muscle and excreted in urine
b. waste that actually helps form the medullary gradient
c. a nitrogen waste product from nucleic acid metabolism
d. not normally found in the urine
e. its reabsorption occurs with K+ efflux

A

e. its reabsorption occurs with K+ efflux

76
Q

urea - Match the urinary system feature with its correct characteristic.

a. a protein metabolite found in skeletal muscle and excreted in urine
b. waste that actually helps form the medullary gradient
c. a nitrogen waste product from nucleic acid metabolism
d. not normally found in the urine
e. its reabsorption occurs with K+ efflux

A

b. waste that actually helps form the medullary gradient

77
Q

uric acid - Match the urinary system feature with its correct characteristic.

a. a protein metabolite found in skeletal muscle and excreted in urine
b. waste that actually helps form the medullary gradient
c. a nitrogen waste product from nucleic acid metabolism
d. not normally found in the urine
e. its reabsorption occurs with K+ efflux

A

c. a nitrogen waste product from nucleic acid metabolism

78
Q

juxtaglomerular cells - Match the urinary term with its characteristic.

a. long nephrons that deeply invade the medulla
b. anchors kidneys to surrounding structures
c. specialized chemoreceptors
d. prevents infection from other areas spreading to the kidney
e. specialized mechanoreceptors

A

e. specialized mechanoreceptors

79
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons - Match the urinary term with its characteristic.

a. long nephrons that deeply invade the medulla
b. anchors kidneys to surrounding structures
c. specialized chemoreceptors
d. prevents infection from other areas spreading to the kidney
e. specialized mechanoreceptors

A

a. long nephrons that deeply invade the medulla

80
Q

macula densa cells - Match the urinary term with its characteristic.

a. long nephrons that deeply invade the medulla
b. anchors kidneys to surrounding structures
c. specialized chemoreceptors
d. prevents infection from other areas spreading to the kidney
e. specialized mechanoreceptors

A

c. specialized chemoreceptors

81
Q

fibrous capsule - Match the urinary term with its characteristic.

a. long nephrons that deeply invade the medulla
b. anchors kidneys to surrounding structures
c. specialized chemoreceptors
d. prevents infection from other areas spreading to the kidney
e. specialized mechanoreceptors

A

d. prevents infection from other areas spreading to the kidney

82
Q

renal fascia - Match the urinary term with its characteristic.

a. long nephrons that deeply invade the medulla
b. anchors kidneys to surrounding structures
c. specialized chemoreceptors
d. prevents infection from other areas spreading to the kidney
e. specialized mechanoreceptors

A

b. anchors kidneys to surrounding structures

83
Q

“composed of cone-shaped, dark-red masses” - Match the internal anatomical structure with its most appropriate description.

a. minor calyces
b. renal pelvis
c. renal cortex
d. renal medulla

A

d. renal medulla

84
Q

“light tan in appearance and just deep to the capsule” - Match the internal anatomical structure with its most appropriate description.

a. minor calyces
b. renal pelvis
c. renal cortex
d. renal medulla

A

c. renal cortex

85
Q

“small, cup-shaped structures at the apex of the renal pyramids” - Match the internal anatomical structure with its most appropriate description.

a. minor calyces
b. renal pelvis
c. renal cortex
d. renal medulla

A

a. minor calyces

86
Q

“flat, funnel-shaped tube that enters into the ureter” - Match the internal anatomical structure with its most appropriate description.

a. minor calyces
b. renal pelvis
c. renal cortex
d. renal medulla

A

b. renal pelvis

87
Q

large knot of capillaries at the beginning of the nephron

Match the part of the glomerular structure with its correct description.

a. glomerulus
b. fenestrae
c. renal corpuscle
d. podocytes

A

a. glomerulus

88
Q

glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule, collectively

Match the part of the glomerular structure with its correct description.

a. glomerulus
b. fenestrae
c. renal corpuscle
d. podocytes

A

c. renal corpuscle

89
Q

the capillary pores of the glomerulus

Match the part of the glomerular structure with its correct description.

a. glomerulus
b. fenestrae
c. renal corpuscle
d. podocytes

A

b. fenestrae

90
Q

specialized, branched epithelial cells that cling to the glomerulus

Match the part of the glomerular structure with its correct description.

a. glomerulus
b. fenestrae
c. renal corpuscle
d. podocytes

A

d. podocytes

91
Q

Match the following part of the nephron with its correct function.

“primary site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption “

a. loop of Henle, ascending limb
b. loop of Henle, descending limb
c. distal convoluted tubule
d. proximal convoluted tubule

A

d. proximal convoluted tubule

92
Q

Match the following part of the nephron with its correct function.

