Patient Centered Care - Chapter 4 most recent - part 2

Question 1

What is the name of Piaget’s theory?

Answer 1

Cognitive theory (cognitive development)

Question 2

How many stages are in Piaget’s theory?

Answer 2

4

Question 3

What did the four stages of development have to do with?

Answer 3

Learning to understand and relate logically to the world

Question 4

What two things did Piaget’s theory involve in regards to the environment?

Answer 4

sensory and motor interactions with the environment

Question 5

What does the information-processing theory state?

Answer 5

That information is input, is processed mentally, and is then followed by an output of judgement and decision making

Question 6

What is information processing believed to be the basis of?

Answer 6

Problem solving and critical thinking abilities

Question 7

Does the basic technique of information processing tend to change with age?

Answer 7

No, only the speed and efficiency of the processing improves with age to adulthood

Question 8

What is the name of the first stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory and what age does it happen?

Answer 8

Sensorimotor Stage Birth to 2 years

Question 9

What are 3 cognitive milestone of the first stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory?

Answer 9

Gains developmental understanding of object permanence. Understands cause and effect. Understands differences in time of day.

Question 10

What is the name of the second stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory and what age does it happen?

Answer 10

Preoperational 2 - 7 years

Question 11

What is the cognitive milestone of the second stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory?

Answer 11

attributes life to inanimate objects. Child believes he or she is the center of world. Sees only the obvious. Understands only one bit of information at a time without seeing abstract relationships. Develops language skills. Uses pretend play. Begins to use logic to understand rules.

Question 12

What is the name of the third stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory and what age does it happen?

Answer 12

Concrete operations 7 - 11 years

Question 13

What is the cognitive milestone of the third stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory?

Answer 13

Can understand more than one piece of information simultaneously. Has a realistic understanding of the world. Focuses on the present, not the future.

Question 14

What is the name of the fourth stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory and what age does it happen?

Answer 14

Formal operations Adolescent

Question 15

What is the cognitive milestone of the fourth stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory?

Answer 15

Can think abstractly and understands symbols. Can think in hypothetical terms. Is future oriented. Understands scientific bases of theories. Cultural practices play a role in helping the adolescent understand “rules” and develop the moral sense of what is right.

Question 16

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 16

If basic needs are met, the individual can move to higher levels of thought and self fulfilment

Question 17

How many levels are there on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 17

5

Question 18

What is the order of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 18

Self-actualization, Esteem, Love and belonging, Safety and protection, Physiological needs

Question 19

What are some physiological needs according to Maslow?

Answer 19

Air, Water, Food, Elimination, Shelter, Rest

Question 20

What does Maslow believe people need safety and protection from?

Answer 20

Harm

Question 21

Describe what Maslow says about love and belonging

Answer 21

You need Love and a feeling of belonging to someone or some group

Question 22

What is esteem according to Maslow?

Answer 22

The need to respect oneself and to be respected by others

Question 23

What is self actualization according to Maslow?

Answer 23

The state of becoming a complete person, fulfilling one’s greatest potential prioritize care needs based on Maslow’s hierarchy: Patient comes in and they have a broken arm

Question 24

Which one would that be?

Answer 24

Safety and Protection from Harm Prioritize care needs based on Maslow’s hierarchy: Patient (child) comes in and says parents can’t afford to feed him and he’s hungry

Question 25

Which one would that be?

Answer 25

Physiological needs Prioritize care needs based on Maslow's hierarchy: Patient comes in and says they are really lonely because their wife died and they never had children and they are feeling sad

Question 26

Which one would that be?

Answer 26

Love and belonging Prioritize care needs based on Maslow's hierarchy: Patient comes in and says they are working really hard at work to get a promotion

Question 27

Which one would that be?

Answer 27

Esteem Prioritize care needs based on Maslow's hierarchy: Patient comes in and is really excited about running a successful non-profit that helps children in Africa

Question 28

Which one would that be?

Answer 28

Self actualization

Question 29

What is the social learning theory?

Answer 29

involves exposure to and imitation of a behavior.

Question 30

Give an example of a child using the social learning theory

Answer 30

Children often imitate what they see. If a father mows the lawn and receives praise for his work, the child witnesses the scenario and receives reinforcement for the positive aspects of that behavior.

Question 31

Give two reasons why a child will copy behavior

Answer 31

The child may copy that behavior because of curiosity or a desire to mimic the behavior of people he or she admires.

Question 32

When does the copying behavior usually happen?

Answer 32

The child usually copies parents when they are young and then may copy peers, teachers, friends, gangs (so this can be good and bad if there is positive reinforcement for the good or the bad behavior.

Question 33

Give an example of when it could be bad for a child to imitate using the social learning theory

Answer 33

A child imitates gang members and the gang members praise the child and the child becomes a criminal

Question 34

What is the name of Kohlberg's theory?

Answer 34

Moral reasoning theory

Question 35

Describe Kohlberg's theory

Answer 35

the development of a set of social rules that enables a person to differentiate right from wrong, and moral behavior is based on perception and integration of these rules.

Question 36

How many stages are in the moral reasoning theory?

Answer 36

3

Question 37

What is the name of the first stage of the moral reasoning theory and what age does it occur?

Answer 37

Pre-conventional toddler early childhood

Question 38

What kind of behavior does a toddler show?

Answer 38

Obeys rules to avoid punishments

Question 39

What kind of behavior does a child in early childhood show?

Answer 39

Seeks to avoid punishment

Question 40

What is the name of the second stage of the moral reasoning theory and what age does it occur?

Answer 40

Conventional School age

Question 41

What kind of behavior do they show in school age?

Answer 41

Conforms to rules to gain recognition or reward

Question 42

What is the name of the third stage of the moral reasoning theory and what age does it occur?

