Concept 5 - the rest of the questions Flashcards
1
Q
What kind of language do infants use?
A
Non verbal
2
Q
Motor development in infants is closely related to what?
A
The development of perception, emotion, and cognition
3
Q
Many motor skills in the infant are dependent on what?
A
The disappearance of newborn reflexes
4
Q
Self consoling behavior in an infant is an early form of what?
A
Independence
5
Q
What does a maturing central nervous system combined with parental responses aid in?
A
The development of sleep patterns
6
Q
What is the overall goal in regards to infants and sleep patterns?
A
help infants develop self-regulatory skills so that they return to sleep without prompting
7
Q
Fill in the blank:________________ is the work of a child
A
Play
8
Q
When do primary or baby teeth begin to erupt?
A
5-7 months
9
Q
What is a good mathmatical formula estimate of the number of teeth a toddler should have?
A
The age (in months) minus 6
10
Q
What is a nursing carie?
A
Tooth decay that occurs when the infant is put to bed while sucking on a bottle of milk or juice
11
Q
When should well child visits be scheduled after birth?
A
Before the newborn is discharged from the hospital
12
Q
How often should growth, development, health and nutrition of the infant be checked?
A
Every two months
13
Q
What is the infant’s immunization schedule?
A
Start at birth, then 2,4, and 6 months
14
Q
What is a major cause of morbidity and mortality for an infant?
A
Accidents
15
Q
What is the first injury prevention activity for the newborn?
A
The use of car seats
16
Q
What is the age range for early childhood?
A
1 - 6 years
17
Q
What are 4 general developmental skills of a child in early childhood?
A
Acquiring receptive language and expressive language, Developing social interaction skills, Mastering early self-control (toilet training), Beginning to develop a self-image and sense of autonomy
18
Q
What is the age of a toddler?
A
1 - 2 years
19
Q
What is the age of a preschooler?
A
2 - 6 years
20
Q
What stage is a toddler in according to Piaget?
A
Sensiromotor
21
Q
What stage is a toddler in according to Kohlberg?
A
Pre-conventional
22
Q
What stage is a toddler in according to Erikson?
A
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
23
Q
What stage is a preschooler in according to Piaget?
A
Pre-operational
24
Q
What stage is a preschooler in according to Kohlberg?
A
Pre-conventional
25
What stage is a preschooler in according to Erikson?
Initiative vs guilt
26
When a toddler successfully masters the stage of Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt what does the toddler achieve?
self-control and willpower
27
When a preschooler successfully masters the stage of Initiative vs Guilt what does it result in?
direction and purpose
28
What are 2 moral tasks of early childhood according to Kohlberg?
Learning self-control, Learning to share with others
29
Who do preschoolers look to as models of moral behavior?
Parents
30
How will a child learn socially acceptable behavior?
through consistent, positive reinforcement and discipline
31
When is the preverbal stage of development?
1st year
32
When does the infant make repetitive sounds?
3 to 4 months
33
When are the first words spoken?
10 - 13 months
34
Discuss the development of language based on Piaget's theory for infants and young children
infants and young children are in the sensorimotor stage so they are learning about their environment so they look at different objects, pick up different objects, give these objects different names and can eventually say two word sentences
35
What is the primary means of learning for infants?
play
36
What is it called when the child believes they are the center of the world?
egocentric
37
During which age range does the child believes they are the center of the world?
2-7 years old
38
What are safe toys for infants?
nothing sharp, nothing small, large toys that are plastic are usually best, a mobile in their crib, things they can chew on that are big
39
What physical activity should infants be getting?
Exploring movement in the environment, caregivers should encourage and stimulate movement experiences and active play for short periods several times a day, promote skill development in movement, perform large muscle activities, structured and unstructured activities
40
What kind of play is common at 2 years old?
Pretend play is common at two years old
41
What physical activity should toddlers be getting?
Walking, playing with toys, play outside, tag
42
What are safe toys for toddlers?
