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Study Decks > Microbiology CHAPTER 1 GUIDE > Flashcards

Microbiology CHAPTER 1 GUIDE Flashcards

1
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

a system used to organize all of the forms of life.

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2
Q

What are the two premises of evolution?

A
  1. That all new species originate from pre-existing species through inheritance of traits. 2. That closely related organisms have similar features because they evolved from common ancestral forms.
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3
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A
  1. monera 2. fungi 3. protista 4. plantae 5. animalia
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4
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Bacteria, Eukarya, Archaea

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5
Q

What color do gram positive organisms stain?

A

purple

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6
Q

What color do gram negative organisms stain?

A

red or pink

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7
Q

Describe the Bacteria domain

A

It has prokaryotic cells and are what most people think of as traditional bacterial species.

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8
Q

Describe the Eukarya domain

A

It contains all of the organisms that display a eukaryotic cell structure.

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9
Q

Describe the Archaea domain

A

prokaryotic cells survive in harsh conditions

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10
Q

What are the six major groups that are studied in microbiology?

A
  1. Helminths 2. Fungi 3. Bacteria 4. Viruses 5. Protozoa 6. Algae
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11
Q

Are Bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes

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12
Q

What do Bacteria have in their cell walls?

A

peptidoglycan in their cell walls

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13
Q

What kind of chromosome(s) do bacteria have?

A

a single, circular chromosome.

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14
Q

What cellular attributes do Viruses have?

A

Microscopic, acellular agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a *protein coat*.

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15
Q

What is an Autotroph?

A

Autotrophs are those organisms that are able to make energy-containing organic molecules from inorganic raw material by using basic energy sources such as sunlight. Plants are the prime example of autotrophs, using photosynthesis.

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16
Q

What is a Heterotroph?

A

An organism that cannot manufacture its own food and instead obtains its food and energy by taking in organic substances, usually plant or animal matter. All animals, protozoans, fungi, and most bacteria are heterotrophs.

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17
Q

Are Fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

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18
Q

Are Fungi Autotrophic or Heterotrophic?

A

Heterotrophic

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19
Q

Are Fungi unicellular or multicellular?

A

They are either unicellular or multicellular

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20
Q

What forms might Fungi take?

A

Fungi may take the form of a larger macroscopic organism

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21
Q

Are Protoza prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

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22
Q

Are Protoza autotrophic or heterotropic?

A

heterotrophic

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23
Q

Are Protoza single celled or multicellular?

A

single celled

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24
Q

What do Protoza usually have?

A

a locomotor organelle

25
Q

What cellular attributes do Protoza have?

A

eukaryotic organisms, Heterotrophic (feed on other cells) single celled usually have a locomotor organelle

26
Q

Are Algae prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

27
Q

Are Algea single celled or multicellular?

A

may be single-celled or multicellular

28
Q

Are Algae photosynthetic?

A

Yes

29
Q

What are algae similar to?

A

Plantlike organisms that generally lack the complex structure of plants

30
Q

Are Helminths prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

eukaryotic

31
Q

What are examples of Helminths?

A

parasitic worms such as roundworms and flatworms

32
Q

What subject is Microbiology a specialize area of?

A

biology

33
Q

Generally, what does Microbiology deal with

A

living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification

34
Q

What are Microorganisms?

A

Living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification; an organism of microscopic size.

35
Q

What is meant by Ubiquitous?

A

Present, appearing, or found everywhere.

36
Q

What is a Prokaryote?

A

A small cell lacking special structures such as a nucleus and organelles.

37
Q

What is an Organelle?

A

A small component of eukaryotic cells that is bounded by a membrane and has a specialized function.

38
Q

What is a Eukaryote?

A

It is a cell that differs from a prokaryotic cell mainly because it has a nuclear membrane.

39
Q

What are Protists?

A

Any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant or fungus.

40
Q

What are yeast and molds?

A

A type of microscopic *fungi*

41
Q

How can yeasts and molds affect bread?

A

causes bread to rise

42
Q

How can yeasts and molds affect sugar?

A

ferment sugar to make alcoholic beverages

43
Q

Is the Cell Theory a basic principle of biology?

A

Yes

44
Q

What are the three principles of the cell theory?

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. The cell is the basic structure and organization in organisms 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
45
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

An early belief that living things arose from vital forces present in nonliving, or decomposing, matter.

46
Q

What is the Germ Theory and roughly when did it originate?

A

This is the theory first originated in the 1800s that proposed that microorganisms could be the cause of diseases.

47
Q

What are Koch’s four postulates to identify the causative agent of a particular disease?

A
  1. the microorganism or other pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease 2. the pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture 3. the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal 4. the pathogen must be reisolated from the new host and shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen
48
Q

Golden Age of Microbiology

A

1857 - 1914

49
Q

Aseptic technique

A

Methods of handling microbial cultures, patient specimens, and other sources of microbes in a way that prevents infection of the handler and others who may be exposed.

50
Q

Sterilize

A

a process to completely eliminate or destroy all microbial life forms, including spores and viruses

51
Q

Whittaker

A

a classification system with 5 kingdoms based on cell structure and type, the nature of body organization, and nutritional type.

52
Q

What is a “scientific name”?

A

the binomial name given to a particular species

53
Q

Woese and Fox

A

a classification system with 3 domains representing the origins of cell lines as proposed by Carl Woese and colleagues

54
Q

Archaea

A

commonly found living in harsh and extreme conditions of heat, salt and acidity (similar to conditions found in early earth)

55
Q

Viruses

A

Microscopic, acellular agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.

56
Q

Cellular

A

consisting of living cells

57
Q

Acellular

A

cell free

58
Q

What are 5 ways that we exploit microorganisms for human benefit?

A

• mine precious metals • plant producing natural pesticides • breakdown of oil spills • manufacture drugs (vaccines/insulin) • yeast/ferment fruit

59
Q

Give 3 rules for writing a proper scientific name.

A
  1. The genus name is written first 2. Genus is capitalized and species is not 3. Underline or italicize the variety name

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