The Urinary System - I found this Flashcards
1
Q
The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.
True/False
A
True
2
Q
Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.
True/False
A
False
3
Q
The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.
True/False
A
True
4
Q
The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.
True/False
A
False
5
Q
In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.
True/False
A
True
6
Q
Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.
True/False
A
True
7
Q
The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate.
True/False
A
False
8
Q
The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.
True/False
A
False
9
Q
Urea is reabsorbed in the nephron loop.
True/False
A
False
10
Q
Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition.
True/False
A
True
11
Q
The ureters open through pores in the roof of the urinary bladder.
True/False
A
False
12
Q
The kidneys secrete antidiuretic hormone to promote water retention and prevent dehydration.
True/False
A
False
13
Q
The kidney has more distal convoluted tubules than collecting ducts.
True/False
A
True
14
Q
Tight junctions prevent material from leaking between the epithelial cells of the renal tubule.
True/False
A
False
15
Q
Many collecting ducts empty into each minor calyx.
True/False
A
True
16
Q
The glomerulus is a complex of blood capillaries located in the capsular space of the glomerular capsule.
True/False
A
False
17
Q
Each interlobular artery serves multiple nephrons.
True/False
A
True
18
Q
Blood-borne solutes can become incorporated into the urine by either glomerular filtration or tubular secretion.
True/False
A
True
19
Q
The kidneys are normally located in the pelvic cavity.
True/False
A
False
20
Q
There is a transport maximum for nearly every substance that is reabsorbed using a transport protein in the membrane.
True/False
A
True
21
Q
Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?
a. a podocyte
b. an efferent arteriole
c. a fenestrated capillary
d. a vasa recta
A
d. a vasa recta
22
Q
An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.
a. decrease in the production of ADH
b. increase in the production of aldosterone
c. increase in the production of ADH
d. decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma
A
c. increase in the production of ADH
23
Q
The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.
a. simple squamous
b. transitional
c. stratified squamous
d. pseudostratified columnar
A
b. transitional
24
Q
The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.
a. by a decrease in the blood pressure
b. when the peritubular capillaries are dilated
c. when the pH of the urine decreases
d. when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10
A
a. by a decrease in the blood pressure
25
Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?
a. helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood
b. eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat
c. regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones
d. maintains blood osmolarity
b. eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat
26
The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.
a. lobar
b. arcuate
c. interlobar
d. cortical radiate
b. arcuate
27
The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.
a. nephron loop
b. glomerular capsule
c. nephron
d. capsular space
c. nephron
28
The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.
a. the ionic electrochemical gradient
b. protein-regulated diffusion
c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)
d. the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries
c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)
29
Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption?
a. thyroxine
b. ADH
c. aldosterone
d. atrial natriuretic peptide
b. ADH
30
Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method?
a. renal autoregulation
b. hormonal regulation
c. neural regulation
d. electrolyte levels
d. electrolyte levels
31
The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.
a. glomerular filtration membrane
b. distal convoluted tubule
c. collecting duct
d. nephron loop
d. nephron loop
32
Which of the following does not describe the justaglomerular complex?
a. Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.
b. It regulates the rate of filtrate formation.
c. It helps control systemic blood pressure.
d. Its granular cells produce renin.
a. Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.
33
The filtration membrane includes all except ________.
a. glomerular endothelium
b. renal fascia
c. podocytes
d. basement membrane
b. renal fascia
34
Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.
a. not limited by a transport maximum
b. in the distal convoluted tubule
c. hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments
d. accomplished after the nephron loop is reached
c. hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments
35
The macula densa cells respond to ________.
a. changes in solute content of the filtrate
b. aldosterone
c. antidiuretic hormone
d. changes in pressure in the tubule
a. changes in solute content of the filtrate
36
The function of angiotensin II is to ________.
a. decrease the production of aldosterone
b. decrease arterial blood pressure
c. decrease water absorption
d. constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
d. constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
37
Select the correct statement about the nephrons.
a. The glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule.
b. The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.
c. Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron.
d. Filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated capillaries their name.
b. The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.
38
Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.
a. secondary active transport
b. facilitated diffusion
c. passive transport
d. countertransport
a. secondary active transport
39
Which of the choices below is a function of the nephron loop?
a. form a large volume of very concentrated urine or a small volume of very dilute urine
b. absorb electrolytes actively and water by osmosis in the same segments
c. form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine
d. absorb water and electrolytes into the tubular network
c. form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine
40
Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?
a. principal cell
b. vasa recta
c. macula densa
d. nephron loop
c. macula densa
41
Every day the kidneys filter nearly __________ of fluid from the bloodstream.