Ball, blocks, stuffed toys, large cars, plastic toys
43
What three interventions can promote healthy sleep patterns for infants?
parents wait until there is evidence that infants are fully awake before picking them up. In a semi-wakened state, gentle body patting or use of a pacifier should be enough consolation to help the infant return to sleep. Establishment of a pre-sleep routine of quiet activity (rocking or reading)
44
What interventions can promote healthy sleep patterns for toddlers?
Establishment of a pre-sleep routine of quiet activity (rocking or reading)
45
When does a child generally learn to walk?
12 - 15 months
46
When do the fontanels close?
18 months
47
At age 2 how tall is a child?
Half their adult height
48
At 2 how much does a child weigh?
Birth weight X 4
49
When is the pincer grasp well developed?
age 1
50
Do fine motor skills begin to develop during early childhood?
Yes
51
When is toilet training usually completed by?
it may not be completed before 3.5 years
52
When can a child run?
age 2
53
When can the child climb stairs gracefully?
age 2.5
54
When can a child ride a tricycle?
Age 3
55
How many primary teeth do children have by the age of 2?
20
56
At what age can a child print their name?
5 years old
57
When do children show a preference for using one hand or the other?
Between 18 months and 5 years
58
When does the child usually achieve 20/20 vision?
by age 4
59
What is the order that a child learns to speak (receptive vs expressive language?)
Develops receptive language before expressive language
60
When can you expect to hear their first clear word from a child and have the child respond to simple commands?
by age 1 year
61
How many words can a toddler speak by 15 months?
4 - 6 words
62
How many words can a toddler speak by 19 months?
15 words
63
By age 2 how many words is in a child's vocabulary?
Vocabulary exceeds 100 words
64
By age 2 what kind of commands can a child respond to?
can follow two-step commands
65
What is the overall speed of language development?
Rapid
66
By age 5 how many words is in a child's vocabulary?
Vocabulary exceeds 2000 words
67
What is a major task for a preschooler?
to learn impulse control (age 4)
68
What is parallel play?
play in which the child plays next to a friend but does not interact with the friend.
69
What age is parallel play usually done by children?
2 years old
70
What is cooperative play?
a group of children can cooperate by acting out a scene together or by building a tower of blocks together
71
What age is cooperative play done?
3-4 year olds
72
What is organized group play?
Play with assigned roles, such as playing house with one child assigned the mother role, one the father role, and so on.
73
By what age does organized group play happen?
Age 5
74
State three health promotion actions essential in the care of a child under age 6
Vaccine schedule should be kept to, Well child visits need to be kept to, Dental care
75
State three safety precautions essential in the care of a child under age 6
Falls and burns can be common so work to keep these things from happening., Child safety gates at the stairs., appropriate use of car seats, Toys should be sturdy and age appropriate without sharp edges., Preschoolers should not be allowed to carry breakable items or sharp objects., The appropriate use of car seats is essential., A child should not sit in the front seat of a car until older than 13 years of age., Children should not be left inside cars alone., Pot handles should not overhang the edge of stovetops., Preschool children should be taught the dangers of talking to strangers., The use of dishes that have a high lead content should be avoided.
76
What are four discipline methods for children during the first 5 years?
Time-out, Corporal punishment, rewarding good behavior is most effective technique, the operant theory of effective discipline techniques (give something or take something away)
77
What must discipline have as its basic purpose?
guiding, teaching, or correcting of behavior
78
What must discipline not have as its basic purpose?
punishment
79
What is the purpose of discipline for toddlers?
help them develop self-control while maintaining positive self-esteem
80
For what ages of children is it effective to use "time-out response" for unacceptable behavior?
children aged 1-6 year old
81
How long are time-outs usually limited to?
1 minute per year of age
82
Is corporal punishment good?
no
83
Why is corporal punishment bad?
pain of the punishment, model aggression, rarely accomplishes the true goal of discipline, you children may model the behavior, child abuse can become a risk
84
What is the most effective technique of discipline?