“the major substance reabsorbed here is water by osmosis “

a. loop of Henle, ascending limb
b. loop of Henle, descending limb
c. distal convoluted tubule
d. proximal convoluted tubule

A

b. loop of Henle, descending limb

93
Q

Match the following part of the nephron with its correct function.

“the major substance reabsorbed here is water by osmosis “

a. loop of Henle, ascending limb
b. loop of Henle, descending limb
c. distal convoluted tubule
d. proximal convoluted tubule

A

a. loop of Henle, ascending limb

94
Q

Match the following part of the nephron with its correct function.

“sodium and water reabsorbed under hormonal influence in this region”

a. loop of Henle, ascending limb
b. loop of Henle, descending limb
c. distal convoluted tubule
d. proximal convoluted tubule

A

c. distal convoluted tubule

95
Q

Match the pressure in and around the glomerulus with its correct name.

“the force of blood against the walls of the glomerular capillaries”

a. capsular hydrostatic pressure
b. colloid osmotic pressure
c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure
d. net filtration pressure

A

c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure

96
Q

Match the pressure in and around the glomerulus with its correct name.

“force that pulls fluid back into the glomerulus from the capsular space”

a. capsular hydrostatic pressure
b. colloid osmotic pressure
c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure
d. net filtration pressure

A

b. colloid osmotic pressure

97
Q

Match the pressure in and around the glomerulus with its correct name.

“pressure exerted by fluid in the glomerular capsule against the fluids coming out of the glomerulus”

a. capsular hydrostatic pressure
b. colloid osmotic pressure
c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure
d. net filtration pressure

A

a. capsular hydrostatic pressure

98
Q

Match the pressure in and around the glomerulus with its correct name.

“the sum of all the pressures that act at the level of the glomerulus; responsible for the formation of filtrate”

a. capsular hydrostatic pressure
b. colloid osmotic pressure
c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure
d. net filtration pressure

A

d. net filtration pressure

99
Q

Afferent arterioles constrict in response to a rise in blood pressure, thus restricting the flow of blood into the glomerulus.

a. tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
b. myogenic mechanism
c. renin-angiotensin system
d. sympathetic branch

A

b. myogenic mechanism

100
Q

A drop in flow rate through the nephron or a rise in the osmolality of filtrate triggers regulation by this mechanism.

a. tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
b. myogenic mechanism
c. renin-angiotensin system
d. sympathetic branch

A

a. tubuloglomerular fe edback mechanism

101
Q

Neural control overcomes the renal autoregulatory mechanisms.

a. tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
b. myogenic mechanism
c. renin-angiotensin system
d. sympathetic branch

A

d. sympathetic branch

102
Q

A drop in systemic blood pressure triggers the release of an enzyme by the kidneys; the release of the enzyme triggers this regulatory system.

a. tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
b. myogenic mechanism
c. renin-angiotensin system
d. sympathetic branch

A

c. renin-angiotensin system

103
Q

ADH - Match the hormoneto its action on the urinary system.

a. a powerful vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone
b. regulates water reabsorption at the collecting duct
c. enzyme that catalyzes the formation of angiotensin I
d. promotes reabsorption of sodium at the distal convoluted tubule

A

b. regulates water reabsorption at the collecting duct

104
Q

renin - Match the hormoneto its action on the urinary system.

a. a powerful vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone
b. regulates water reabsorption at the collecting duct
c. enzyme that catalyzes the formation of angiotensin I
d. promotes reabsorption of sodium at the distal convoluted tubule

A

c. enzyme that catalyzes the formation of angiotensin I

105
Q

angiotensin II - Match the hormoneto its action on the urinary system.

a. a powerful vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone
b. regulates water reabsorption at the collecting duct
c. enzyme that catalyzes the formation of angiotensin I
d. promotes reabsorption of sodium at the distal convoluted tubule

A

c. enzyme that catalyzes the formation of angiotensin I

106
Q

angiotensin II - Match the hormoneto its action on the urinary system.

a. a powerful vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone
b. regulates water reabsorption at the collecting duct
c. enzyme that catalyzes the formation of angiotensin I
d. promotes reabsorption of sodium at the distal convoluted tubule

A

a. a powerful vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone

107
Q

usually seen in association with trauma to the kidneys or along the urinary tract - Match the chemical found in urine with the above cause.

a. proteins
b. ketone bodies
c. erythrocytes
d. glucose

A

c. erythrocytes

108
Q

elevated levels are expected in a diabetic - Match the chemical found in urine with the above cause.

