Patient Centered Care - Chapter 4 most recent - part 1 Flashcards
Define Growth and Development
The sequence of physical, psychosocial, and cognitive developmental changes that take place over the human lifespan
Growth and development occurs as a simultaneous, ongoing interrelationship with what three aspects of change?
Growth , Differentiation , Maturation
Growth and development are measured by what four metrics?
physical growth, developmental tasks, differentiation, maturation
Define physiological development
refers to the growth and changes in body tissues and organ systems and the resultant changes in body functions and proportions.
What causes physiological development?
cellular growth as a normal part of body development
Examples of physiological development
infant hematopoietic maturity secondary sexual characteristic development leading to sexual function
What two categories is motoric development broken down into?
gross motor and fine motor
Does progression of motoric skills go from the achievement of gross motor skills to fine motor skills or from fine motor skills to gross motor skills?
It progresses from achievement of gross motor to fine motor skills
What do you call the process of progressing from the achievment of gross motor skills to the achievement of fine motor skills?
the process is called refinement.
Gross motor skills involve the use of what?
large muscles
Fine motor skills involve the use of what?
small muscles
Name five examples of gross motor skills
sitting, standing, maintaining balance, walking, running, walking up stairs without assistance, playing soccer
Name five examples of fine motor skills
batting at an object, reaching and holding an object, transferring an object from hand to hand, holding a pencil in a refined grasp, making marks with a pencil, writing letters, writing words, creating masterful artwork, using hands and fingers to eat, using hands and fingers to draw, using hands and fingers to dress and play
Cause of fine motoric development
is contingent upon cognitive and neurologic development
define social and emotional development
development of self-understanding, understanding others, and understanding social interactions.
What order does social and emotional development usually occur in?
They usually occur in this order: self, others, social interaction
Why is knowledge of social/emotional skills critical?
it directs effective communication with an individual(s) and may impact suggested environmental strategies for an individual to attain optimal functioning.
What four items make up the definition of cognitive development?
working memory capacity, cognitive self-regulation, processing and use of information about the environment and objects in the environment, understanding the relationships between self and this information
What do cognitive development “outcomes” underlie?
the development of critical thinking skills and executive functioning
What is included in critical thinking and executive functioning?
learning, forming concepts, understanding, problem solving, reasoning, remembering, and thinking abstractly.
What do the complex aspects of cognitive development in combination with advanced social/emotional developmental stages enable?
moral and spiritual development
What is the definition of communication?
Communication is a process that requires both receptive and expressive skills.
Who is language shared by?
a group of people
Language involves a set of rules that allows the communication of what three things?
thoughts, ideas, emotions
What 2 skills does communication require?
receptive and expressive skills
What are the three components of speech?
articulation, voice, fluency
What is expressive language function?
ability to develop and express one’s own thoughts, ideas, and emotions
What is receptive language function?
The ability to hear and understand what others say
What six things do speech and language development synergistically occur with?
cognitive development
neurologic development
fine motor development
requires optimal sensory function (hearing),
requires sensory integration,
and interactional relationships to develop and refine
When does the language explosion or “period of exuberance” occur?
18 months to 3 years of age
What part of the brain is developed in the “period of exuberance”?
The frontal lobe
Why is the language explosion or “period of exuberance” a critical time?
If significant language and speech gains are not made during this time, the delay may result in learning disorders.
What is Adaptive development?
refers to the acquisition of a range of skills that enable independence at home and in the community
How does a person demonstrate skills for adaptive development?
demonstration of skills requires advanced and complex skills in each of the other developmental domains previously discussed and efficient sensory integration processes
What are examples of adaptive development?
self-care activities such as dressing/undressing, eating/feeding, toileting, grooming, management of one’s immediate environment, crossing the street safely, going to the store, following rules of politeness when interacting with others, Cooperation, a level of moral and ethical decision making, abilities to follow social and cultural folkways, mores, taboos, rules, and laws
What are two milestones for the “infant” age-group?
grasps objects, recognizes parents
What are two milestones for the “toddler” age-group?
Toddler - speaking in two word sentences, learning to walk
What are two milestones for the “preschool” age-group?
