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Study Decks > Kaplan Prep - Immune > Flashcards

Kaplan Prep - Immune Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main portions of blood?

A
  1. Plasma

2. the formed elements consisting of red and white cells and platelets

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2
Q

What is Plasma?

A

It is the liquid portion of the blood.

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3
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells

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4
Q

What is an acronym used for “red blood cells”

A

RBCs

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5
Q

What is the key component of RBCs and what function do they perform?

A

RBCs are cells that contain hemoglobin and can carry oxygen to the body.

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6
Q

Where are red blood cells made?

A

In the bone marrow

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7
Q

Where are red blood cells destroyed?

A

In the liver and the spleen

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8
Q

What is another name for leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

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9
Q

What are white blood cells (leukocytes)?

A

These are cells that squeeze through the capillary wall and enter the tissue fluid, where they destroy foreign material.

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10
Q

What are platelets?

A

Platelets are blood clot cells.

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11
Q

How do platelets perform the process of blood clotting?

A

As the platelets “clump” at the site injury, they activate the formation of fibrin threads, which, intertwined with red blood cells, form the framework for the clot.

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12
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells?

A
  1. Granulocytes

2. Agranulocytes

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13
Q

What are the three cells included in Granulocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
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14
Q

What type of cells are the most abundant white blood cell?

A

Neutrophils

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15
Q

What are Neutrophils?

A

These are the most abundant white blood cell and are responsible for fighting infections, especially those that involve bacteria. It has a multilobed nucleus and light pink granules in there cytoplasm.

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16
Q

What do Neutrophils use to destroy invaders?

A

Phagocytosis or the ingestion of foreign materials.

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17
Q

What are Eosinophils?

A

These respond to allergic reactions and parasitic infections. They are similar in appearance to neutrophils, except they stain a darker/pink to red and are less commonly seen.

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18
Q

What are Basophils?

A

They are the rarest of the granulocytes. They are involved in the release of histamines, a vasodilator, within tissues. Basophils have similar morphology to neutrophils and eosinophils but stain dark blue/purple.

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19
Q

What are Lymphocytes?

A

a form of small leukocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus, occurring especially in the lymphatic system

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20
Q

What are the four different types of lymphocytes?

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • natural killer cells
  • plasma cells
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21
Q

What are the three functions of lymphocytes?

A
  • may include making antibodies
  • attacking foreign cells
  • destroying body cells that have lost normal function.
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22
Q

What are the sizes of lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocyte size can vary but lymphocytes are larger than red blood cells but generally smaller than other white blood cells

23
Q

What are the sizes of lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocyte size can vary but lymphocytes are larger than red blood cells but generally smaller than other white blood cells

24
Q

What are Monocytes?

A

They are large white blood cells with a “U” or kidney bean shaped nucleus. Monocytes can move into the tissue where they are then called macrophages. Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes.

25
Q

What do you call a monocytes that can move into tissue?

A

Macrophages.

26
Q

Are monocytes and Macrophages both Phagocytes?

A

Yes!

27
Q

List the four components of the lymphatic system.

A
  1. Lymphatic vessels
  2. Lymph nodes
  3. Spleen
  4. Thymus gland
28
Q

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymphatic vessels carry lymph fluid from the lymphatic capillary system to the subclavian veins taking up plasma fluid which, under great pressure, has been forced out of the capillaries of the circulatory system and not reabsorbed.

29
Q

What is the function of Lymph nodes?

A

Lymph nodes rid the flowing lymph of infectious organisms and other debris.

30
Q

What are the two functions of spleen?

A
  • to extract old or defective blood cells and platelets

* removes debris, foreign matter, bacteria, viruses and toxins from the blood that flows through it.

31
Q

What is the function of Lymphocytes and Macrophages?

A

They remove infectious organisms and other debris

32
Q

What is the function of thymus gland?

A

Thymus gland secretes hormones which enable the T lymphocytes to mature and function as part of the immunity system

33
Q

What are tonsils?

A

The tonsils are a group of small lymphoid organs surrounding the throat which gather and destroy bacteria in inhaled air or food.

34
Q

What is an ECG?

A

It is a device used to measure electrical impulses in the heart

35
Q

Where does the electrical impulse for the heart begin?

A

It begins at the SA node (sinotrial node) found in the right atrium.

36
Q

The SA node is also known as?

A

It is also known as the “pacemaker” of the heart.

37
Q

Step by the step movement of an electrical impulse.

A
  1. The electrical impulse begins at the SA node (sinoatrial node) found in the right atrium.
  2. The impulse spreads through the atria creating atrial systole. 3. The impulse then travels through the AV node into the bundle of His.
  3. From there, the impulse continues to ravel towards the ventricular apex.
  4. Finally, it travels through the Purkinje fibers to the myocardium.
38
Q

Important waves of ECG.

A
  • Atrial depolarization and atrial systole are denoted as the P-wave.
  • Ventricular depolarization and ventricular systole are denoted as the QRS complex.
  • Ventricular repolarization and ventricular diastole are denoted as a T-wave.
  • There is no way to note the repolarization of the atria.
  • Its activity is lost within the QRS complex.
39
Q

What cells are involved in providing specific immune responses for the main lymphocytes?

A

T cells and the B cells.

40
Q

Where are millions of B cells produced?

A

In the bone marrow.

41
Q

What is each B cell genetically programmed to produce?

A

Each B cell is genetically programmed to produce a glycoprotein receptor as part of its cell coat

42
Q

What is an antigen?

A

An antigen is any molecule which can be specifically recognized as foreign by the immune system.

43
Q

When are B cells activated?

A

B cells are activated when an antigen binds with its receptor.

44
Q

What happened when the antigen activated?

A

Once activated, the B cell begins to rapidly divide

45
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Antibody is a soluble form of the glycoprotein receptor from the B cell’s surface.

46
Q

What happens when the antibody is released?

A

When the antibody is released, it binds to the invading antigen either rendering it inactive or causing its destruction through interaction with phagocytes.

47
Q

What will happen to some activated B cells?

A

Some activated B cells become memory B cells which continue to produce a small amount of antibody after the infection is over.

48
Q

What happens if the same pathogen enters the body again?

A

If the same pathogen enters the body again, the antibody immediately binds with the antigen and targets it for destruction.

49
Q

Where do T cells originate?

A

T cells originate in bone marrow and it matures in the thymus gland.

50
Q

What do killer T cells recognize and destroy invading cells?

A

Killer T cells recognize and destroy invading cells containing foreign antigens.q

51
Q

What are the cells that killer T cells attack by releasing cytokines and enzymes which lyse the cell?

A
  • virus-infected cells
  • cancer cells
  • tissue grafts
52
Q

What do Helper T cells secrete?

A

Helper T cells secrete substances that activate or enhance immune responses.

53
Q

What cells do B cells need an interaction with before they can begin rapid division?

A

Helper T cells

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