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Study Decks > Patient Centered Care - Chapter 4 most recent - part 1 > Flashcards

Patient Centered Care - Chapter 4 most recent - part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Growth and Development

A

The sequence of physical, psychosocial, and cognitive developmental changes that take place over the human lifespan

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2
Q

Growth and development occurs as a simultaneous, ongoing interrelationship with what three aspects of change?

A

Growth , Differentiation , Maturation

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3
Q

Growth and development are measured by what four metrics?

A

physical growth, developmental tasks, differentiation, maturation

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4
Q

Define physiological development

A

refers to the growth and changes in body tissues and organ systems and the resultant changes in body functions and proportions.

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5
Q

What causes physiological development?

A

cellular growth as a normal part of body development

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6
Q

Examples of physiological development

A

infant hematopoietic maturity secondary sexual characteristic development leading to sexual function

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7
Q

What two categories is motoric development broken down into?

A

gross motor and fine motor

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8
Q

Does progression of motoric skills go from the achievement of gross motor skills to fine motor skills or from fine motor skills to gross motor skills?

A

It progresses from achievement of gross motor to fine motor skills

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9
Q

What do you call the process of progressing from the achievment of gross motor skills to the achievement of fine motor skills?

A

the process is called refinement.

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10
Q

Gross motor skills involve the use of what?

A

large muscles

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11
Q

Fine motor skills involve the use of what?

A

small muscles

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12
Q

Name five examples of gross motor skills

A

sitting, standing, maintaining balance, walking, running, walking up stairs without assistance, playing soccer

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13
Q

Name five examples of fine motor skills

A

batting at an object, reaching and holding an object, transferring an object from hand to hand, holding a pencil in a refined grasp, making marks with a pencil, writing letters, writing words, creating masterful artwork, using hands and fingers to eat, using hands and fingers to draw, using hands and fingers to dress and play

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14
Q

Cause of fine motoric development

A

is contingent upon cognitive and neurologic development

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15
Q

define social and emotional development

A

development of self-understanding, understanding others, and understanding social interactions.

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16
Q

What order does social and emotional development usually occur in?

A

They usually occur in this order: self, others, social interaction

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17
Q

Why is knowledge of social/emotional skills critical?

A

it directs effective communication with an individual(s) and may impact suggested environmental strategies for an individual to attain optimal functioning.

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18
Q

What four items make up the definition of cognitive development?

A

working memory capacity, cognitive self-regulation, processing and use of information about the environment and objects in the environment, understanding the relationships between self and this information

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19
Q

What do cognitive development “outcomes” underlie?

A

the development of critical thinking skills and executive functioning

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20
Q

What is included in critical thinking and executive functioning?

A

learning, forming concepts, understanding, problem solving, reasoning, remembering, and thinking abstractly.

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21
Q

What do the complex aspects of cognitive development in combination with advanced social/emotional developmental stages enable?

A

moral and spiritual development

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22
Q

What is the definition of communication?

A

Communication is a process that requires both receptive and expressive skills.

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23
Q

Who is language shared by?

A

a group of people

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24
Q

Language involves a set of rules that allows the communication of what three things?

A

thoughts, ideas, emotions

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25
Q

What 2 skills does communication require?

A

receptive and expressive skills

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26
Q

What are the three components of speech?

A

articulation, voice, fluency

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27
Q

What is expressive language function?

A

ability to develop and express one’s own thoughts, ideas, and emotions

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28
Q

What is receptive language function?

A

The ability to hear and understand what others say

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29
Q

What six things do speech and language development synergistically occur with?

A

cognitive development
neurologic development
fine motor development
requires optimal sensory function (hearing),
requires sensory integration,
and interactional relationships to develop and refine

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30
Q

When does the language explosion or “period of exuberance” occur?

A

18 months to 3 years of age

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31
Q

What part of the brain is developed in the “period of exuberance”?

A

The frontal lobe

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32
Q

Why is the language explosion or “period of exuberance” a critical time?

A

If significant language and speech gains are not made during this time, the delay may result in learning disorders.

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33
Q

What is Adaptive development?

A

refers to the acquisition of a range of skills that enable independence at home and in the community

34
Q

How does a person demonstrate skills for adaptive development?

A

demonstration of skills requires advanced and complex skills in each of the other developmental domains previously discussed and efficient sensory integration processes

35
Q

What are examples of adaptive development?

A

self-care activities such as dressing/undressing, eating/feeding, toileting, grooming, management of one’s immediate environment, crossing the street safely, going to the store, following rules of politeness when interacting with others, Cooperation, a level of moral and ethical decision making, abilities to follow social and cultural folkways, mores, taboos, rules, and laws

36
Q

What are two milestones for the “infant” age-group?

A

grasps objects, recognizes parents

37
Q

What are two milestones for the “toddler” age-group?

A

Toddler - speaking in two word sentences, learning to walk

38
Q

What are two milestones for the “preschool” age-group?

