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Study Decks > Key Terms A&P | Lab ex 2 Finished > Flashcards

Key Terms A&P | Lab ex 2 Finished Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of sensory receptors?

A
  1. Thermoreceptors
  2. Photoreceptors
  3. Chemoreceptor
  4. Nociceptors
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2
Q

What are thermoreceptors?

A

They are receptors that respond to heat or cold.

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3
Q

What are photoreceptors?

A

They are receptors found in the eye and they respond to light.

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4
Q

What is a chemoreceptor?

A

It is a receptor that will respond to a chemical such as odor or taste.

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5
Q

What are the Nociceptors?

A

They are the receptors that respond to tissue injury so they are pain receptors.

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6
Q

What is the auricle(pinna)?

A

It is an ear lobe-shaped and support by a very thick skin and an elastic cartilage.

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7
Q

List 2 characteristics of the auricle (pinna).

A
  1. There is no cartilage in the lower ear lobe.

2. No bone.

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8
Q

What is the External Acoustic Meatus?

A

It is an opening in the auricle where sound waves enter.

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9
Q

What is the other term for external acoustic meatus?

A

It is also known as external auditory meatus.

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10
Q

What is the Auditory Canal?

A

It is the canal within ear where sound waves travel.

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11
Q

What is the Tympanic Membrane?

A

The outer ear ends here and it is the beginning of the middle ear.

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12
Q

What is the other term for the tympanic membrane?

A

It is also known as eardrum.

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13
Q

Describe the outer surface or the internal surface of the ear.

A

Internal surface is convex.

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14
Q

What causes a vibration on tympanic membrane?

A

Sound waves cause a vibration on tympanic membrane.

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15
Q

Describe the shape of the outer surface (external surface) of the ear.

A

The outer surface (external surface) is concave.

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16
Q

Where are the Sebaceous Glands located?

A

They are located in auditory canal.

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17
Q

What is the function of the sebaceous glands?

A

They secrete oil.

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18
Q

What is Cerumen?

A

It is a technical term for earwax.

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19
Q

How is cerumen (earwax) formed?

A

The oil mixes with dead skin in auditory canal and forms cerumen (ear wax).

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20
Q

What is the function of cerumen (earwax)?

A

Cerumen coats guard hairs and help them keep debris out of the ear because cerumen is sticky.

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21
Q

What are the parts of the middle ear?

A
  • Auditory ossicles
  • Stabilizing ligaments
  • External acoustic meatus
  • tympanic membrane
  • Oval window
  • Auditory window
  • Tympanic cavity
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22
Q

What is the Eustachian Tube?

A

It is also known as the auditory tube which connects the middle ear to nasopharynx.

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23
Q

List 2 characteristics of the eustachian tube.

A
  • From nasopharynx, it allows the passage of air into the middle ear.
  • It permits pressure equalization in the middle ear.
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24
Q

Is the the eustachian tube closed?

A

Yes!

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25
Q

Is it possible for the eustachiaan tube to open? How?

A

Yes it is possible!
Yawning and swallowing opens the tube and allows air to enter or exit the middle ear equalizing pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane.

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26
Q

What are the Auditory ossicles?

A

They are the smallest bones on the body.

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27
Q

How many auditory ossicles does the body has?

A

It has 3 on each side of body.

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28
Q

Why do auditory ossicles connect the tympanic membrane to the inner ear structures?

A

Because they bridge sound waves to travel from the outer ear (tympanic membrane) thru to the inner ear.

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29
Q

What are the 3 auditory ossicles?

A
  1. Malleus
  2. Incus
  3. Stapes
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30
Q

What is the Malleus?

A

It is the outer most ossicle that attached to inner surface of tympanic membrane.

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31
Q

What is the other term for malleus?

A

It is also known as the hammer.

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32
Q

What is the Incus?

A

It is the second ossicle that connects the malleus to the stapes (the stapes is the third bone).

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33
Q

What is the other term for incus?

A

Is it also known as the anvil.

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34
Q

What is the stapes?

A

It connects to the inner ear via the oval window

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35
Q

What is the oval window?

A

It marks the beginning of the inner ear. It is the small partition of the ear.

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36
Q

What is the round window?