100 liters
500 liters
200 liters
50 liters
200 liters
42
The perirenal fat capsule is a transparent capsule that prevents infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidney.
True/False
False
43
The __________ is the darker, reddish-brown area of the kidney that exhibits cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids.
renal medulla
renal pelvis
renal column
renal cortex
renal medulla
44
Under normal resting conditions, the __________ arteries deliver one-fourth of the total cardiac output (about 1200 ml) to the kidneys each minute.
renal
interlobar
cortical radiate
segmental
renal
45
__________ are the structural and functional units of the kidneys, which carry out the processes that form urine.
Glomerular capsules
Major calyces
Nephrons
Renal pyramids
Nephrons
46
In what part of the nephron is plasma filtered?
distal convoluted tubule
renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
renal corpuscle
47
The net filtration pressure (NFP) is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane.
True/ False
False
48
In situations where there is an extreme change of blood pressure (e.g., mean arterial pressure of less than 80 mm Hg), extrinsic controls take precedence over intrinsic blood pressure controls.
True/ False
True
49
Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is indicative that glomerular blood pressure may be too low to cause filtration?
hydronephrosis
anuria
pyelitis
renal ptosis
anuria
50
The reason glucose is detected in the urine of individuals with uncontrolled diabetes is because __________.
a. the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption has been exceeded
b. glucose cannot be reabsorbed by the kidney
c. glucose is too large to be filtered by the nephron
d. glucose is secreted in the collecting ducts of diabetics
a. the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption has been exceeded
51
Water can leave the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
True/ False
False
52
Tubular secretion is important for all EXCEPT which of the following?
a. controlling blood pH
b. disposing of substances, such as certain drugs
c. ridding the body of excess glucose
d. eliminating undesirable substances or end products that have been reabsorbed by passive processes
c. ridding the body of excess glucose
53
The descending limb of the loop of Henle is relatively impermeable to solutes and freely permeable to water.
True/ False
True
54
Alcohol and many drugs prescribed for hypertension are all examples of diuretics.
True/ False
True
55
Which of the following is NOT a physical characteristic of freshly voided urine in a healthy person?
a. a given volume of urine has a greater specific gravity than the same volume of distilled water
b. slightly basic in pH
c. slightly aromatic in odor
d. clear and pale to deep yellow in color
b. slightly basic in pH
56
The urethra has two functions in men, but only one in women.
True/ False
True
57
Which of the following is NOT one of the most common causes of incontinence in adults?
a. emotional problems
b. a side effect after general anesthesia
c. nervous system problems
d. physical pressure during pregnancy
b. a side effect after general anesthesia
58
Juxtamedullary nephrons account for more than 80% of the nephrons.
True/ False
False
59
Reabsorption occurs through the renal tubule wall and into the peritubular capillaries.
True/ False
True
60
The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to NaCl and actively transports water into the surrounding interstitial fluids.
True/ False
False
61
The juxtaglomerular complex contains both osmoreceptors and mechanoreceptors
True/ False
False
62
The kidneys are located in the lower abdominal cavity at the L5 to S3 region.
True/ False
False
63
The myogenic control mechanism reflects the fact that vascular smooth muscle tends to contract when stretched.
True/ False
True
64
The renal cortex contains the glomeruli.
True/ False
True
65
The thick smooth muscle layer of the bladder is called the trigone.
True/ False
False
66
The collecting duct is under control of ADH and aldosterone.
True/ False
True
67
Blood is carried to the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole.
True/ False
False
68
The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
True/ False
True
69
The stimulus for renin secretion is a drop in systemic blood pressure.
True/ False
True
70
Renal clearance tests are conducted to test the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
True/ False
True
71
The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors.
True/ False
True
72
Blood pressure in the glomerulus is higher than in other capillary beds.