a. proteins
b. ketone bodies
c. erythrocytes
d. glucose

A

d. glucose

109
Q

elevated levels are evidence of starvation or untreated diabetes mellitus - Match the chemical found in urine with the above cause.

a. proteins
b. ketone bodies
c. erythrocytes
d. glucose

A

b. ketone bodies

110
Q

often seen after excessive physical exertion (working out) - Match the chemical found in urine with the above cause.

a. proteins
b. ketone bodies
c. erythrocytes
d. glucose

A

a. proteins

111
Q

blood vessel leading directly into the glomerulus - where in the kidney is this found?

a. peritubular capillaries
b. segmental artery
c. afferent arteriole
d. efferent arteriole

A

c. afferent arteriole

112
Q

capillaries that surround the tubules of the nephron - where in the kidney is this found?

a. peritubular capillaries
b. segmental artery
c. afferent arteriole
d. efferent arteriole

A

a. peritubular capillaries

113
Q

these are the first branches of the renal artery after it enters the hilum of the kidney - where in the kidney is this found?

a. peritubular capillaries
b. segmental artery
c. afferent arteriole
d. efferent arteriole

A

b. segmental artery

114
Q

specialized blood vessel leading away from the glomerulus - where in the kidney is this found?

a. peritubular capillaries
b. segmental artery
c. afferent arteriole
d. efferent arteriole

A

d. efferent arteriole

115
Q

arcuate artery - where in the kidney is this found?

a. between the renal pyramids
b. between the cortex and medulla
c. exiting the kidney
d. vasa recta

A

b. between the cortex and medulla

116
Q

interlobar artery - where in the kidney is this found?

a. between the renal pyramids
b. between the cortex and medulla
c. exiting the kidney
d. vasa recta

A

a. between the renal pyramids

117
Q

renal vein - where in the kidney is this found?

a. between the renal pyramids
b. between the cortex and medulla
c. exiting the kidney
d. vasa recta

A

c. exiting the kidney

118
Q

surrounding the loop of Henle - where in the kidney is this found?

a. between the renal pyramids
b. between the cortex and medulla
c. exiting the kidney
d. vasa recta

A

d. vasa recta

119
Q

How is Na+ reabsorbed?

 by receptor-mediated endocytosis
 by diffusion
 by active transport using ATP
 by osmosis
 by facilitated diffusion
A

by active transport using ATP

120
Q

The major calyces are the __________.

a. large branches of the renal pelvis
b. basic functional units of the kidneys
c. cone-shaped structures located in the renal medulla
d. expanded ends of renal pyramids
e. expanded ends of nephrons

A

a. large branches of the renal pelvis

121
Q

Micturition is __________.

 a mechanism for concentrating urine
 present only in males
 a sacral reflex in infants
 the secretion of acid
 the production of urine
A

a sacral reflex in infants

122
Q

The basic functional unit of the kidney is the __________.

 major calyx
 nephron
 renal corpuscle
 glomerulus
 loop of Henle
A

nephron

123
Q

The blood supply to the nephron is the __________.

 segmental artery
 interlobular artery
 renal artery
 afferent arteriole
 efferent arteriole
A

afferent arteriole

124
Q

The glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule and glomerulus make up the __________.

 loop of Henle
 nephron
 papilla
 renal corpuscle
 collecting system
A

renal corpuscle

125
Q

The most important factor affecting the glomerular filtration rate is __________.

 capsular osmotic pressure
 capsular hydrostatic pressure
 blood osmotic pressure
 negative pressure
 net filtration pressure
A

net filtration pressure

126
Q

When the concentration of ADH increases, __________.

a. less water is reabsorbed by the nephron and collecting duct
b. less urine is produced
c. the specific gravity of the urine decreases
d. more urine is produced
e. more salt is secreted by the nephron

A

b. less urine is produced

127
Q

Which process results in increased blood pressure in response to hormone release?

 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
 myogenic mechanism
 tubuloglomerular response
 adrenergic response
 countercurrent mechanism
A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

128
Q

Which structure is the muscular tube that delivers urine to the bladder?

 papillary duct
 urethra
 prostate
 ureter
 renal pelvis
A

ureter

129
Q

Which substance would NOT normally be expected in urine?

 water
 sodium
 protein
 chloride
 nitrogenous waste
A

protein

130
Q

Arrange the following structures in the correct sequence in which urine passes through them to the external environment: (1) ureter, (2) renal pelvis, (3) calyx, (4) urinary bladder, (5) urethra.