A

Preschool - makes friends with others, learns shapes and colors

39
Q

What are two milestones for the “school age” age-group?

A

School Age - better communication with others, learns to read and write

40
Q

What are two milestones for the “adolescent” age-group?

A

Adolescent - learning to drive, playing sports, involved in social activities like boy scouts, relationship with opposite sex, making future plans such as college

41
Q

What are two milestones for the “young adult” age-group?

A

Young Adult - has a good relationship with their family, getting married, get a job, possibly having kids

42
Q

What are two milestones for the “middle adult” age-group?

A

Middle Adult - does well at their job, involved with their community

43
Q

What are two milestones for the “older-adult” age-group?

A

Older Adult - retains their abilities, retains their memory

44
Q

What are the three interrelated concepts that play an influential role in normal development?

A

Functional ability, Culture, Nutrition

45
Q

What was the name of Freud’s developmental theory?

A

Psychosexual development

46
Q

Discuss Freud’s theory of psychosexual development

A

Freud believed that at different ages, particular areas of the body provide the chief source of sensual pleasure and that experiences with these pleasure centers significantly impact the development of personality

47
Q

How many stages are in Freud’s theory of psychosexual development?

A

Five

48
Q

What is the 1st stage of Freud’s theory of psychosexual development and when does it happen?

A

Oral Birth to 1 Year

49
Q

What is the 2nd stage of Freud’s theory of psychosexual development and when does it happen?

A

Anal 1 to 3 years

50
Q

What is the 3rd stage of Freud’s theory of psychosexual development and when does it happen?

A

Phallic 3 to 6 years

51
Q

What is the 4th stage of Freud’s theory of psychosexual development and when does it happen?

A

Latency 6 to 12 years

52
Q

What is the 5th stage of Freud’s theory of psychosexual development and when does it happen?

A

Genital puberty to adulthood

53
Q

What did Freud identify that was associated with each stage that must be resolved for development to occur?

A

conflicts

54
Q

Under stress what were individuals thought to do?

A

Regress temporarily to an earlier stage

55
Q

What would happen if resolution was not satisfactorily achieved to the conflict?

A

An individual may become fixated in the stage and personality development would be arrested

56
Q

What was novel at the time about Freud’s psychosexual theory?

A

The view that an individual matures and develops over time in a stage wise process and the environment impacts those changes was novel at the time

57
Q

Was the psychosexual theory a critical step for the field of psychology?

A

Yes

58
Q

What did other theorists do as a result?

A

Other theorists developed and tested hypothesis regarding specific aspects of cognitive and psychological development over the life span

59
Q

What is the name of Erickson’s theory?

A

psychosocial theory

60
Q

Describe Erickson’s theory

A

development focused on the psychosocial development of an individual across the lifespan

61
Q

How does a person progress through Erickson’s theory?

A

The person only moves only in a forward, sequential way through each stage, or development ceases.

62
Q

How many stages are in Erickson’s psychosocial development theory?

A

8

63
Q

How does a person progress to the next developmental stage?

A

Each stage had a particular task identified in the form of a conflict that must be resolved to progress to the next stage.

64
Q

Name the first stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory and what age group is involved

A

trust vs mistrust infant

65
Q

Give an example of the first stage of Erickson’s psychosocial theory

A

learns to trust parents

66
Q

Name the second stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory and what age group is involved

A

autonomy vs shame and doubt toddler

67
Q

Give an example of the second stage of Erickson’s psychosocial theory

A

learns to walk

68
Q

Name the third stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory and what age group is involved

A

initiative vs guilt preschool

69
Q

Give an example of the third stage of Erickson’s psychosocial theory

A

imitates parents and behaves in public

70
Q

Name the fourth stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory and what age group is involved

A

industry vs inferiority school age

71
Q

Give an example of the fourth stage of Erickson’s psychosocial theory

A

learns to read and do math

72
Q

Name the fifth stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory and what age group is involved

A

identity vs role confusion adolecent

73
Q

Give an example of the fifth stage of Erickson’s psychosocial theory

A

decides on a career goal

74
Q

Name the sixth stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory and what age group is involved

A

intimacy vs isolation young adult

75
Q

Give an example of the sixth stage of Erickson’s psychosocial theory

A

gets married

76
Q

Name the seventh stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory and what age group is involved

A

generativity vs self absorption middle adult

77
Q

Give an example of the seventh stage of Erickson’s psychosocial theory

A

volunteers at church

78
Q

Name the eigth stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory and what age group is involved

A

integrity vs despair older adult (geriatric)

79
Q

Give an example of the eighth stage of Erickson’s psychosocial theory

A

tells grandchildren stories of his/her accomplishments in life

80
Q

What is the definition of generativity?

A

concern for people besides self and family that usually develops during middle age. A need to nurture and guide young people and contribute to the next generation

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