True/ False
True
73
creatinine - Match the urinary system feature with its correct characteristic.
a. a protein metabolite found in skeletal muscle and excreted in urine
b. waste that actually helps form the medullary gradient
c. a nitrogen waste product from nucleic acid metabolism
d. not normally found in the urine
e. its reabsorption occurs with K+ efflux
a. a protein metabolite found in skeletal muscle and excreted in urine
74
glucose - Match the urinary system feature with its correct characteristic.
a. a protein metabolite found in skeletal muscle and excreted in urine
b. waste that actually helps form the medullary gradient
c. a nitrogen waste product from nucleic acid metabolism
d. not normally found in the urine
e. its reabsorption occurs with K+ efflux
d. not normally found in the urine
75
Na+ - Match the urinary system feature with its correct characteristic.
a. a protein metabolite found in skeletal muscle and excreted in urine
b. waste that actually helps form the medullary gradient
c. a nitrogen waste product from nucleic acid metabolism
d. not normally found in the urine
e. its reabsorption occurs with K+ efflux
e. its reabsorption occurs with K+ efflux
76
urea - Match the urinary system feature with its correct characteristic.
a. a protein metabolite found in skeletal muscle and excreted in urine
b. waste that actually helps form the medullary gradient
c. a nitrogen waste product from nucleic acid metabolism
d. not normally found in the urine
e. its reabsorption occurs with K+ efflux
b. waste that actually helps form the medullary gradient
77
uric acid - Match the urinary system feature with its correct characteristic.
a. a protein metabolite found in skeletal muscle and excreted in urine
b. waste that actually helps form the medullary gradient
c. a nitrogen waste product from nucleic acid metabolism
d. not normally found in the urine
e. its reabsorption occurs with K+ efflux
c. a nitrogen waste product from nucleic acid metabolism
78
juxtaglomerular cells - Match the urinary term with its characteristic.
a. long nephrons that deeply invade the medulla
b. anchors kidneys to surrounding structures
c. specialized chemoreceptors
d. prevents infection from other areas spreading to the kidney
e. specialized mechanoreceptors
e. specialized mechanoreceptors
79
juxtamedullary nephrons - Match the urinary term with its characteristic.
a. long nephrons that deeply invade the medulla
b. anchors kidneys to surrounding structures
c. specialized chemoreceptors
d. prevents infection from other areas spreading to the kidney
e. specialized mechanoreceptors
a. long nephrons that deeply invade the medulla
80
macula densa cells - Match the urinary term with its characteristic.
a. long nephrons that deeply invade the medulla
b. anchors kidneys to surrounding structures
c. specialized chemoreceptors
d. prevents infection from other areas spreading to the kidney
e. specialized mechanoreceptors
c. specialized chemoreceptors
81
fibrous capsule - Match the urinary term with its characteristic.
a. long nephrons that deeply invade the medulla
b. anchors kidneys to surrounding structures
c. specialized chemoreceptors
d. prevents infection from other areas spreading to the kidney
e. specialized mechanoreceptors
d. prevents infection from other areas spreading to the kidney
82
renal fascia - Match the urinary term with its characteristic.
a. long nephrons that deeply invade the medulla
b. anchors kidneys to surrounding structures
c. specialized chemoreceptors
d. prevents infection from other areas spreading to the kidney
e. specialized mechanoreceptors
b. anchors kidneys to surrounding structures
83
"composed of cone-shaped, dark-red masses" - Match the internal anatomical structure with its most appropriate description.
a. minor calyces
b. renal pelvis
c. renal cortex
d. renal medulla
d. renal medulla
84
"light tan in appearance and just deep to the capsule" - Match the internal anatomical structure with its most appropriate description.
a. minor calyces
b. renal pelvis
c. renal cortex
d. renal medulla
c. renal cortex
85
"small, cup-shaped structures at the apex of the renal pyramids" - Match the internal anatomical structure with its most appropriate description.
a. minor calyces
b. renal pelvis
c. renal cortex
d. renal medulla
a. minor calyces
86
"flat, funnel-shaped tube that enters into the ureter" - Match the internal anatomical structure with its most appropriate description.
a. minor calyces
b. renal pelvis
c. renal cortex
d. renal medulla
b. renal pelvis
87
large knot of capillaries at the beginning of the nephron
Match the part of the glomerular structure with its correct description.
a. glomerulus
b. fenestrae
c. renal corpuscle
d. podocytes
a. glomerulus
88
glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman's) capsule, collectively
Match the part of the glomerular structure with its correct description.
a. glomerulus
b. fenestrae
c. renal corpuscle
d. podocytes
c. renal corpuscle
89
the capillary pores of the glomerulus
Match the part of the glomerular structure with its correct description.
a. glomerulus
b. fenestrae
c. renal corpuscle
d. podocytes
b. fenestrae
90
specialized, branched epithelial cells that cling to the glomerulus
Match the part of the glomerular structure with its correct description.
a. glomerulus
b. fenestrae
c. renal corpuscle
d. podocytes
d. podocytes
91
Match the following part of the nephron with its correct function.
