Anup - Labex 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Mediastinum

A

The mediastinum is the area in the chest between the lungs that contains the heart, part of the windpipe (the trachea), the esophagus, and the great vessels.

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2
Q

Superior Vena Cava

A

The superior vena cava (SVC) is a large valveless venous channel formed by the union of the brachiocephalic veins. It receives blood from the upper half of the body (except the heart) and returns it to the right atrium.

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3
Q

Inferior Vena Cava

A

The inferior vena cava is a large diameter vein that is located posterior to the abdominal cavity and runs along the right side. It has anastomoses with the azygos vein system and the venous plexuses next to the spinal cord.

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4
Q

Right Atrium

A

The right atrium is located in the upper right corner of the heart. It receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the inferior and superior vena cava and communicates with the right ventricle.

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5
Q

Left Atrium

A

The left atrium is a small, hollow structure on the superior left side of the heart. It is separated from the right atrium by the interatrial septum and from the left ventricle by the bicuspid (mitral) valve.

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6
Q

Right Ventricle

A

The right ventricle is the chamber within the heart that is responsible for pumping oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs. It is located in the lower right portion of the heart below the right atrium and opposite the left ventricle.

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7
Q

Left Ventricle

A

The left ventricle is located in the lower left portion of the heart below the left atrium, separated by the mitral valve. It is responsible for pushing oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the aortic arch and onward to reach the rest of the body and deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues.

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8
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

The tricuspid valve, or right atrioventricular valve, is on the right dorsal side of the mammalian heart, between the right atrium and the right ventricle. The function of the valve is to prevent back flow of blood into the right atrium.

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9
Q

Pulmonary Valve

A

The pulmonic valve is one of two valves that allow blood to leave the heart via the arteries. It is a one-way valve, meaning that blood cannot flow back into the heart through it.

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10
Q

Pulmonary Trunk

A

Pulmonary trunk is a vessel that arises from the right ventricle of the heart, extends upward, and divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries that convey unaerated blood to the lungs.

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11
Q

Pulmonary Arteries

A

Pulmonary artery is one of the two vessels which are formed as terminal branches of the pulmonary trunk and convey un-aerated blood to the lungs.

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12
Q

Pulmonary Veins

A

Pulmonary veins are vessels that bring blood to the heart. Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

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13
Q

Bicuspid Valve

A

Bicuspid valve is situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle. It permits blood to flow one way only, from the left atrium into the left ventricle.

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14
Q

Aortic Valve

A

Aortic valve is situated at exit of the left ventricle of the heart where the aorta begins. The aortic valve lets blood from the left ventricle be pumped up into the aorta but prevents blood once it is in the aorta from returning to the heart.

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15
Q

Aorta

A

The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The aorta begins at the top of the left ventricle. The heart pumps blood from the left ventricle into the aorta through the aortic valve.

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16
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

The vessels that supply the heart muscle with blood rich in oxygen. They are called the coronary arteries because they encircle the heart in the manner of a crown. The word “coronary” comes from the Latin “corona” and Greek “koron” meaning crown. Like other arteries, the coronaries may be subject to arteriosclerosis.

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17
Q

Great Cardiac Vein

A

The great cardiac vein is the largest of the veins draining into the coronary sinus from the myocardium.

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18
Q

Atrioventricular Valves

A

The atrioventricular valves are located between the the atria and the ventricles of the heart. The atrioventricular valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle is called the bicuspid valve the right atrium and the right ventricle is called the tricuspid valve.

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19
Q

Tricuspid Valve (Right)

A

The tricuspid valve stands between the right atrium and the right ventricle. It allows blood to flow only from the atrium into the ventricle.

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20
Q

Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve (Left)

A

The bicuspid valve consists of two flaps known as ‘cusps’ attached to the walls between the left atrium (LA) and the left ventricle (LV). This valve enables blood to pass from the left atrium of the heart to the left ventricle of the heart while also preventing flow of blood in the opposite direction, i.e. from the left ventricle to the left atrium.

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21
Q

Papillary Muscles

A

Papillary muscle is a small muscle within the heart that anchors the heart valves. The anchor ropes are the chordae tendineae, thread-like bands of fibrous tissue that attach on one end to the edges of the tricuspid and mitral valves of the heart and on the other end to the papillary muscles.

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22
Q

Chordae Tendineae

A

Chordae tendineae is the thread-like bands of fibrous tissue which attach on one end to the edges of the tricuspid and mitral valves of the heart and on the other end to the papillary muscles, small muscles within the heart that serve to anchor the valves.

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23
Q

Semilunar Valves

A

The semilunar valves prevent blood that is pumped out of the heart from returning back into the heart. They are located between the ventricles of the heart and the blood vessels that these ventricles pump blood into.

24
Q

Myocardium

A

The muscular substance of the heart located at the middle, in between the epicardium and the endocardium.

25
Q

Myocarditis

A

Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle (myocardium) that can result from a variety of causes.

26
Q

Endocardium

A

Endocardium is the membrane that lines the inner heart made up of epithelial cells. The endocardium also covers the heart valves, providing a smooth surface that offers no opportunity for blood cells to stick to it as they pass through the heart.

27
Q

Endocarditis

A

Endocarditis is an infection of the endocardium, which is the inner lining of the heart chambers and heart valve.

