Key Terms A&P | Lab ex 2 Finished Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 types of sensory receptors?
A
- Thermoreceptors
- Photoreceptors
- Chemoreceptor
- Nociceptors
2
Q
What are thermoreceptors?
A
They are receptors that respond to heat or cold.
3
Q
What are photoreceptors?
A
They are receptors found in the eye and they respond to light.
4
Q
What is a chemoreceptor?
A
It is a receptor that will respond to a chemical such as odor or taste.
5
Q
What are the Nociceptors?
A
They are the receptors that respond to tissue injury so they are pain receptors.
6
Q
What is the auricle(pinna)?
A
It is an ear lobe-shaped and support by a very thick skin and an elastic cartilage.
7
Q
List 2 characteristics of the auricle (pinna).
A
- There is no cartilage in the lower ear lobe.
2. No bone.
8
Q
What is the External Acoustic Meatus?
A
It is an opening in the auricle where sound waves enter.
9
Q
What is the other term for external acoustic meatus?
A
It is also known as external auditory meatus.
10
Q
What is the Auditory Canal?
A
It is the canal within ear where sound waves travel.
11
Q
What is the Tympanic Membrane?
A
The outer ear ends here and it is the beginning of the middle ear.
12
Q
What is the other term for the tympanic membrane?
A
It is also known as eardrum.
13
Q
Describe the outer surface or the internal surface of the ear.
A
Internal surface is convex.
14
Q
What causes a vibration on tympanic membrane?
A
Sound waves cause a vibration on tympanic membrane.
15
Q
Describe the shape of the outer surface (external surface) of the ear.
A
The outer surface (external surface) is concave.
16
Q
Where are the Sebaceous Glands located?
A
They are located in auditory canal.
17
Q
What is the function of the sebaceous glands?
A
They secrete oil.
18
Q
What is Cerumen?
A
It is a technical term for earwax.
19
Q
How is cerumen (earwax) formed?
A
The oil mixes with dead skin in auditory canal and forms cerumen (ear wax).
20
Q
What is the function of cerumen (earwax)?
A
Cerumen coats guard hairs and help them keep debris out of the ear because cerumen is sticky.
21
Q
What are the parts of the middle ear?
A
- Auditory ossicles
- Stabilizing ligaments
- External acoustic meatus
- tympanic membrane
- Oval window
- Auditory window
- Tympanic cavity
22
Q
What is the Eustachian Tube?
A
It is also known as the auditory tube which connects the middle ear to nasopharynx.
23
Q
List 2 characteristics of the eustachian tube.
A
- From nasopharynx, it allows the passage of air into the middle ear.
- It permits pressure equalization in the middle ear.
24
Q
Is the the eustachian tube closed?
A
Yes!
25
Is it possible for the eustachiaan tube to open? How?
Yes it is possible!
Yawning and swallowing opens the tube and allows air to enter or exit the middle ear equalizing pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane.
26
What are the Auditory ossicles?
They are the smallest bones on the body.
27
How many auditory ossicles does the body has?
It has 3 on each side of body.
28
Why do auditory ossicles connect the tympanic membrane to the inner ear structures?
Because they bridge sound waves to travel from the outer ear (tympanic membrane) thru to the inner ear.
29
What are the 3 auditory ossicles?
1. Malleus
2. Incus
3. Stapes
30
What is the Malleus?
It is the outer most ossicle that attached to inner surface of tympanic membrane.
31
What is the other term for malleus?
It is also known as the hammer.
32
What is the Incus?
It is the second ossicle that connects the malleus to the stapes (the stapes is the third bone).
33
What is the other term for incus?
Is it also known as the anvil.
34
What is the stapes?
It connects to the inner ear via the oval window
35
What is the oval window?
It marks the beginning of the inner ear. It is the small partition of the ear.
36
What is the round window?
It is the second small opening that also marks the beginning of inner ear.
37
What is the second tympanic membrane?
It is the thin transparent membrane.
38
What is the Labyrinth?
It is the houses chamber in the inner ear called the vestibule.
39
What is the Perilymph?
It is a fluid found in the cochlea within the scala tympani and the scala vestibule.
40
What is the Vestibule?
It contains some of the organs of equilibrium including semicircular canals.
41
What are the Semicircular canals?
They are the bony canals that contain fluid called endolymph.
42
What are the 3 canals of the ear?
1. Anterior Canal
2. Posterior Canal
3. Lateral Canal
43
What is the purpose of the movement of the endolymph?
Movement of endolymph in canals helps us to detect acceleration or change in the rate of motion that provide us with our sense of balance or equilibrium.
44
What is the Saccule?
It is the sense organ medial to semicircular canals.
45
What is the purpose of hair cell in the saccule?
Hair cells will move in response to fluid moving inside of saccule and will help us to detect where our head is in space.
46
What is the utricle?
It is the sense organ medial to semicircular canals.
47
What is the purpose of hair cell in the utricle?
Hair cells will move in response to fluid moving inside of utricle and will help us to detect where our head is in space.
