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Study Decks > Patient Centered Care - Chapter 4 most recent - part 2 > Flashcards

Patient Centered Care - Chapter 4 most recent - part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of Piaget’s theory?

A

Cognitive theory (cognitive development)

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2
Q

How many stages are in Piaget’s theory?

A

4

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3
Q

What did the four stages of development have to do with?

A

Learning to understand and relate logically to the world

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4
Q

What two things did Piaget’s theory involve in regards to the environment?

A

sensory and motor interactions with the environment

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5
Q

What does the information-processing theory state?

A

That information is input, is processed mentally, and is then followed by an output of judgement and decision making

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6
Q

What is information processing believed to be the basis of?

A

Problem solving and critical thinking abilities

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7
Q

Does the basic technique of information processing tend to change with age?

A

No, only the speed and efficiency of the processing improves with age to adulthood

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8
Q

What is the name of the first stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory and what age does it happen?

A

Sensorimotor Stage Birth to 2 years

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9
Q

What are 3 cognitive milestone of the first stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory?

A

Gains developmental understanding of object permanence. Understands cause and effect. Understands differences in time of day.

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10
Q

What is the name of the second stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory and what age does it happen?

A

Preoperational 2 - 7 years

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11
Q

What is the cognitive milestone of the second stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory?

A

attributes life to inanimate objects. Child believes he or she is the center of world. Sees only the obvious. Understands only one bit of information at a time without seeing abstract relationships. Develops language skills. Uses pretend play. Begins to use logic to understand rules.

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12
Q

What is the name of the third stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory and what age does it happen?

A

Concrete operations 7 - 11 years

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13
Q

What is the cognitive milestone of the third stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory?

A

Can understand more than one piece of information simultaneously. Has a realistic understanding of the world. Focuses on the present, not the future.

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14
Q

What is the name of the fourth stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory and what age does it happen?

A

Formal operations Adolescent

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15
Q

What is the cognitive milestone of the fourth stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory?

A

Can think abstractly and understands symbols. Can think in hypothetical terms. Is future oriented. Understands scientific bases of theories. Cultural practices play a role in helping the adolescent understand “rules” and develop the moral sense of what is right.

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16
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

If basic needs are met, the individual can move to higher levels of thought and self fulfilment

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17
Q

How many levels are there on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

5

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18
Q

What is the order of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Self-actualization, Esteem, Love and belonging, Safety and protection, Physiological needs

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19
Q

What are some physiological needs according to Maslow?

A

Air, Water, Food, Elimination, Shelter, Rest

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20
Q

What does Maslow believe people need safety and protection from?

A

Harm

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21
Q

Describe what Maslow says about love and belonging

A

You need Love and a feeling of belonging to someone or some group

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22
Q

What is esteem according to Maslow?

A

The need to respect oneself and to be respected by others

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23
Q

What is self actualization according to Maslow?

A

The state of becoming a complete person, fulfilling one’s greatest potential prioritize care needs based on Maslow’s hierarchy: Patient comes in and they have a broken arm

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24
Q

Which one would that be?

A

Safety and Protection from Harm Prioritize care needs based on Maslow’s hierarchy: Patient (child) comes in and says parents can’t afford to feed him and he’s hungry

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25
Q

Which one would that be?

A

Physiological needs Prioritize care needs based on Maslow’s hierarchy: Patient comes in and says they are really lonely because their wife died and they never had children and they are feeling sad

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26
Q

Which one would that be?

A

Love and belonging Prioritize care needs based on Maslow’s hierarchy: Patient comes in and says they are working really hard at work to get a promotion

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27
Q

Which one would that be?

A

Esteem Prioritize care needs based on Maslow’s hierarchy: Patient comes in and is really excited about running a successful non-profit that helps children in Africa

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28
Q

Which one would that be?

A

Self actualization

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29
Q

What is the social learning theory?

A

involves exposure to and imitation of a behavior.

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30
Q

Give an example of a child using the social learning theory

A

Children often imitate what they see. If a father mows the lawn and receives praise for his work, the child witnesses the scenario and receives reinforcement for the positive aspects of that behavior.

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31
Q

Give two reasons why a child will copy behavior

A

The child may copy that behavior because of curiosity or a desire to mimic the behavior of people he or she admires.

32
Q

When does the copying behavior usually happen?

A

The child usually copies parents when they are young and then may copy peers, teachers, friends, gangs (so this can be good and bad if there is positive reinforcement for the good or the bad behavior.

33
Q

Give an example of when it could be bad for a child to imitate using the social learning theory

A

A child imitates gang members and the gang members praise the child and the child becomes a criminal

34
Q

What is the name of Kohlberg’s theory?

A

Moral reasoning theory

35
Q

Describe Kohlberg’s theory

A

the development of a set of social rules that enables a person to differentiate right from wrong, and moral behavior is based on perception and integration of these rules.

36
Q

How many stages are in the moral reasoning theory?

A

3

37
Q

What is the name of the first stage of the moral reasoning theory and what age does it occur?

A

Pre-conventional toddler early childhood

38
Q

What kind of behavior does a toddler show?

A

Obeys rules to avoid punishments

39
Q

What kind of behavior does a child in early childhood show?

A

Seeks to avoid punishment

40
Q

What is the name of the second stage of the moral reasoning theory and what age does it occur?

A

Conventional School age

41
Q

What kind of behavior do they show in school age?

A

Conforms to rules to gain recognition or reward

42
Q

What is the name of the third stage of the moral reasoning theory and what age does it occur?