Rewarding good behavior
85
What are some examples of rewards for good behavior?
hug, smile, praise, or material reward
86
What is the key to successful discipline for parents?
consistency
87
What is best to do in response to a child who whines, nags, or throws a tantrum?
ignore
88
When does operant conditioning occur as described by Skinner?
when the learner repeats behaviors that result in the positive outcome of reaching his or her goals
89
How old are children in middle childhood?
6 - 12 years
90
What are 5 general developmental skills of middle childhood?
Increase focus on fact vs fantasy, Formation of positive self esteem from internal sources, Growth of relationships outside the family, Concrete thinking & increasing responsibility, Development of secondary sexual characteristics
91
Can the reliance on the importance of the family decrease in middle childhood?
Yes
92
Name 3 things that can interfere with a child's achievement of age appropriate developmental tasks with peers
divorce, family violence, other home problems
93
Name 3 things that can have an impact on the growth and development of the child?
the home, the school, the neighborhood
94
What does the culture of a school age child involve?
Memberships in groups of some kind
95
If parents do not find a socially acceptable group for their child, what might the child do?
join a gang and maybe become influenced by that group to engage in socially unacceptable behavior to gain acceptance and a sense of belonging
96
What happens if a child is labeled an outcast by a peer?
the identification may remain with the child and be incorporated into his or her self image
97
Name two teaching techniques that are appropriate for young children and their parents in a healthcare setting.
Help express feelings through words rather than acting out, Tooth-brushing twice daily, Behaviors of the child and responses of the parent should be discussed at well child visits, The use of picture books at regular interactive reading sessions with the toddler also aids in language development., Parents can be taught methods for helping the preschooler to express feelings through words such as "You feel angry now, and I understand."
98
What are three ways to prevent accidents involving cars commonly experienced by young children?
Cars - teach child safety rules of the street. Teach child the meaning of red, yellow, and green traffic lights., Hold toddler's hand when crossing street., put them in a car seat, if too big for a car seat, make sure they wear their seatbelt, no kids in front seat until they are 13.
99
What are three ways to prevent accidents involving burns commonly experienced by young children?
Burns - teach child the meaning of "hot" by having child touch warm sand at the beach., Put matches, cigarettes candles, and incense out of reach and sight., Turn handles of cooking pots toward back of stove.
100
What are three ways to prevent accidents involving falls commonly experienced by young children?
Falls - teach children how to go up and down stairs when they show readiness for this task., Fasten crib sides securely and leave them up when child is in crib., Use side rails on large beds when child graduates from crib., Use child gates at stairs.
101
What are some age-appropriate foods based on the physical and developmental capabilities of infants?
Infants should be fed formula or breast milk for 1 full year, At 1 year of age, infant can be placed on cow's milk.; Low-fat milk should not be give to children under age 2, because the fats are necessary for development of the nervous system. At 6 months of age the child is ready for strained rice cereal. Gradually vegetables and fruits are added to the diet, but only one at a time to allow identification of foods that may upset the infant's stomach ore result in a food allergy response. By 11 months, meat and eggs can be added to the diet. By 1 year, the infant typically eats table food three times a day and can join the family meal schedule.
102
What 2 reflexes does a newborn have?
Rooting reflex, Sucking reflex
103
How often are infants usually fed?
On demand (every 2 - 3 hours)
104
What kind of liquids should the infant be given for the first year?
Breast milk of formula for 1st year
105
Should an infant be given solid foods before 6 months?
No
106
Why should you not give a child under 2 low fat milk?
because the fats are necessary for development of the nervous system.
107
What kind of liquid can be given to an infant at 1 year?
Cow's milk can be given at 1 year (high-fat)
108
What is a six month old child ready to eat?
strained rice cereal
109
What can you gradually add to a diet after 6 months?
vegetables and fruits are added to the diet, but only one at a time to allow identification of foods that may upset the infant's stomach or result in a food allergy response
110
What kinds of foods can be introduced at 9 months?
