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Study Decks > Kaplan Prep - Blood > Flashcards

Kaplan Prep - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main portions of blood?

A
  1. Plasma2. the FORMED ELEMENTS consisting of RBCs, WBCs, and PLATELETS
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2
Q

What is Plasma?

A

It is the liquid portion of the blood.

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3
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells

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4
Q

What is an acronym used for “red blood cells”?

A

RBCs

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5
Q

What is the key component of RBCs and what function does it perform?

A

hemoglobin which can carry oxygen to the body

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6
Q

Why are RBCs red in color?

A

The reddish color is due to the hemoglobin

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7
Q

Where are red blood cells made?

A

In the bone marrow

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8
Q

Where are red blood cells destroyed?

A

In the liver and the spleen

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9
Q

What is another name for leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

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10
Q

What do white blood cells (leukocytes) do?

A

help protect the body from infection and disease by destroying foreign material

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11
Q

Are white blood cells able to squeeze through the capillary wall and enter the tissue fluid?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What are platelets?

A

Platelets are blood clot cells.

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13
Q

How do platelets perform the process of blood clotting?

A

As the platelets “clump” at the site injury, they activate the formation of fibrin threads, which, intertwined with red blood cells, form the framework for the clot.

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14
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells?

A
  1. Granulocytes 2. Agranulocytes
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15
Q

What are the three types of cells included in Granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

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16
Q

What type of cells are the most abundant white blood cell?

A

Neutrophils

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17
Q

What are Neutrophils responsible for?

A

fighting infections(especially those that involve bacteria)

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18
Q

What do Neutrophils use to destroy invaders?

A

Phagocytosis (the ingestion of foreign materials)

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19
Q

What do Eosinophils respond to?

A

allergic reactions and parasitic infections

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20
Q

What do Basophils do?

A

They are involved in the release of histamines

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21
Q

What are the rarest type of Granulocyte?

A

Basophils

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22
Q

What is the most abundant type of Granulocyte?

A

Neutrophils

23
Q

Where are Lymphocytes located?

A

in the lymphatic system

24
Q

Are Lymphocytes red blood cells or white blood cells?

A

white blood cells

25
Q

How many nuclei do Lymphocytes have?

A

a single nucleus

26
Q

What are the four different types of lymphocytes?

A

T cells,B cells,natural killer cells,plasma cells

27
Q

What are the three functions of lymphocytes?

A

attacking foreign cells, destroying body cells that have lost normal function, making antibodies

28
Q

What are the sizes of lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocyte size can vary but lymphocytes are larger than red blood cells but generally smaller than other white blood cells

29
Q

What are Monocytes?

A

They are large white blood cells with a “U” or kidney bean shaped nucleus. Monocytes can move into the tissue where they are then called macrophages. Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes.

30
Q

What do you call a monocytes that can move into tissue?

A

Macrophages.

31
Q

Are monocytes and Macrophages both Phagocytes?

A

Yes!

32
Q

List the four components of the lymphatic system.

A

1.Lymphatic vessels 2. Lymph nodes 3. Spleen 4. Thymus gland

33
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymphatic vessels carry lymph fluid from the lymphatic capillary system to the subclavian veins

34
Q

What is the function of Lymph nodes?

A

rid the flowing lymph of infectious organisms and other debris.

35
Q

What are the two functions of the spleen?

A
  1. to extract old or defective blood cells and platelets 2. remove debris, foreign matter, bacteria, viruses and toxins from the blood that flows through it.
36
Q

What is the function of Lymphocytes and Macrophages?

A

They remove infectious organisms and other debris

37
Q

What is the function of thymus gland?

A

Thymus gland secretes hormones which enable the T lymphocytes to mature and function as part of the immunity system

38
Q

What are tonsils?

A

The tonsils are a group of small lymphoid organs surrounding the throat which gather and destroy bacteria in inhaled air or food.

39
Q

What cells are involved in providing specific immune responses for the main lymphocytes?

A

T cells and the B cells.

40
Q

Where are millions of B cells produced?

A

In the bone marrow.

41
Q

What does each B cell have on it’s surface (it has lots of them)?

A

B cell receptors

42
Q

What is an antigen?

A

An antigen is any molecule which can be specifically recognized as foreign by the immune system.

43
Q

When are B cells activated?

A

B cells are activated when an antigen BINDS with the B cell’s receptor.

44
Q

What are the two things that an activated B cell does?

A

Divides to make memory B cells, Creates plasma cells that make antibodies

45
Q

What happens once the B cell is activated?

A

Once activated, the B cell begins to rapidly divide

46
Q

What is an antibody?

A

a soluble form of the glycoprotein receptor from the B cell’s surface

47
Q

What happens when the antibody is released by a B cell?

A

it binds to the invading antigen either:1. rendering it inactive or 2. causing its destruction through interaction with phagocytes.

48
Q

What will happen to some activated B cells?

A

Some activated B cells become memory B cells which continue to produce a small amount of antibody after the infection is over.

49
Q

What happens if the same pathogen enters the body again?

A

If the same pathogen enters the body again, the antibody immediately binds with the antigen and targets it for destruction.

50
Q

Where do T cells originate?

A

T cells originate in bone marrow and it matures in the thymus gland.

51
Q

What kind of cell do killer T cells recognize and what do they do with them?

A

Killer T cells recognize and destroy invading cells containing foreign antigens.

52
Q

What are the three types of cells that killer T cells attack by releasing cytokines and enzymes which lyse the cell?

A

virus infected cells,cancer cells,tissue grafts

53
Q

What do the substances that Helper T cells secrete DO?

A

activate or enhance immune responses

54
Q

What cells do B cells need an interaction with before they can begin rapid division?

A

Helper T cells

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