A

It is the second small opening that also marks the beginning of inner ear.

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37
Q

What is the second tympanic membrane?

A

It is the thin transparent membrane.

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38
Q

What is the Labyrinth?

A

It is the houses chamber in the inner ear called the vestibule.

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39
Q

What is the Perilymph?

A

It is a fluid found in the cochlea within the scala tympani and the scala vestibule.

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40
Q

What is the Vestibule?

A

It contains some of the organs of equilibrium including semicircular canals.

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41
Q

What are the Semicircular canals?

A

They are the bony canals that contain fluid called endolymph.

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42
Q

What are the 3 canals of the ear?

A
  1. Anterior Canal
  2. Posterior Canal
  3. Lateral Canal
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43
Q

What is the purpose of the movement of the endolymph?

A

Movement of endolymph in canals helps us to detect acceleration or change in the rate of motion that provide us with our sense of balance or equilibrium.

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44
Q

What is the Saccule?

A

It is the sense organ medial to semicircular canals.

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45
Q

What is the purpose of hair cell in the saccule?

A

Hair cells will move in response to fluid moving inside of saccule and will help us to detect where our head is in space.

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46
Q

What is the utricle?

A

It is the sense organ medial to semicircular canals.

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47
Q

What is the purpose of hair cell in the utricle?

A

Hair cells will move in response to fluid moving inside of utricle and will help us to detect where our head is in space.

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48
Q

What is the Cochlea?

A

It is the organ of hearing.

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49
Q

What are the 3 fluid filled chambers inside cochlea?

A
  1. Scala tympani
  2. Scala vestibule
  3. Cochlear duct.
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50
Q

What is the Scala Tympani?

A

It is filled with perilymph.

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51
Q

What is the Scala Vestibule?

A

It is filled with perilymph.

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52
Q

What is the Cochlear Duct?

A

It is filled with endolymph. Most important of the 3 ducts because it contains Organ of Corti.

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53
Q

What is the other term for cochlear duct?

A

It is also known as Scala Media.

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54
Q

Give 3 other terms use for cochlear duct?

A
  1. Organ of hearing
  2. Acoustic organ
  3. Spiral organ
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55
Q

What is the purpose of hair cells in cochlear duct?

A

It contains hair cells that when this fluid moves they send their signal to the auditory branch of cranial nerve #8 and that will transmit the signals of sound to the brain for interpretation.

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56
Q

What are the parts of the inner ear?

A
  • Semicircular canal
  • Utricle
  • Saccule
  • Unrolled Cochlea
  • Vestibule
  • Bony Labyrinth
  • Plate of stapes
  • Mwmbranous Labyrinth
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57
Q

What is the Conjunctiva?

A

It is a very highly vascularized and highly innervated structure that is very sensitive to pain

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58
Q

What are the 2 parts to conjunctiva?

A
  1. Bulbar conjunctiva

2. Palpebral conjunctiva

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59
Q

What is the bulbar conjuctiva?

A

It covers anterior surface of the eyeball except the cornea

60
Q

What is the palpebral conjunctiva?

A

It is the layer that lines the inside of the eyelids.

61
Q

What is the function of conjunctiva?

A

It is to secrete thin layer of mucous to coat the eye and keep it lubricated which helps to keep debris moving out of the field of vision.

62
Q

What is the conjunctivitis?

A

This is the condition we call bloodshot eyes

63
Q

What are the 2 causes to the condition conjunctivitis?

A
  1. Caused by environmental factors such as smoke or dust.

2. Can also be caused by certain bacteria such as Staphylococcus.

64
Q

What is the Palpebrae?

A

It is the eyelid.

65
Q

What do you call a muscle that mostly covers the palpebrae?

A

It is the Orbicularis Oris that is covered by a very thin layer of skin.

66
Q

Is there any fat tissue in the palpebrae?

A

No. It does not have.

67
Q

What is the function of palpebrae?

A

The function is to protect eyeball from foreign objects

68
Q

What is blinking of eyes for?

A

Blinking will help to clear eyes of debris.

69
Q

Where is the meibomian gland located?

A

It is located in the eyelid.

70
Q

What is the function of the meibomian gland?

A

It secretes a layer of a lipid type substance called sebum.