Finger foods (pincer grasp)
111
By 11 months, what can you add to a diet?
meat and eggs
112
How does the infant typically eat by 1 year?
typically eats table food three times a day and can join the family meal schedule, They can additionally snack.
113
Why should you not give a child under 2 years old honey?
because of the risk of botulism poisoning
114
What should commercially prepared foods such as beets, turnips, spinach, celery, and collard greens be given sparingly to infants under 1 year of age?
because they are high in nitrates
115
Are High-fiber diets adequate for children?
No
116
Why are high-fiber diets not adequate for children?
because the foods are filling but do not provide the essential nutrients for growth and development.
117
Why are Children from 1 - 6 years old susceptible to nutritional deficiencies?
because growth is rapid and energy output is high.
118
What should the portion plate for children look like?
The "Portion Plate" shows 25% of plate should be fruit, 25% veggies, 25% whole grains, 25% or less is lean meat or protein.
119
What are some examples of food you would find on the portion plate?
Examples would be: apples, oranges, bananas, salad, peas, green beans, whole grain bread, rice, chicken, eggs, beef, cheese.
120
What influences the food that some children eat?
They are fed by adults whose eating habits may be based on ethnic, cultural, folklore, or fad concepts
121
Why is Adequate nutrition so important for young children?
it is essential for optimal physical and mental development in young children
122
Are eating habits are developed during the early childhood years?
yes
123
By what age is Myelination of the brain complete?
by age 7
124
Do bones continue to ossify and grow during middle childhood?
Yes
125
Is physical growth fast or slow during school age?
Slow
126
When is there a growth spurt in middle childhood?
Just before puberty
127
When does the loss of primary teeth begin?
About age 6
128
By what age has the head has reached it's full adult size
by age 12
129
How much is the average weight gain in middle childhood?
5.5 pounds to 7 pounds per year
130
What is the average height increase in middle childhood?
2 inches per year
131
Where in the body do growth spurts mainly occur in middle childhood?
mainly in the trunk and extremities
132
How many permanent teeth erupt each year during middle childhood?
4
133
During middle childhood, children are progressively more coordinated in what type of motor skills?
both gross and fine motor skills
134
During growth spurts do caloric needs increase or decrease?
increase
135
At what age do children's vital signs approximate those of adults?
11 Dec
136
At what age do girls typically have a growth spurt?
11 Dec
137
At what age range might myopia appear?
Between ages 8 and 10
138
Name a medical condition that is a common childhood problem.
Asthma
139
What 3 things should you encourage an asthmatic to do?
Encourage nasal breathing, scarves, diaphragmatic breathing
140
What are 5 sports that are good for asthmatics and why?
swimming, gymnastics, baseball, weight lifting, wrestling, They don't have to breath as heavily doing these sports.
141
What are 4 different cognitive development skills of middle childhood?
Concrete thinkers, Understand rules, Hands-on learning is the most effective educational method for school-age children, Social cognition - decreased egocentrism, increased cooperation & understanding
142
What are children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) likely to do?
misbehave unintentionally
143
What are the eight cognitive deficits for middle childhood?
inability to understand spatial relationships by visual examination, difficulty in sensing body positions and in programming movements, inability to decipher similar sounding words, difficulty with long-term memory and recall, easily distracted, difficulty remembering items in order, difficulty in receptive language, impaired expressive language
144
What are examples of industry vs inferiority for middle childhood?
School age children thrive on accomplishments and praise, Children at this age need to be able to experience real achievement to develop a sense of competency, Likes to do errands and jobs to earn money, Enjoys projects and working with hands
145
What are four things parents can do support the successful accomplishment of the industry vs inferiority phase in middle childhood?
