Kaplan Prep - Gastrointestinal - Food and Energy Flashcards
What are the 5 biochemical materials needed by the body that are found in food.
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Vitamins
- Minerals
What are the 3 major biochemical substances found needed by the body in large amounts.
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lipids
What are the 2 biochemical materials that are also needed in a much smaller amount?
- Vitamins
2. Minerals
What are the 2 classes of carbohydrates?
- Sugars
2. Starches
In what foods can carbohydrate sugars can be found?
- Fruits
* Milk
In what foods can carbohydrate starches can be found?
- Potatoes
* Wheat
What are the 3 classes of lipids?
- Saturated
- Unsaturated
- Cholesterol
In what foods can Saturated lipids can be found?
- Butter
* Animal fat
In what foods can Unsaturated lipids can be found?
- Vegetable Oils
In what foods can cholesterol lipids can be found?
- Eggs
- Meat
- Cheese
What are the 2 classes of proteins?
- Complete Proteins
2. Incomplete Proteins
Give some examples of complete proteins.
- Meat
- Poultry
- Eggs
- Milk or dairy products
Give some examples of incomplete proteins.
- Grains
- Legumes
- Seeds
- Nuts.
What is an essential amino acid?
They are ones that your body can’t produce on it’s own.
How many amino essential amino acids are there for adults?
Nine (9)
Where can essential amino acids can be found?
They are found in the meat, poultry, eggs.
What are Vitamins?
They are organic compounds that are not consumed in metabolic reaction but help enzymes carry out the metabolic reactions which convert nutrients to materials need by the body.
What are the 2 classes of vitamins?
- Water-soluble vitamins
2. Fat-soluble vitamins
List the seven minerals needed in the human diet and four foods which are good sources of these.
- Calcium
- Chloride
- Magnesium
- Phosphorus
- Potassium
- Sodium
- Sulfur
Name four food that are some of the best sources of minerals
Milk, some meats, legumes and vegetables
Define anabolism.
All activities that build up (synthesize) molecules.
What is required to do the building?
Energy.
Define catabolism (four main items)
All activities that break down molecules.
It releases energy.
Hydrolysis is used.
Water is added.
What happened to the bigger molecules?
Bigger molecules become smaller molecules.
How are carbohydrates mainly used by the cells of the body?
They are mainly used to turn into glucose so that the glucose can be used to create ATP
How is the energy released from the breakdown of glucose used by the body?
The energy is released during the breakdown of glucose is used by the body to add a phosphate to an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) molecule and make adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Explain cellular respiration.
During cellular respiration, glucose combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
What is glycolysis?
It is the breakdown of glucose into two pyruvates, two NADHs and two ATP
What are the two molecules that broke down in glycolysis glucose?
Two pyruvic acid molecules
What are the two molecules that formed in glycolysis glucose?
Two ATP molecules are formed.
Describe the citric acid cycle or the Krebs cycle.
In the citric acid cycle the pyruvic acid product of glycolysis is converted to carbon dioxide forming some additional ATP.
Describe the electron transport chain.
In the electron transport chain hydrogen atoms formed during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are converted to water releasing energy which is used to add phosphate to ADP to form ATP.
How are carbohydrates used by the body?
Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for cells.
How is the energy released in the breakdown of glucose converted to a form usable by the cells?
The energy released in the breakdown of glucose allows the body to add a phosphate to an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) molecule and make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is then used by cells as a source of energy to perform cellular activities.
What is the first stage of glucose breakdown?
Glycolisis.
Describe Glycolisis
Glycolisis is when water is added, and you end up with two pyruvate moleculates, two atp particles, and two NADH particles.
What is the second stage of glucose breakdown?
Citric cycle or also known as Krebs cycle.
What happen during Krebs cycle?
The pyruvic acid product of glycolysis is converted to carbon dioxide forming some additional ATP.
Name and explain in detail the third stage of glucose breakdown.
In the electron transport chain hydrogen atoms formed during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are converted to water, releasing energy which is used to add phosphate to ADP to form ATP.
Differentiate fat catabolism compare to that formed in carbohydrate metabolism?
Lipid metabolism yields twice the energy formed when a carbohydrate metabolism is broken down.
Name, tell the location of and explain in detail the first stage of lipid breakdown.
Lipid metabolism occurs in the liver by a process known as beta-oxidation to form acetic acid which is further catabolized by the citric acid cycle to carbon dioxide forming some ATP.
Why are proteins not usually used as a body energy
Because the body doesn’t want to attack itself for energy - we need our muscles - it wants to preserve them.
When are proteins used as a body energy?
It is only used to make ATP when there are no carbs or fats available to use.
What is the first step in the oxidation of an amino acid formed from a protein?
When proteins must be used to form ATP, the amino group is removed from the protein to form ammonia.
How is ammonia removed from the body.
Ammonia is combined with carbon dioxide to make urea which is excreted in the urine.