71
Q

What is the sebum?

A

It is the lipid type substance.

72
Q

What is the use of sebum?

A

Sebum mixes with tears of the eyes and helps to keep tears from spilling onto the cheeks.

73
Q

What is the dry eyes?

A

It is the dysfunction of meibomian gland.

74
Q

What is the Palpebral Fissure?

A

It is the opening between the two eyelids.

75
Q

Where is the Gland of Zeis located?

A

It is located at base of eyelashes.

76
Q

What is the function of Gland of Zeis?

A

It secretes sebum or oil type substance to lubricate eye and helps to keep eye protected from infection.

77
Q

What happened if gland of zeis gets flamed and infected?

A

If glands become inflamed and infected a stye results.

78
Q

What is a stye?

A

It is a small, painful lump on the inside or outside of the eyelid.

79
Q

What is the Lacrimal Gland?

A

It is the gland that produces tears.

80
Q

What is the excretory lacrimal ducts?

A

It pours tears into a duct system.

81
Q

What is the purpose of the excretory lacrimal ducts?

A

It brings tears down onto surface of the eyeball and coats eye with tears (coats the conjunctiva) to help lubricate eye.

82
Q

What is the lysozymes?

A

These are bacterial enzymes that help prevent bacterial infection in the eye.

83
Q

What is the lacrimal puntum?

A

It coats the eyeball and they travel medially, empty into a tiny pore on the medial surface of the eyelid after tears.

84
Q

What is the lacrimal canaliculi?

A

It is the little duct system that tears enter after going to the lacrimal punctum.

85
Q

What is the lacrimal sac?

A

It is the larger duct for tears after tears enter the lacrimal canaliculi.

86
Q

What is the naso lacrimal duct?

A

It is the duct for tears after the tears are in the lacrimal sac.

87
Q

What is the function of the Nasolacrimal duct?

A

It directs tears into the nasal cavity.

88
Q

Why is that when we cry we experienced runny nose?

A

This is because of the nasolacrimal ducts that directs tears into the nasal cavity.

89
Q

What are the 4 accessory muscles of the eye?

A
  1. Superior Rectus
  2. Inferior Rectus
  3. Media Rectus
  4. Lateral Rectus
90
Q

What is the superior rectus?

A

It is the accessory muscle that moves up eye.

91
Q

Where is the superior rectus located?

A

It is located on top of the eye.

92
Q

What is the inferior rectus?

A

It is the accessory muscle that moves eye down.

93
Q

Where is the inferior rectus located?

A

It is located on bottom of the eye.

94
Q

What is the medial rectus?

A

It is the accessory muscle that moves eye medially (inward).

95
Q

Where is the medial rectus located?

A

It is located on medial side of eyeball.

96
Q

What is the lateral rectus?

A

It is the accessory muscle that moves eye laterally (outward)

97
Q

Where is the lateral rectus located?

A

It is located on lateral side of eyeball.

98
Q

How does the superior and inferior oblique of the eye works together?

A

When we turn our eyes to the right, the superior oblique is going to slightly depress the right eye and the inferior oblique will slightly elevate the left eye.

99
Q

What is the fibrous tunic?

A

It is the outermost layer of the eyeball.

100
Q

What are the two regions of the fibrous tunic?

A
  1. Sclera

2. Cornea.

101
Q

What is the sclera?

A

It is the white part of the eye, very thick, tough layer that can withstand a lot of pressure.

102
Q

What is the cornea?

A

It is the most anterior part of the eye, a transparent region that allows for light to be admitted into the eyes.

103
Q

What is the vascular tunic?

A

It is the middle layer of the eyeball.

104
Q

What are the 3 regions of vascular tunic?

A
  1. Choroid
  2. Iris
  3. Ciliary body
105
Q

What is the choroid?

A

It is the outermost layer of the vascular tunic, the vascular structure that is pigmented with melanin to absorb light.

106
Q

What is the ciliary body?

A

It is the region of vascular tunic that forms a muscular ring around the lens.

107
Q

What is the function of the ciliary body?

A

It produces and secretes aqueous humor.

108
Q

What is the iris?

A

It is the second section of vascular tunic, the colored part of the eye.