"primary site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption "
a. loop of Henle, ascending limb
b. loop of Henle, descending limb
c. distal convoluted tubule
d. proximal convoluted tubule
d. proximal convoluted tubule
92
Match the following part of the nephron with its correct function.
"the major substance reabsorbed here is water by osmosis "
a. loop of Henle, ascending limb
b. loop of Henle, descending limb
c. distal convoluted tubule
d. proximal convoluted tubule
b. loop of Henle, descending limb
93
Match the following part of the nephron with its correct function.
"the major substance reabsorbed here is water by osmosis "
a. loop of Henle, ascending limb
b. loop of Henle, descending limb
c. distal convoluted tubule
d. proximal convoluted tubule
a. loop of Henle, ascending limb
94
Match the following part of the nephron with its correct function.
"sodium and water reabsorbed under hormonal influence in this region"
a. loop of Henle, ascending limb
b. loop of Henle, descending limb
c. distal convoluted tubule
d. proximal convoluted tubule
c. distal convoluted tubule
95
Match the pressure in and around the glomerulus with its correct name.
"the force of blood against the walls of the glomerular capillaries"
a. capsular hydrostatic pressure
b. colloid osmotic pressure
c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure
d. net filtration pressure
c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure
96
Match the pressure in and around the glomerulus with its correct name.
"force that pulls fluid back into the glomerulus from the capsular space"
a. capsular hydrostatic pressure
b. colloid osmotic pressure
c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure
d. net filtration pressure
b. colloid osmotic pressure
97
Match the pressure in and around the glomerulus with its correct name.
"pressure exerted by fluid in the glomerular capsule against the fluids coming out of the glomerulus"
a. capsular hydrostatic pressure
b. colloid osmotic pressure
c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure
d. net filtration pressure
a. capsular hydrostatic pressure
98
Match the pressure in and around the glomerulus with its correct name.
"the sum of all the pressures that act at the level of the glomerulus; responsible for the formation of filtrate"
a. capsular hydrostatic pressure
b. colloid osmotic pressure
c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure
d. net filtration pressure
d. net filtration pressure
99
Afferent arterioles constrict in response to a rise in blood pressure, thus restricting the flow of blood into the glomerulus.
a. tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
b. myogenic mechanism
c. renin-angiotensin system
d. sympathetic branch
b. myogenic mechanism
100
A drop in flow rate through the nephron or a rise in the osmolality of filtrate triggers regulation by this mechanism.
a. tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
b. myogenic mechanism
c. renin-angiotensin system
d. sympathetic branch
a. tubuloglomerular fe edback mechanism
101
Neural control overcomes the renal autoregulatory mechanisms.
a. tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
b. myogenic mechanism
c. renin-angiotensin system
d. sympathetic branch
d. sympathetic branch
102
A drop in systemic blood pressure triggers the release of an enzyme by the kidneys; the release of the enzyme triggers this regulatory system.
a. tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
b. myogenic mechanism
c. renin-angiotensin system
d. sympathetic branch
c. renin-angiotensin system
103
ADH - Match the hormoneto its action on the urinary system.
a. a powerful vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone
b. regulates water reabsorption at the collecting duct
c. enzyme that catalyzes the formation of angiotensin I
d. promotes reabsorption of sodium at the distal convoluted tubule
b. regulates water reabsorption at the collecting duct
104
renin - Match the hormoneto its action on the urinary system.
a. a powerful vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone
b. regulates water reabsorption at the collecting duct
c. enzyme that catalyzes the formation of angiotensin I
d. promotes reabsorption of sodium at the distal convoluted tubule
c. enzyme that catalyzes the formation of angiotensin I
105
angiotensin II - Match the hormoneto its action on the urinary system.
a. a powerful vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone
b. regulates water reabsorption at the collecting duct
c. enzyme that catalyzes the formation of angiotensin I
d. promotes reabsorption of sodium at the distal convoluted tubule
c. enzyme that catalyzes the formation of angiotensin I
106
angiotensin II - Match the hormoneto its action on the urinary system.