28
Q

Atria

A

The upper two heart chambers are called atria. Atria are separated by an interatrial septum into the left atrium and the right atrium. Atria receive blood returning to the heart from the body.

29
Q

Atrium

A

Atrium receives blood into the heart and drives it into a ventricle, or chamber, for pumping blood away from the heart.

30
Q

Interatrial Septum

A

The interatrial septum is the part of the structure (anatomy) of the heart that separates the left atrium from the right atrium. It takes the form of a thin partition between the two atria.

31
Q

Ventricles

A

Ventricle performs most of the heart’s pumping action. The right ventricle pumps blood into the lungs to receive oxygen. The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood through the aorta to all parts of the body.

32
Q

Interventricular Septum

A

The interventricular septum is the wall of the heart intermediate to the right and left ventricles.

33
Q

Pericardium

A

Pericardium is the conical sac of fibrous tissue that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great blood vessels.

34
Q

Parietal Pericardium

A

Parietal pericardium is the outer layer of the pericardium which is a conical sac of fibrous tissue that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great blood vessels.

35
Q

Visceral Pericardium

A

The visceral pericardium is the inner layer of the pericardium which is adherent to the heart itself.

36
Q

Pericardial Cavity/Sac/Fluid

A

The pericardial cavity is a conical fibro-serous sac, in which the heart and the roots of the great vessels are contained.

37
Q

Pericarditis

A

Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium, two thin layers of a sac-like tissue that surrounds the heart, holds it in place and helps it work. A small amount of fluid keeps the layers separate so that there’s no friction between them.

38
Q

Epicardium

A

The outermost layer of the heart is the epicardium. It is a thin layer of cells that covers the outside of the heart and forms the visceral layer of the pericardium.

39
Q

Coronary Sulcus

A

Coronary Sulcus is a surface groove encircling the heart that separates the atria from the ventricles. It contains the right coronary artery, the small cardiac vein, the coronary sinus, and the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery.

40
Q

Coronary Sinus

A

The coronary sinus is a collection of smaller veins that merge together to form the sinus which is located along the heart’s posterior surface between the left ventricle and left atrium. It receives the blood from the myocardium and facilitates the movement of the blood into the right atrium.

41
Q

Anterior Intraventricular Sulcus

A

The anterior interventricular sulcus is one of two grooves that separate the two ventricles of the heart from each other. It is located on the anterosuperior surface of the heart.

42
Q

Posterior Intraventricular Sulcus

A

The posterior interventricular sulcus or posterior longitudinal sulcus is one of the two grooves that separates the ventricles of the heart and is on the diaphragmatic surface of the heart near the right margin.

43
Q

Common carotid artery

A

In anatomy, the left and right common carotid arteries are arteries that supply the head and neck with oxygenated blood. They divide in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries.

44
Q

Internal Jugular vein

A

The internal jugular vein is a major blood vessel that drains blood from important body organs and parts, such as the brain, face, and neck. The internal jugular vein collects blood from the brain, the outside of the face and the neck.

45
Q

External Jugular vein

A

The external jugular vein receives the greater part of the blood from the exterior of the cranium and the deep parts of the face, being formed by the junction of the posterior division of the retromandibular vein with the posterior auricular vein.

46
Q

Subclavian Artery

A

The subclavian arteries branch to the vertebral arteries. These carry oxygenated blood up to the brain from the base of the neck.

47
Q

Subclavian Vein

A

The subclavian vein is an extension of the axillary vein that originates at the outer border of the first rib. There are two such vessels within the human body - the left subclavian vein and the right subclavian vein.

48
Q

Brachiocephalic Vein

A

The brachiocephalic vein, also known as an innominate vein, is a vein that returns oxygen-depleted blood from the upper limbs, neck, and head to the heart.

49
Q

Renal Artery

A

Renal arteries carry blood from the heart to the kidneys. They branch directly from the aorta on either side and extend to each kidney. These arteries take a very large volume of blood to the kidneys to be filtered.

50
Q

Renal Vein

A

The renal veins are veins that drain the kidney. They connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava. They carry the blood filtered by the kidney.

51
Q

Internal Iliac Arteries

A

The internal iliac artery, also called the hypogastric artery, is the dominant artery in the pelvic area. The main function of this artery is to supply blood to the pelvic region, hips, thighs, and the reproductive organs.

52
Q

External Iliac Arteries

A

The external iliac artery is the larger terminal branch of the common iliac artery. The external iliac artery is the main blood supply to the lower limb as it continues down into the thigh as the femoral artery at the level of the inguinal ligament.

53
Q

Intercostal Arteries

A

The intercostal artery refers to the set of blood vessels that direct blood flow to an area within the ribs known as the intercostal space. The intercostal artery is divided into three groups of smaller blood vessels. Two of the groups originate from the front, and the other group is found near the back.

54
Q

Intercostal Veins

A

All the intercostal arteries are accompanied by corresponding veins. The posterior intercostal veins, which correspond to the posterior intercostal arteries, drain backward into azygous and hemiazygous veins.

55
Q

Hemiazygos Vein

A

The hemiazygos vein is a vein running superiorly in the lower thoracic region, just to the left side of the vertebral column.

56
Q

Azygos Vein

A

The azygos vein is a vein running up the side of the thoracic vertebral column draining itself towards the superior vena cava. It connects the systems of superior vena cava and inferior vena cava and can provide an alternative path for blood to the right atrium when either of the vena cava is blocked.