Patient Centered Care - Chapter 4 most recent - part 1

Question 1

Define Growth and Development

Answer 1

The sequence of physical, psychosocial, and cognitive developmental changes that take place over the human lifespan

Question 2

Growth and development occurs as a simultaneous, ongoing interrelationship with what three aspects of change?

Answer 2

Growth , Differentiation , Maturation

Question 3

Growth and development are measured by what four metrics?

Answer 3

physical growth, developmental tasks, differentiation, maturation

Question 4

Define physiological development

Answer 4

refers to the growth and changes in body tissues and organ systems and the resultant changes in body functions and proportions.

Question 5

What causes physiological development?

Answer 5

cellular growth as a normal part of body development

Question 6

Examples of physiological development

Answer 6

infant hematopoietic maturity secondary sexual characteristic development leading to sexual function

Question 7

What two categories is motoric development broken down into?

Answer 7

gross motor and fine motor

Question 8

Does progression of motoric skills go from the achievement of gross motor skills to fine motor skills or from fine motor skills to gross motor skills?

Answer 8

It progresses from achievement of gross motor to fine motor skills

Question 9

What do you call the process of progressing from the achievment of gross motor skills to the achievement of fine motor skills?

Answer 9

the process is called refinement.

Question 10

Gross motor skills involve the use of what?

Answer 10

large muscles

Question 11

Fine motor skills involve the use of what?

Answer 11

small muscles

Question 12

Name five examples of gross motor skills

Answer 12

sitting, standing, maintaining balance, walking, running, walking up stairs without assistance, playing soccer

Question 13

Name five examples of fine motor skills

Answer 13

batting at an object, reaching and holding an object, transferring an object from hand to hand, holding a pencil in a refined grasp, making marks with a pencil, writing letters, writing words, creating masterful artwork, using hands and fingers to eat, using hands and fingers to draw, using hands and fingers to dress and play

Question 14

Cause of fine motoric development

Answer 14

is contingent upon cognitive and neurologic development

Question 15

define social and emotional development

Answer 15

development of self-understanding, understanding others, and understanding social interactions.

Question 16

What order does social and emotional development usually occur in?

Answer 16

They usually occur in this order: self, others, social interaction

Question 17

Why is knowledge of social/emotional skills critical?

Answer 17

it directs effective communication with an individual(s) and may impact suggested environmental strategies for an individual to attain optimal functioning.

Question 18

What four items make up the definition of cognitive development?

Answer 18

working memory capacity, cognitive self-regulation, processing and use of information about the environment and objects in the environment, understanding the relationships between self and this information

Question 19

What do cognitive development “outcomes” underlie?

Answer 19

the development of critical thinking skills and executive functioning

Question 20

What is included in critical thinking and executive functioning?

Answer 20

learning, forming concepts, understanding, problem solving, reasoning, remembering, and thinking abstractly.

Question 21

What do the complex aspects of cognitive development in combination with advanced social/emotional developmental stages enable?

Answer 21

moral and spiritual development

Question 22

What is the definition of communication?

Answer 22

Communication is a process that requires both receptive and expressive skills.

Question 23

Who is language shared by?

Answer 23

a group of people

Question 24

Language involves a set of rules that allows the communication of what three things?

Answer 24

thoughts, ideas, emotions

Question 25

What 2 skills does communication require?

Answer 25

receptive and expressive skills

Question 26

What are the three components of speech?

Answer 26

articulation, voice, fluency

Question 27

What is expressive language function?

Answer 27

ability to develop and express one's own thoughts, ideas, and emotions

Question 28

What is receptive language function?

Answer 28

The ability to hear and understand what others say

Question 29

What six things do speech and language development synergistically occur with?

Answer 29

cognitive development neurologic development fine motor development requires optimal sensory function (hearing), requires sensory integration, and interactional relationships to develop and refine

Question 30

When does the language explosion or "period of exuberance" occur?

Answer 30

18 months to 3 years of age

Question 31

What part of the brain is developed in the "period of exuberance"?

Answer 31

The frontal lobe

Question 32

Why is the language explosion or "period of exuberance" a critical time?

Answer 32

If significant language and speech gains are not made during this time, the delay may result in learning disorders.

Question 33

What is Adaptive development?

Answer 33

refers to the acquisition of a range of skills that enable independence at home and in the community

Question 34

How does a person demonstrate skills for adaptive development?

Answer 34

demonstration of skills requires advanced and complex skills in each of the other developmental domains previously discussed and efficient sensory integration processes

Question 35

What are examples of adaptive development?

Answer 35

self-care activities such as dressing/undressing, eating/feeding, toileting, grooming, management of one's immediate environment, crossing the street safely, going to the store, following rules of politeness when interacting with others, Cooperation, a level of moral and ethical decision making, abilities to follow social and cultural folkways, mores, taboos, rules, and laws

Question 36

What are two milestones for the "infant" age-group?

Answer 36

grasps objects, recognizes parents

Question 37

What are two milestones for the "toddler" age-group?

Answer 37

Toddler - speaking in two word sentences, learning to walk

Question 38

What are two milestones for the "preschool" age-group?