a. a powerful vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone
b. regulates water reabsorption at the collecting duct
c. enzyme that catalyzes the formation of angiotensin I
d. promotes reabsorption of sodium at the distal convoluted tubule
a. a powerful vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone
107
usually seen in association with trauma to the kidneys or along the urinary tract - Match the chemical found in urine with the above cause.
a. proteins
b. ketone bodies
c. erythrocytes
d. glucose
c. erythrocytes
108
elevated levels are expected in a diabetic - Match the chemical found in urine with the above cause.
a. proteins
b. ketone bodies
c. erythrocytes
d. glucose
d. glucose
109
elevated levels are evidence of starvation or untreated diabetes mellitus - Match the chemical found in urine with the above cause.
a. proteins
b. ketone bodies
c. erythrocytes
d. glucose
b. ketone bodies
110
often seen after excessive physical exertion (working out) - Match the chemical found in urine with the above cause.
a. proteins
b. ketone bodies
c. erythrocytes
d. glucose
a. proteins
111
blood vessel leading directly into the glomerulus - where in the kidney is this found?
a. peritubular capillaries
b. segmental artery
c. afferent arteriole
d. efferent arteriole
c. afferent arteriole
112
capillaries that surround the tubules of the nephron - where in the kidney is this found?
a. peritubular capillaries
b. segmental artery
c. afferent arteriole
d. efferent arteriole
a. peritubular capillaries
113
these are the first branches of the renal artery after it enters the hilum of the kidney - where in the kidney is this found?
a. peritubular capillaries
b. segmental artery
c. afferent arteriole
d. efferent arteriole
b. segmental artery
114
specialized blood vessel leading away from the glomerulus - where in the kidney is this found?
a. peritubular capillaries
b. segmental artery
c. afferent arteriole
d. efferent arteriole
d. efferent arteriole
115
arcuate artery - where in the kidney is this found?
a. between the renal pyramids
b. between the cortex and medulla
c. exiting the kidney
d. vasa recta
b. between the cortex and medulla
116
interlobar artery - where in the kidney is this found?
a. between the renal pyramids
b. between the cortex and medulla
c. exiting the kidney
d. vasa recta
a. between the renal pyramids
117
renal vein - where in the kidney is this found?
a. between the renal pyramids
b. between the cortex and medulla
c. exiting the kidney
d. vasa recta
c. exiting the kidney
118
surrounding the loop of Henle - where in the kidney is this found?
a. between the renal pyramids
b. between the cortex and medulla
c. exiting the kidney
d. vasa recta
d. vasa recta
119
How is Na+ reabsorbed?
```
by receptor-mediated endocytosis
by diffusion
by active transport using ATP
by osmosis
by facilitated diffusion
```
by active transport using ATP
120
The major calyces are the __________.
a. large branches of the renal pelvis
b. basic functional units of the kidneys
c. cone-shaped structures located in the renal medulla
d. expanded ends of renal pyramids
e. expanded ends of nephrons
a. large branches of the renal pelvis
121
Micturition is __________.
```
a mechanism for concentrating urine
present only in males
a sacral reflex in infants
the secretion of acid
the production of urine
```
a sacral reflex in infants
122
The basic functional unit of the kidney is the __________.
```
major calyx
nephron
renal corpuscle
glomerulus
loop of Henle
```
nephron
123
The blood supply to the nephron is the __________.
```
segmental artery
interlobular artery
renal artery
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
```
afferent arteriole
124
The glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and glomerulus make up the __________.
```
loop of Henle
nephron
papilla
renal corpuscle
collecting system
```
renal corpuscle
125
The most important factor affecting the glomerular filtration rate is __________.
```
capsular osmotic pressure
capsular hydrostatic pressure
blood osmotic pressure
negative pressure
net filtration pressure
```
net filtration pressure
126
When the concentration of ADH increases, __________.
a. less water is reabsorbed by the nephron and collecting duct
b. less urine is produced
c. the specific gravity of the urine decreases
d. more urine is produced
e. more salt is secreted by the nephron
b. less urine is produced
127
Which process results in increased blood pressure in response to hormone release?
```
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
myogenic mechanism
tubuloglomerular response
adrenergic response
countercurrent mechanism
```
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
128
Which structure is the muscular tube that delivers urine to the bladder?
```
papillary duct
urethra
prostate
ureter
renal pelvis
```
ureter
129
Which substance would NOT normally be expected in urine?