48
What is the Cochlea?
It is the organ of hearing.
49
What are the 3 fluid filled chambers inside cochlea?
1. Scala tympani
2. Scala vestibule
3. Cochlear duct.
50
What is the Scala Tympani?
It is filled with perilymph.
51
What is the Scala Vestibule?
It is filled with perilymph.
52
What is the Cochlear Duct?
It is filled with endolymph. Most important of the 3 ducts because it contains Organ of Corti.
53
What is the other term for cochlear duct?
It is also known as Scala Media.
54
Give 3 other terms use for cochlear duct?
1. Organ of hearing
2. Acoustic organ
3. Spiral organ
55
What is the purpose of hair cells in cochlear duct?
It contains hair cells that when this fluid moves they send their signal to the auditory branch of cranial nerve #8 and that will transmit the signals of sound to the brain for interpretation.
56
What are the parts of the inner ear?
* Semicircular canal
* Utricle
* Saccule
* Unrolled Cochlea
* Vestibule
* Bony Labyrinth
* Plate of stapes
* Mwmbranous Labyrinth
57
What is the Conjunctiva?
It is a very highly vascularized and highly innervated structure that is very sensitive to pain
58
What are the 2 parts to conjunctiva?
1. Bulbar conjunctiva
| 2. Palpebral conjunctiva
59
What is the bulbar conjuctiva?
It covers anterior surface of the eyeball except the cornea
60
What is the palpebral conjunctiva?
It is the layer that lines the inside of the eyelids.
61
What is the function of conjunctiva?
It is to secrete thin layer of mucous to coat the eye and keep it lubricated which helps to keep debris moving out of the field of vision.
62
What is the conjunctivitis?
This is the condition we call bloodshot eyes
63
What are the 2 causes to the condition conjunctivitis?
1. Caused by environmental factors such as smoke or dust.
| 2. Can also be caused by certain bacteria such as Staphylococcus.
64
What is the Palpebrae?
It is the eyelid.
65
What do you call a muscle that mostly covers the palpebrae?
It is the Orbicularis Oris that is covered by a very thin layer of skin.
66
Is there any fat tissue in the palpebrae?
No. It does not have.
67
What is the function of palpebrae?
The function is to protect eyeball from foreign objects
68
What is blinking of eyes for?
Blinking will help to clear eyes of debris.
69
Where is the meibomian gland located?
It is located in the eyelid.
70
What is the function of the meibomian gland?
It secretes a layer of a lipid type substance called sebum.
71
What is the sebum?
It is the lipid type substance.
72
What is the use of sebum?
Sebum mixes with tears of the eyes and helps to keep tears from spilling onto the cheeks.
73
What is the dry eyes?
It is the dysfunction of meibomian gland.
74
What is the Palpebral Fissure?
It is the opening between the two eyelids.
75
Where is the Gland of Zeis located?
It is located at base of eyelashes.
76
What is the function of Gland of Zeis?
It secretes sebum or oil type substance to lubricate eye and helps to keep eye protected from infection.
77
What happened if gland of zeis gets flamed and infected?
If glands become inflamed and infected a stye results.
78
What is a stye?
It is a small, painful lump on the inside or outside of the eyelid.
79
What is the Lacrimal Gland?
It is the gland that produces tears.
80
What is the excretory lacrimal ducts?
It pours tears into a duct system.
81
What is the purpose of the excretory lacrimal ducts?
It brings tears down onto surface of the eyeball and coats eye with tears (coats the conjunctiva) to help lubricate eye.
82
What is the lysozymes?
These are bacterial enzymes that help prevent bacterial infection in the eye.
83
What is the lacrimal puntum?
It coats the eyeball and they travel medially, empty into a tiny pore on the medial surface of the eyelid after tears.
84
What is the lacrimal canaliculi?
It is the little duct system that tears enter after going to the lacrimal punctum.
85
What is the lacrimal sac?
It is the larger duct for tears after tears enter the lacrimal canaliculi.
86
What is the naso lacrimal duct?
It is the duct for tears after the tears are in the lacrimal sac.
87
What is the function of the Nasolacrimal duct?
It directs tears into the nasal cavity.
88
Why is that when we cry we experienced runny nose?
This is because of the nasolacrimal ducts that directs tears into the nasal cavity.
89
What are the 4 accessory muscles of the eye?
1. Superior Rectus
2. Inferior Rectus
3. Media Rectus
4. Lateral Rectus
90
What is the superior rectus?
It is the accessory muscle that moves up eye.
91
Where is the superior rectus located?
It is located on top of the eye.
92
What is the inferior rectus?
It is the accessory muscle that moves eye down.
93
Where is the inferior rectus located?
It is located on bottom of the eye.
94
What is the medial rectus?
It is the accessory muscle that moves eye medially (inward).
95
Where is the medial rectus located?
It is located on medial side of eyeball.
96
What is the lateral rectus?
It is the accessory muscle that moves eye laterally (outward)
97
Where is the lateral rectus located?
It is located on lateral side of eyeball.