A

Post conventional, Adolescent and adult , Older adult

43
Q

What kind of behavior does an adolescent and adult show?

A

Follows rules that lead others to perceive person as “good” develops a sense of responsibility

44
Q

What kind of behavior does an older adult show?

A

Develops own set of principles that may overrule social laws or customs. Is independent.

45
Q

Compare social learning theory and moral reasoning theory

A

Both theories involve rewarding a person or child for doing something. In social learning the child imitates a behavior to be rewarded or because the other person was rewarded or because they admire the person or because they are curious. Positive reinforcement can be good or it can be bad if the behavior that is being rewarded is bad. With moral reasoning the person develops rules to determine right from wrong. Moral behavior is also considered learned. Rewards are given when a child behaves morally. This develops more moral behavior.

46
Q

Discuss how understanding developmental theories can enhance health related teaching at various stages.

A

You could modify how you are teaching the patient depending on how old they are and what level of development and understanding that they are at. You would “teach” and infant with basic words, body movements, smiles, etc. You would teach a toddler also in very basic terms but you could advance the level of teaching to include full sentences. You could teach a school age child how to take their medicine. For the elderly you may need to remind them multiple times to take their medicine, because they might forget.

47
Q

List 4 physiologic changes that occur over the lifespan.

A

Physiologic: getting taller, gaining weight, organs develop, sexual organs develop

48
Q

List 4 cognitive changes that occur over the lifespan.

A

Cognitive: learning to grasp blocks, learning to read, writing a novel, building a commercial building

49
Q

List 4 personality changes that occur over the lifespan.

A

Personality: infant smiles and giggles at parents, pre-school learns to get along well with others, adolescent joins a gang and misbehaves, adult goes to church and decides to follow rules and volunteers at church

50
Q

List 4 social changes that occur over the lifespan.

A

Social: infant “socializes” (or smiles and giggles) with parents, pre-school child makes friends at pre-school, adolescent joins a soccer team, adult volunteers at homeless shelter

51
Q

List 4 emotional changes that occur over the lifespan.

A

Emotional: infant cries when he/she is hungry, pre-school child won’t share their new toy with others, adolescent gets excited when he wins a state championship, mother cries tears of joy when her baby is born

52
Q

Define rationalization as a defense mechanism

A

Rationalization - Developing a plausible excuse for unacceptable behavior

53
Q

Define repression as a defense mechanism

A

Repression - “Forgetting” an unpleasant experience

54
Q

Define projection as a defense mechanism

A

Projection - Attributing one’s thoughts or feelings to another person

55
Q

Define displacement as a defense mechanism

A

Displacement - Expressing feelings (often anger) one has about a person toward another innocent person

56
Q

Define reaction formation as a defense mechanism

A

Reaction formation - Acting just the opposite of what one feels (e.g., acting sure of oneself when one is really feeling insecure)

57
Q

Define regression as a defense mechanism

A

Regression - Reverting to immature behavior

58
Q

Define sublimation as a defense mechanism

A

Sublimation - Rechanneling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable ones (e.g., channeling aggression into playing football)

59
Q

Define Identification as a defense mechanism

A

Joining a group so that its positive identity will be reflected on oneself

60
Q

List the 7 developmental theories and who developed each

A

Freud - psychosexual theory, Erikson - psychosocial theory, Piaget - cognitive theory, Kohlberg - moral reasoning theory, Maslow - hierarchy of needs, Bandura and Mischel - social learning theory, Pavlov and Skinner - behaviorist theory

61
Q

Who developed classical conditioning?

A

Pavlov

62
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

has to do with associating (pairing) things in the environment. Example: when an individual eats a food that causes the unpleasant symptoms of food poisoning, that individual may develop an aversion to that food. The food poisoning was paired with that food, because they were experienced together. Because of this, that particular food is associated with negative feelings even without food poisoning occurring again.

63
Q

Who came up with psychodynamic theories?

A

Freud

64
Q

What should we know about psychodynamic theories?

A

focus on personality trait development and psychological challenges at different ages

65
Q

What did Freud believe about the personality?

A

He believed that personality grows, develops and changes during the lifespan

66
Q

Define the Id

A

(the unconscious) Is present at birth and generates impulses that seek immediate pleasure and satisfaction

67
Q

Define the ego

A

the ego is a view of the self or image a person wants to convey to others

68
Q

Define the superego

A

emerges between 3 and 5 years of age, delays immediate gratification for socially reasons, and represents recognition of good and bad. it is also known as a moral guide for a conscience

69
Q

When did Freud believe that conflict occurs?

A

When society gives mixed messages

70
Q

What does the conflict produce?

A

It causes the Id to produce anxiety

71
Q

What happens after the Id produces anxiety?

A

rises to the surface (ego) and becomes evident to the individual in his or her feelings and behavior

72
Q

What do defense mechanisms do according to Freud?

A

they protect the ego by hiding unpleasant feelings and serve as a defense against anxiety

73
Q

When does the Oedipus complex happen?

A

Phallic stage

74
Q

What is the Oedipus complex?

A

arises during the phallic stage of development - boys compete with fathers for mother’s love and attention. Boy prefers attention from mother. At end of stage boy decides to identify with father and desires attention from both parents.

75
Q

When does the electra anxiety happen?

A

About age 5

76
Q

What is the electra anxiety?

A

little girls compete with mother for love and attention of father. At end of stage girl stops competing with Mom and desires attention from both parents.

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