```
water
sodium
protein
chloride
nitrogenous waste
```
protein
130
Arrange the following structures in the correct sequence in which urine passes through them to the external environment: (1) ureter, (2) renal pelvis, (3) calyx, (4) urinary bladder, (5) urethra.
2, 4, 1, 3, 5
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
3, 4, 1, 5, 2
3, 2, 1, 4, 5
3, 2, 1, 4, 5
131
If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate __________.
decreases
does not change
increases
cannot be determined
increases
132
The presence of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine can indicate __________.
trauma to the kidneys
albuminuria
infection of the urinary tract
untreated diabetes mellitus
untreated diabetes mellitus
133
Which of the following statements about the urinary system is INCORRECT?
a. It metabolizes vitamin D to its active form.
b. It carries out the majority of gluconeogenesis in the body.
c. It produces renin, which helps regulate blood pressure.
d. It produces erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell formation.
b. It carries out the majority of gluconeogenesis in the body.
134
The renal hilum lies on the __________ surface of the kidney.
superior
lateral
medial
inferior
medial
135
The __________ cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the posterior body wall.
ureter
fibrous capsule
renal fascia
perirenal fat capsule
perirenal fat capsule
136
Renal ptosis may lead to __________.
hydronephrosis due to urine backup
bleeding in the kidney tissue
degeneration of the perirenal fat
renal calculus formation
hydronephrosis due to urine backup
137
The renal __________ is continuous with the ureter.
glomerulus
pelvis
cortex
medulla
pelvis
138
All of the following are layers of the filtration membrane in the glomerular membrane, EXCEPT the __________.
basement membrane
renal capsule
fenestrated endothelium
visceral layer
renal capsule
139
Which of the following is NOT part of the filtration membrane?
basement membrane
extraglomerular mesangial cells
endothelium
podocytes
extraglomerular mesangial cells
140
All of the following functions are carried out in the renal tubules, EXCEPT __________.
filtration
formation of urine
reabsorption
secretion
filtration
141
All of the following would stimulate the release of renin from granular cells, EXCEPT __________.
hemorrhaging or dehydration
reduced stretching of the granular cells
inhibition by the macula densa cells
stimulation of the granular cells by the sympathetic nervous system
inhibition by the macula densa cells
142
The energy needed for secondary active transport is provided by the __________.
cleavage of ATP
concentration gradient established by Na
renal capillary hydrostatic pressure
concentration gradient established by Cl
concentration gradient established by Na
143
Which of the following is the countercurrent multiplier in the kidney?
the loop of Henle of a juxtamedullary nephron
the vasa recta
the proximal convoluted tubule
the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule around the glomerulus
the loop of Henle of a juxtamedullary nephron
144
Urea transport into the medullary collecting duct is enhanced by __________.
prostaglandin E2
angiotensin II
ADH
renin
ADH
145
Which of the following substances is the standard substance used to measure the GFR?
protein
glucose
drug metabolites
inulin
inulin
146
Which of the following substances is the largest component of urine by weight after water?
inulin
uric acid
creatinine
urea
urea
147
Which of the following is NOT associated with primary nocturnal enuresis?
females over the age of 60 years
unusually sound sleep
inadequate nocturnal ADH production
a small bladder capacity
females over the age of 60 years
148
Juxtamedullary nephrons account for more than 80% of the nephrons.
True/False
False
149
Reabsorption occurs through the renal tubule wall and into the peritubular capillaries.
True/False
True
150
The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to NaCl and actively transports water into the surrounding interstitial fluids.
True/False
False
151
The juxtaglomerular complex contains both osmoreceptors and mechanoreceptors
True/False
False
152
The kidneys are located in the lower abdominal cavity at the L5 to S3 region.
True/False
False
153
The myogenic control mechanism reflects the fact that vascular smooth muscle tends to contract when stretched.
True/False
True
154
The renal cortex contains the glomeruli.
True/False
True
155
The thick smooth muscle layer of the bladder is called the trigone.
True/False
False
156
The collecting duct is under control of ADH and aldosterone.
True/False
True
157
Blood is carried to the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole.
True/False
False
158
The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
True/False
True
159
The stimulus for renin secretion is a drop in systemic blood pressure.
True/False
True
160
Renal clearance tests are conducted to test the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
True/False
True
161
The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors.
True/False
True
162
Blood pressure in the glomerulus is higher than in other capillary beds.
True/False
True