Answer 42

Post conventional, Adolescent and adult , Older adult

Question 43

What kind of behavior does an adolescent and adult show?

Answer 43

Follows rules that lead others to perceive person as "good" develops a sense of responsibility

Question 44

What kind of behavior does an older adult show?

Answer 44

Develops own set of principles that may overrule social laws or customs. Is independent.

Question 45

Compare social learning theory and moral reasoning theory

Answer 45

Both theories involve rewarding a person or child for doing something. In social learning the child imitates a behavior to be rewarded or because the other person was rewarded or because they admire the person or because they are curious. Positive reinforcement can be good or it can be bad if the behavior that is being rewarded is bad. With moral reasoning the person develops rules to determine right from wrong. Moral behavior is also considered learned. Rewards are given when a child behaves morally. This develops more moral behavior.

Question 46

Discuss how understanding developmental theories can enhance health related teaching at various stages.

Answer 46

You could modify how you are teaching the patient depending on how old they are and what level of development and understanding that they are at. You would "teach" and infant with basic words, body movements, smiles, etc. You would teach a toddler also in very basic terms but you could advance the level of teaching to include full sentences. You could teach a school age child how to take their medicine. For the elderly you may need to remind them multiple times to take their medicine, because they might forget.

Question 47

List 4 physiologic changes that occur over the lifespan.

Answer 47

Physiologic: getting taller, gaining weight, organs develop, sexual organs develop

Question 48

List 4 cognitive changes that occur over the lifespan.

Answer 48

Cognitive: learning to grasp blocks, learning to read, writing a novel, building a commercial building

Question 49

List 4 personality changes that occur over the lifespan.

Answer 49

Personality: infant smiles and giggles at parents, pre-school learns to get along well with others, adolescent joins a gang and misbehaves, adult goes to church and decides to follow rules and volunteers at church

Question 50

List 4 social changes that occur over the lifespan.

Answer 50

Social: infant "socializes" (or smiles and giggles) with parents, pre-school child makes friends at pre-school, adolescent joins a soccer team, adult volunteers at homeless shelter

Question 51

List 4 emotional changes that occur over the lifespan.

Answer 51

Emotional: infant cries when he/she is hungry, pre-school child won't share their new toy with others, adolescent gets excited when he wins a state championship, mother cries tears of joy when her baby is born

Question 52

Define rationalization as a defense mechanism

Answer 52

Rationalization - Developing a plausible excuse for unacceptable behavior

Question 53

Define repression as a defense mechanism

Answer 53

Repression - "Forgetting" an unpleasant experience

Question 54

Define projection as a defense mechanism

Answer 54

Projection - Attributing one's thoughts or feelings to another person

Question 55

Define displacement as a defense mechanism

Answer 55

Displacement - Expressing feelings (often anger) one has about a person toward another innocent person

Question 56

Define reaction formation as a defense mechanism

Answer 56

Reaction formation - Acting just the opposite of what one feels (e.g., acting sure of oneself when one is really feeling insecure)

Question 57

Define regression as a defense mechanism

Answer 57

Regression - Reverting to immature behavior

Question 58

Define sublimation as a defense mechanism

Answer 58

Sublimation - Rechanneling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable ones (e.g., channeling aggression into playing football)

Question 59

Define Identification as a defense mechanism

Answer 59

Joining a group so that its positive identity will be reflected on oneself

Question 60

List the 7 developmental theories and who developed each

Answer 60

Freud - psychosexual theory, Erikson - psychosocial theory, Piaget - cognitive theory, Kohlberg - moral reasoning theory, Maslow - hierarchy of needs, Bandura and Mischel - social learning theory, Pavlov and Skinner - behaviorist theory

Question 61

Who developed classical conditioning?

Answer 61

Pavlov

Question 62

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 62

has to do with associating (pairing) things in the environment. Example: when an individual eats a food that causes the unpleasant symptoms of food poisoning, that individual may develop an aversion to that food. The food poisoning was paired with that food, because they were experienced together. Because of this, that particular food is associated with negative feelings even without food poisoning occurring again.

Question 63

Who came up with psychodynamic theories?

Answer 63

Freud

Question 64

What should we know about psychodynamic theories?

Answer 64

focus on personality trait development and psychological challenges at different ages

Question 65

What did Freud believe about the personality?

Answer 65

He believed that personality grows, develops and changes during the lifespan

Question 66

Define the Id

Answer 66

(the unconscious) Is present at birth and generates impulses that seek immediate pleasure and satisfaction

Question 67

Define the ego

Answer 67

the ego is a view of the self or image a person wants to convey to others

Question 68

Define the superego

Answer 68

emerges between 3 and 5 years of age, delays immediate gratification for socially reasons, and represents recognition of good and bad. it is also known as a moral guide for a conscience

Question 69

When did Freud believe that conflict occurs?

Answer 69

When society gives mixed messages

Question 70

What does the conflict produce?

Answer 70

It causes the Id to produce anxiety

Question 71

What happens after the Id produces anxiety?

Answer 71

rises to the surface (ego) and becomes evident to the individual in his or her feelings and behavior

Question 72

What do defense mechanisms do according to Freud?

Answer 72

they protect the ego by hiding unpleasant feelings and serve as a defense against anxiety

Question 73

When does the Oedipus complex happen?

Answer 73

Phallic stage

Question 74

What is the Oedipus complex?

Answer 74

arises during the phallic stage of development - boys compete with fathers for mother's love and attention. Boy prefers attention from mother. At end of stage boy decides to identify with father and desires attention from both parents.

Question 75

When does the electra anxiety happen?

Answer 75

About age 5

Question 76

What is the electra anxiety?

Answer 76

little girls compete with mother for love and attention of father. At end of stage girl stops competing with Mom and desires attention from both parents.