2, 4, 1, 3, 5
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
3, 4, 1, 5, 2
3, 2, 1, 4, 5

A

3, 2, 1, 4, 5

131
Q

If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate __________.

decreases
does not change
increases
cannot be determined

A

increases

132
Q

The presence of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine can indicate __________.

trauma to the kidneys
albuminuria
infection of the urinary tract
untreated diabetes mellitus

A

untreated diabetes mellitus

133
Q

Which of the following statements about the urinary system is INCORRECT?

a. It metabolizes vitamin D to its active form.
b. It carries out the majority of gluconeogenesis in the body.
c. It produces renin, which helps regulate blood pressure.
d. It produces erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell formation.

A

b. It carries out the majority of gluconeogenesis in the body.

134
Q

The renal hilum lies on the __________ surface of the kidney.

superior
lateral
medial
inferior

A

medial

135
Q

The __________ cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the posterior body wall.

ureter
fibrous capsule
renal fascia
perirenal fat capsule

A

perirenal fat capsule

136
Q

Renal ptosis may lead to __________.

hydronephrosis due to urine backup
bleeding in the kidney tissue
degeneration of the perirenal fat
renal calculus formation

A

hydronephrosis due to urine backup

137
Q

The renal __________ is continuous with the ureter.

glomerulus
pelvis
cortex
medulla

A

pelvis

138
Q

All of the following are layers of the filtration membrane in the glomerular membrane, EXCEPT the __________.

basement membrane
renal capsule
fenestrated endothelium
visceral layer

A

renal capsule

139
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the filtration membrane?

basement membrane
extraglomerular mesangial cells
endothelium
podocytes

A

extraglomerular mesangial cells

140
Q

All of the following functions are carried out in the renal tubules, EXCEPT __________.

filtration
formation of urine
reabsorption
secretion

A

filtration

141
Q

All of the following would stimulate the release of renin from granular cells, EXCEPT __________.

hemorrhaging or dehydration
reduced stretching of the granular cells
inhibition by the macula densa cells
stimulation of the granular cells by the sympathetic nervous system

A

inhibition by the macula densa cells

142
Q

The energy needed for secondary active transport is provided by the __________.

cleavage of ATP
concentration gradient established by Na
renal capillary hydrostatic pressure
concentration gradient established by Cl

A

concentration gradient established by Na

143
Q

Which of the following is the countercurrent multiplier in the kidney?

the loop of Henle of a juxtamedullary nephron
the vasa recta
the proximal convoluted tubule
the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule around the glomerulus

A

the loop of Henle of a juxtamedullary nephron

144
Q

Urea transport into the medullary collecting duct is enhanced by __________.

prostaglandin E2
angiotensin II
ADH
renin

A

ADH

145
Q

Which of the following substances is the standard substance used to measure the GFR?

protein
glucose
drug metabolites
inulin

A

inulin

146
Q

Which of the following substances is the largest component of urine by weight after water?

inulin
uric acid
creatinine
urea

A

urea

147
Q

Which of the following is NOT associated with primary nocturnal enuresis?

females over the age of 60 years
unusually sound sleep
inadequate nocturnal ADH production
a small bladder capacity

A

females over the age of 60 years

148
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons account for more than 80% of the nephrons.

True/False

A

False

149
Q

Reabsorption occurs through the renal tubule wall and into the peritubular capillaries.

True/False

A

True

150
Q

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to NaCl and actively transports water into the surrounding interstitial fluids.

True/False

A

False

151
Q

The juxtaglomerular complex contains both osmoreceptors and mechanoreceptors

True/False

A

False

152
Q

The kidneys are located in the lower abdominal cavity at the L5 to S3 region.

True/False

A

False

153
Q

The myogenic control mechanism reflects the fact that vascular smooth muscle tends to contract when stretched.

True/False

A

True

154
Q

The renal cortex contains the glomeruli.

True/False

A

True

155
Q

The thick smooth muscle layer of the bladder is called the trigone.

True/False

A

False

156
Q

The collecting duct is under control of ADH and aldosterone.

True/False

A

True

157
Q

Blood is carried to the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole.

True/False

A

False

158
Q

The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule.

True/False

A

True

159
Q

The stimulus for renin secretion is a drop in systemic blood pressure.

True/False

A

True

160
Q

Renal clearance tests are conducted to test the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

True/False

A

True

161
Q

The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors.

True/False

A

True

162
Q

Blood pressure in the glomerulus is higher than in other capillary beds.

True/False

A

True

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