Answer 38

Preschool - makes friends with others, learns shapes and colors

Question 39

What are two milestones for the "school age" age-group?

Answer 39

School Age - better communication with others, learns to read and write

Question 40

What are two milestones for the "adolescent" age-group?

Answer 40

Adolescent - learning to drive, playing sports, involved in social activities like boy scouts, relationship with opposite sex, making future plans such as college

Question 41

What are two milestones for the "young adult" age-group?

Answer 41

Young Adult - has a good relationship with their family, getting married, get a job, possibly having kids

Question 42

What are two milestones for the "middle adult" age-group?

Answer 42

Middle Adult - does well at their job, involved with their community

Question 43

What are two milestones for the "older-adult" age-group?

Answer 43

Older Adult - retains their abilities, retains their memory

Question 44

What are the three interrelated concepts that play an influential role in normal development?

Answer 44

Functional ability, Culture, Nutrition

Question 45

What was the name of Freud's developmental theory?

Answer 45

Psychosexual development

Question 46

Discuss Freud's theory of psychosexual development

Answer 46

Freud believed that at different ages, particular areas of the body provide the chief source of sensual pleasure and that experiences with these pleasure centers significantly impact the development of personality

Question 47

How many stages are in Freud's theory of psychosexual development?

Answer 47

Five

Question 48

What is the 1st stage of Freud's theory of psychosexual development and when does it happen?

Answer 48

Oral Birth to 1 Year

Question 49

What is the 2nd stage of Freud's theory of psychosexual development and when does it happen?

Answer 49

Anal 1 to 3 years

Question 50

What is the 3rd stage of Freud's theory of psychosexual development and when does it happen?

Answer 50

Phallic 3 to 6 years

Question 51

What is the 4th stage of Freud's theory of psychosexual development and when does it happen?

Answer 51

Latency 6 to 12 years

Question 52

What is the 5th stage of Freud's theory of psychosexual development and when does it happen?

Answer 52

Genital puberty to adulthood

Question 53

What did Freud identify that was associated with each stage that must be resolved for development to occur?

Answer 53

conflicts

Question 54

Under stress what were individuals thought to do?

Answer 54

Regress temporarily to an earlier stage

Question 55

What would happen if resolution was not satisfactorily achieved to the conflict?

Answer 55

An individual may become fixated in the stage and personality development would be arrested

Question 56

What was novel at the time about Freud's psychosexual theory?

Answer 56

The view that an individual matures and develops over time in a stage wise process and the environment impacts those changes was novel at the time

Question 57

Was the psychosexual theory a critical step for the field of psychology?

Answer 57

Yes

Question 58

What did other theorists do as a result?

Answer 58

Other theorists developed and tested hypothesis regarding specific aspects of cognitive and psychological development over the life span

Question 59

What is the name of Erickson's theory?

Answer 59

psychosocial theory

Question 60

Describe Erickson's theory

Answer 60

development focused on the psychosocial development of an individual across the lifespan

Question 61

How does a person progress through Erickson's theory?

Answer 61

The person only moves only in a forward, sequential way through each stage, or development ceases.

Question 62

How many stages are in Erickson's psychosocial development theory?

Answer 62

8

Question 63

How does a person progress to the next developmental stage?

Answer 63

Each stage had a particular task identified in the form of a conflict that must be resolved to progress to the next stage.

Question 64

Name the first stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory and what age group is involved

Answer 64

trust vs mistrust infant

Question 65

Give an example of the first stage of Erickson's psychosocial theory

Answer 65

learns to trust parents

Question 66

Name the second stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory and what age group is involved

Answer 66

autonomy vs shame and doubt toddler

Question 67

Give an example of the second stage of Erickson's psychosocial theory

Answer 67

learns to walk

Question 68

Name the third stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory and what age group is involved

Answer 68

initiative vs guilt preschool

Question 69

Give an example of the third stage of Erickson's psychosocial theory

Answer 69

imitates parents and behaves in public

Question 70

Name the fourth stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory and what age group is involved

Answer 70

industry vs inferiority school age

Question 71

Give an example of the fourth stage of Erickson's psychosocial theory

Answer 71

learns to read and do math

Question 72

Name the fifth stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory and what age group is involved

Answer 72

identity vs role confusion adolecent

Question 73

Give an example of the fifth stage of Erickson's psychosocial theory

Answer 73

decides on a career goal

Question 74

Name the sixth stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory and what age group is involved

Answer 74

intimacy vs isolation young adult

Question 75

Give an example of the sixth stage of Erickson's psychosocial theory

Answer 75

gets married

Question 76

Name the seventh stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory and what age group is involved

Answer 76

generativity vs self absorption middle adult

Question 77

Give an example of the seventh stage of Erickson's psychosocial theory

Answer 77

volunteers at church

Question 78

Name the eigth stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory and what age group is involved

Answer 78

integrity vs despair older adult (geriatric)

Question 79

Give an example of the eighth stage of Erickson's psychosocial theory

Answer 79

tells grandchildren stories of his/her accomplishments in life

Question 80

What is the definition of generativity?

Answer 80

concern for people besides self and family that usually develops during middle age. A need to nurture and guide young people and contribute to the next generation