98
How does the superior and inferior oblique of the eye works together?
When we turn our eyes to the right, the superior oblique is going to slightly depress the right eye and the inferior oblique will slightly elevate the left eye.
99
What is the fibrous tunic?
It is the outermost layer of the eyeball.
100
What are the two regions of the fibrous tunic?
1. Sclera
| 2. Cornea.
101
What is the sclera?
It is the white part of the eye, very thick, tough layer that can withstand a lot of pressure.
102
What is the cornea?
It is the most anterior part of the eye, a transparent region that allows for light to be admitted into the eyes.
103
What is the vascular tunic?
It is the middle layer of the eyeball.
104
What are the 3 regions of vascular tunic?
1. Choroid
2. Iris
3. Ciliary body
105
What is the choroid?
It is the outermost layer of the vascular tunic, the vascular structure that is pigmented with melanin to absorb light.
106
What is the ciliary body?
It is the region of vascular tunic that forms a muscular ring around the lens.
107
What is the function of the ciliary body?
It produces and secretes aqueous humor.
108
What is the iris?
It is the second section of vascular tunic, the colored part of the eye.
109
What is the aqueous humor?
It is the very watery substance found in the anterior cavity of the eye.
110
Where does the aqueous humor come from?
It produced and secreted by the ciliary body.
111
What is the pupil?
It is a central opening (hole).
112
where is the pupil located?
It is located in middle of iris.
113
What is the function of the pupil?
It regulates the amount of the light that comes in or out of eye.
114
What is the nervous tunic?
It is the third layer of vascular tunic, the innermost layer.
115
What are the most important receptors that a nervous tunic have?
Photoreceptors.
116
What is the retina?
It is a thin layer of tissue that lines the back of the eye on the inside.
117
What is the function of the retina?
It is to receive light that the lens has focused, convert the light into neural signals, and send these signals on to the brain for visual recognition.
118
What are the 2 components that located on the retina?
1. Rods
| 2. Cones
119
What is the function of a rods?
Rods are responsible for night vision and producing images in shades of grey.
120
What is the function of a cones?
Cones function is in brighter light and it give us day vision and color vision.
121
What is the optic nerve?
It is the cranial nerve #2 that provides the innervation for the visual system (eye).
122
What is the macula lutea?
It is the visual center of the retina.
123
What is the function of the macula lutea?
It is a patch of cells that allows for a very sharp area of vision.
124
What is the center of macula lutea?
In the center of the macula lutea is the central fovea also known as the fovea centralis.
125
What is the central fovea also known as the fovea centralis ?
It's a tiny pit with a high density of rods and cones, the reason why we can see very defined and very sharp images.
126
What is the optic disc?
It is commonly referred to as the blind spot
127
Where is the optic disc located?
It is located in the posterior section of the eye where the optic nerve exits the eye.
128
What is the lens?
It divides the eyeball interiorly into an anterior cavity and a posterior cavity.
129
What is the function of the lens?
Lens allow us to accommodate for far or near vision so the contraction of the muscles pulls on the suspensory ligaments and changes the shape of the lens.
130
What are the two fluid-filled cavities of the eye?
1. Anterior Chambers
| 2. Posterior Chambers
131
Where is the anterior chambers located?
Anterior chamber is between the iris and the cornea.
132
Where is the posterior chambers located?
The posterior chamber is between the iris and the lens.
133
What is the Canal of Schlemm?
It is where aqueous humor will flow into and drain to be reabsorbed.
134
What is Glaucoma?
It is an eye disease that is often associated with the elevated pressure that can lead to loss of vision and even blindness.
135
What happened if the canal of schlemm blocked glaucoma?
If it becomes blocked glaucoma can result which will gradually impair vision because the fluid will back up and become cloudy.
136
What is the vitreous humor?
It is the jelly-like substance that helps keep the lens in its suspended position.
137
What is the purpose of vitreous humor?
It is to apply pressure against the posterior aspect of the eye to hold the retina in place.
138
What is the effect if a dysfunction of production of the vitreous humor from a traumatic event or physiological dysfunction occur?
It can lead to the retina detaching and then lead to partial or full blindness.
139
What is the emmetropia (resting position)?
It is when the eyeball is in a resting position and it is focusing on a distant object.
140
What is the presbyopia?
It is a natural part of the aging process.
141
What happens during presbyopia?
The hardening of the lens of the eye causing the eye to focus light behind rather than on the retina when looking at close objects.
142
Why is presbyopia occur?
Typically it happens with age as the lens will harden and is not as pliable so it cannot change shapes and accommodate for near vision.
143
What is the Myopia or the nearsighted mean?
It means that the eyeball is too long and It can see things that are close but cannot see things that are far away.
144
What is the Hyperopia or the farsighted mean?
It means that the eyeball is too short and it can see faraway objects but difficulty seeing nearby objects.
145
What is the astigmatism mean?
It is the inability to simultaneously focus light rays that enter the eye from different angles on different planes it interferes with our ability to focus on objects.