109
Q

What is the aqueous humor?

A

It is the very watery substance found in the anterior cavity of the eye.

110
Q

Where does the aqueous humor come from?

A

It produced and secreted by the ciliary body.

111
Q

What is the pupil?

A

It is a central opening (hole).

112
Q

where is the pupil located?

A

It is located in middle of iris.

113
Q

What is the function of the pupil?

A

It regulates the amount of the light that comes in or out of eye.

114
Q

What is the nervous tunic?

A

It is the third layer of vascular tunic, the innermost layer.

115
Q

What are the most important receptors that a nervous tunic have?

A

Photoreceptors.

116
Q

What is the retina?

A

It is a thin layer of tissue that lines the back of the eye on the inside.

117
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

It is to receive light that the lens has focused, convert the light into neural signals, and send these signals on to the brain for visual recognition.

118
Q

What are the 2 components that located on the retina?

A
  1. Rods

2. Cones

119
Q

What is the function of a rods?

A

Rods are responsible for night vision and producing images in shades of grey.

120
Q

What is the function of a cones?

A

Cones function is in brighter light and it give us day vision and color vision.

121
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

It is the cranial nerve #2 that provides the innervation for the visual system (eye).

122
Q

What is the macula lutea?

A

It is the visual center of the retina.

123
Q

What is the function of the macula lutea?

A

It is a patch of cells that allows for a very sharp area of vision.

124
Q

What is the center of macula lutea?

A

In the center of the macula lutea is the central fovea also known as the fovea centralis.

125
Q

What is the central fovea also known as the fovea centralis ?

A

It’s a tiny pit with a high density of rods and cones, the reason why we can see very defined and very sharp images.

126
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

It is commonly referred to as the blind spot

127
Q

Where is the optic disc located?

A

It is located in the posterior section of the eye where the optic nerve exits the eye.

128
Q

What is the lens?

A

It divides the eyeball interiorly into an anterior cavity and a posterior cavity.

129
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

Lens allow us to accommodate for far or near vision so the contraction of the muscles pulls on the suspensory ligaments and changes the shape of the lens.

130
Q

What are the two fluid-filled cavities of the eye?

A
  1. Anterior Chambers

2. Posterior Chambers

131
Q

Where is the anterior chambers located?

A

Anterior chamber is between the iris and the cornea.

132
Q

Where is the posterior chambers located?

A

The posterior chamber is between the iris and the lens.

133
Q

What is the Canal of Schlemm?

A

It is where aqueous humor will flow into and drain to be reabsorbed.

134
Q

What is Glaucoma?

A

It is an eye disease that is often associated with the elevated pressure that can lead to loss of vision and even blindness.

135
Q

What happened if the canal of schlemm blocked glaucoma?

A

If it becomes blocked glaucoma can result which will gradually impair vision because the fluid will back up and become cloudy.

136
Q

What is the vitreous humor?

A

It is the jelly-like substance that helps keep the lens in its suspended position.

137
Q

What is the purpose of vitreous humor?

A

It is to apply pressure against the posterior aspect of the eye to hold the retina in place.

138
Q

What is the effect if a dysfunction of production of the vitreous humor from a traumatic event or physiological dysfunction occur?

A

It can lead to the retina detaching and then lead to partial or full blindness.

139
Q

What is the emmetropia (resting position)?

A

It is when the eyeball is in a resting position and it is focusing on a distant object.

140
Q

What is the presbyopia?

A

It is a natural part of the aging process.

141
Q

What happens during presbyopia?

A

The hardening of the lens of the eye causing the eye to focus light behind rather than on the retina when looking at close objects.

142
Q

Why is presbyopia occur?

A

Typically it happens with age as the lens will harden and is not as pliable so it cannot change shapes and accommodate for near vision.

143
Q

What is the Myopia or the nearsighted mean?

A

It means that the eyeball is too long and It can see things that are close but cannot see things that are far away.

144
Q

What is the Hyperopia or the farsighted mean?

A

It means that the eyeball is too short and it can see faraway objects but difficulty seeing nearby objects.

145
Q

What is the astigmatism mean?

A

It is the inability to simultaneously focus light rays that enter the eye from different angles on different planes it interferes with our ability to focus on objects.

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