Encourage the child's involvement in sports, Encourage the child's desire to attain accomplishments, Give child praise for their accomplishments, Support the child's learning of new skills
146
What are examples of industrious tasks that a middle childhood child could experience?
learning to read, learning to write, writing a book report, finishing a school project, reading a child novel
147
What stage does Erikson refer to the school age as?
The stage of industry
148
What three things does the child develop in the school age according to Erikson that have to do with industry?
a thirst for knowledge, a desire to master skills, emulate role models or heroes
149
During middle childhood, do children have decreased egocentrism and are they more cooperative and understanding of others?
Yes
150
In middle childhood, the child now thinks about an action that before was performed physically, according to who?
Piaget
151
According to Piaget, can children who are in middle childhood understand rules?
Yes
152
According to Piaget, what is the most effective learning method during middle childhood?
hands on learning
153
Learning self-control and learning to share with others are tasks of early childhood according to who?
Kohlberg
154
When there is successful achievement of industry vs inferiority, what does that impact?
The adult's attitude toward work
155
Who do Preschoolers look carefully at as models of moral behavior in early childhood?
Their parents
156
In middle childhood, children now achieve the ability to perform mental operations according to who?
Piaget
157
How will a child learn socially acceptable behavior according to Kohlberg?
through consistent, positive reinforcement and discipline
158
What kind of play to 5 - 7 year olds engage in?
Rough-and-tumble play
159
How much physical activity should children be getting each day?
a minimum of 60 minutes
160
What has academic achievement been linked to in children?
Vigorous physical activity
161
What are some examples of fun things that middle childhood children like to do?
Collecting things, board games, musical instruments, skates, bikes, jump rope, swimming
162
What is a big step toward a child developing independence?
Day care
163
When is a child capable of producing their own antibodies?
2 months old Note: One slide says that immunizations should start at 2 months and another one says that they should start at birth.
164
At the stage prior to middle childhood, the child could count to 10, but now he or she counts and understands what each number represents, according to who?
Piaget
165
In middle childhood, children love to sort and classify "collections" according to who?
Piaget
166
According to Piaget, middle childhood children are what kind of thinkers?
concrete thinkers
167
What are the 3 phases of moral behavior?
Knowledge (logic) - Knowing what is right, Emotion - Feeling good or bad about what is right, Action (behavior) - Behaving according to the rule of what is right
168
Name several effective discipline techniques during middle childhood
Corporal punishment, Age appropriate positive reinforcement of good behavior, Should combine reward and punishment and should be based on age-appropriate behavior expectations
169
In typical play activities during middle childhood, do children play mostly in groups of children of the opposite sex, or their same sex?
same sex
170
In typical play activities during middle childhood, what type of activities dominate?
gang activities
171
During middle childhood, what type of reading do children enjoy?
age appropriate books
172
During middle childhood, is most play active or sedentary?
active
173
During middle childhood, do most games require equipment?
no
174
Are bicycles important during middle childhood?
yes
175
Name several appropriate toys for middle childhood.
bicycles, skates, swimming gear, and jump ropes
176
Typically, how old are children who engage in rough and tumble play?
5 to 7
177
Give five reasons school age children need daily physical activity
to build strength, endurance, coordination, to slow the development of coronary risk factors, and to build a foundation of healthy lifestyle habits
178
How long is sex education?
it is a lifelong process
179
Do parents have an impact on the molding of sexuality in their infants and children?
yes
180
Acceptance or rejection of hugging and kissing as an expression of emotion by parents can influence what?
sexuality
181
According to Freud, what period (sexually) is a child in during their middle childhood years?
latency
182
Is play that involves touching genitals common?
Yes
183
Between what ages is play that involves touching genitals common?
ages 4 - 7
184
How often do children ask questions about sex?
often
185
How should children's questions about sex be answered?
they should be given honest and accurate answers
186
What are two major health risks for school age children?
Obesity, Accidents
187
What are three health related teaching methodologies for school age children?