Preschool - makes friends with others, learns shapes and colors
What are two milestones for the “school age” age-group?
School Age - better communication with others, learns to read and write
What are two milestones for the “adolescent” age-group?
Adolescent - learning to drive, playing sports, involved in social activities like boy scouts, relationship with opposite sex, making future plans such as college
What are two milestones for the “young adult” age-group?
Young Adult - has a good relationship with their family, getting married, get a job, possibly having kids
What are two milestones for the “middle adult” age-group?
Middle Adult - does well at their job, involved with their community
What are two milestones for the “older-adult” age-group?
Older Adult - retains their abilities, retains their memory
What are the three interrelated concepts that play an influential role in normal development?
Functional ability, Culture, Nutrition
What was the name of Freud’s developmental theory?
Psychosexual development
Discuss Freud’s theory of psychosexual development
Freud believed that at different ages, particular areas of the body provide the chief source of sensual pleasure and that experiences with these pleasure centers significantly impact the development of personality
How many stages are in Freud’s theory of psychosexual development?
Five
What is the 1st stage of Freud’s theory of psychosexual development and when does it happen?
Oral Birth to 1 Year
What is the 2nd stage of Freud’s theory of psychosexual development and when does it happen?
Anal 1 to 3 years
What is the 3rd stage of Freud’s theory of psychosexual development and when does it happen?
Phallic 3 to 6 years
What is the 4th stage of Freud’s theory of psychosexual development and when does it happen?
Latency 6 to 12 years
What is the 5th stage of Freud’s theory of psychosexual development and when does it happen?
Genital puberty to adulthood
What did Freud identify that was associated with each stage that must be resolved for development to occur?
conflicts
Under stress what were individuals thought to do?
Regress temporarily to an earlier stage
What would happen if resolution was not satisfactorily achieved to the conflict?
An individual may become fixated in the stage and personality development would be arrested
What was novel at the time about Freud’s psychosexual theory?
The view that an individual matures and develops over time in a stage wise process and the environment impacts those changes was novel at the time
Was the psychosexual theory a critical step for the field of psychology?
Yes
What did other theorists do as a result?
Other theorists developed and tested hypothesis regarding specific aspects of cognitive and psychological development over the life span
What is the name of Erickson’s theory?
psychosocial theory
Describe Erickson’s theory
development focused on the psychosocial development of an individual across the lifespan
How does a person progress through Erickson’s theory?
The person only moves only in a forward, sequential way through each stage, or development ceases.
How many stages are in Erickson’s psychosocial development theory?
8
How does a person progress to the next developmental stage?
Each stage had a particular task identified in the form of a conflict that must be resolved to progress to the next stage.
Name the first stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory and what age group is involved
trust vs mistrust infant
Give an example of the first stage of Erickson’s psychosocial theory
learns to trust parents
Name the second stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory and what age group is involved
autonomy vs shame and doubt toddler
Give an example of the second stage of Erickson’s psychosocial theory
learns to walk
Name the third stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory and what age group is involved
initiative vs guilt preschool
Give an example of the third stage of Erickson’s psychosocial theory
imitates parents and behaves in public
Name the fourth stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory and what age group is involved
industry vs inferiority school age
Give an example of the fourth stage of Erickson’s psychosocial theory
learns to read and do math
Name the fifth stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory and what age group is involved
identity vs role confusion adolecent
Give an example of the fifth stage of Erickson’s psychosocial theory
decides on a career goal
Name the sixth stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory and what age group is involved
intimacy vs isolation young adult
Give an example of the sixth stage of Erickson’s psychosocial theory
gets married
Name the seventh stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory and what age group is involved
generativity vs self absorption middle adult
Give an example of the seventh stage of Erickson’s psychosocial theory
volunteers at church
Name the eigth stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory and what age group is involved
integrity vs despair older adult (geriatric)
Give an example of the eighth stage of Erickson’s psychosocial theory
tells grandchildren stories of his/her accomplishments in life
What is the definition of generativity?
concern for people besides self and family that usually develops during middle age. A need to nurture and guide young people and contribute to the next generation