Teaching sessions should be no more than 45 minutes at a time, Teach truthfully and factually and age appropriate, Concrete thinking children will need step by step instructions
188
Name 7 Health topics that should be taught to school age children.
Injury prevention, Adequate nutrition, Dental care, Immunizations, Psychosocial adjustment, Positive choices, Social relationships
189
Autonomy
independence
190
Cephalocaudal
the progression of the growth pattern that proceeds from head to toe
191
Nonverbal language
the language of motions, postures and gestures
192
Growth
indicates an increase in size
193
Object Permanence
knowing an object is there even though it is not within sight
194
Pincer Action
The ability to pick up small objects with the thumb and forefinger
195
Cooperative Play
A group of two or more children who cooperate by playing together
196
Middle Childhood
The ages of children between 6 and 12 years old
197
Discipline
A technique used to guide, teach or correct behavior; it may include consequences but is not punishment
198
Receptive Language
Ability to understand words
199
Preoperational Thinking
the second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development. This stage begins around age two and last until approximately age seven. During this stage, the child learns to use the symbols of language.
200
Latchkey Children
children who are allowed to remain without direct supervision, usually during the hours after school, because both parents work and extended family are not available to care for the children
201
Moral Behaviors
Actions based on moral reasoning
202
Infant
The period between 4 weeks and 1 year
203
Coping Skill
A behavior that helps and individual adapt to or manage a stressful situation
204
Development
Indicates an increase in function and mastery of tasks for the specific phase in the lifespan
205
Separation Anxiety
When an infant cries or protests when the parent leaves the room or when a stranger approaches. Separation anxiety usually emerges after 6 months of age.
206
Social cognition
By age 7 ego centrism decreases. Children become more cooperative and begin to understand how their actions may affect other people. This understanding called social cognition enables children to interact better with peers and can enhance their self concept.
207
Corporal punishment
spanking
208
Cognitive Style
refers to a pattern of thought and reasoning. Some children take a cluster of knowledge and group it in a certain way to better remember the information. Some use mnemonic techniques such as the rhyme for remembering the number of days in each month of the year.
209
Expressive language
spoken language
210
Fine Motor Skills
things like writing, drawing, eating (using smaller muscles)
211
Parallel play
the 2 year old plays next to a friend but does not interact with the friend.
212
Early childhood
1 - 6 years of age
213
Age-appropriate toys
those toys that are safe and promote the cognitive and motor development of the specific age group
214
Ordinal Position
the position in the family - an only child, oldest child, youngest child, middle child may influence the age and rapidity of mastering developmental tasks
215
What do language or other communication problems cause a risk for in middle childhood?
social isolation and underachievement in school
216
What is the name of the IQ test?
Stanford-Binet intelligence quotient (IQ) test
217
What does the Wechsler Intelligence Scale determine?
Verbal and non-verbal intelligence
218
What do school age children thrive on?
accomplishments & praise
219
Why do school age children need to be able to experience real achievement?
to develop a sense of competency
220
What do middle childhood children begin to compare their family values with?
the values of others
221
Are friendships with same-sex peers important during middle childhood?
Yes - they are very important
222
Name 3 things that can interfere with a child's achievement of developmental tasks during middle childhood.
Divorces, family violence, other home problems
223
What are some positive things that can happen with latchkey children?
Some enjoy the independence and develop maturity and problem-solving skills
224
What are some negative things that can happen with latchkey children?
Others feel isolated and may be at an increased risk for accidents or getting into trouble
225
What kinds of answers should be given to middle childhood children regarding questions about sex?
honest and accurate answers
226
Which parent do middle childhood children identify with?
same-sex parents
227
How long is the attention span of a middle childhood child?
Maximum of 45 minutes
228
How should you present information to a middle childhood child?
in a truthful, factual, and age-appropriate manner
229
What do periods of praise and occasional rewards reinforce in a middle childhood child?
learning accomplishments
230
What can peer attitudes do in a middle childhood child?
they can influence learning and they can enhance the application of values taught
