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Study Decks > Kaplan Prep - The Brain > Flashcards

Kaplan Prep - The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

what are the parts of the human brain?

A

cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon (thalamus, hyothalamus, and epithalamus), brain stem (mid-brain, pons, and medulla oblongata), cerebellum

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2
Q

three components of diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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3
Q

three components of the brain stem

A

mid-brain, pons, medulla oblongata

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4
Q

how many ventricles in the brain and what do they produce?

A

four ventricles in the interior of the brain they are chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid which is produced there

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5
Q

what lies above and below the the medulla oblongata?

A

lies between the spinal cord and the pons

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6
Q

is the medulla oblongata anterior or posterior to the cerebellum?

A

anterior

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7
Q

what are the functions of medulla oblongata?

A

regulates heartbeat, breathing, and vasoconstriction (blood pressure), contains the reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, and swallowing

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8
Q

which five reflexes does the medulla oblongata contain?

A
  1. vomiting 2. coughing 3. sneezing 4. hiccupping 5. swallowing
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9
Q

what do the tracts of the medulla oblongata do?

A

they ascend or descend between the spinal cord and the brain’s higher centers

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10
Q

what does the pons contain?

A

bundles of axons travelling between the cerebellum and the rest of the central nervous system

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11
Q

what are the functions of the pons?

A

the pons functions with the medulla to regulate the breathing rate and it has reflex centers concerned with head movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli

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12
Q

what are the reflex centers of the medulla?

A

they are concerned with head movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli

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13
Q

what three reflex centers does the mid-brain have?

A

1.visual responses 2. auditory responses 3.tactile responses

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14
Q

what does the hypothalamus form the floor of?

A

the third ventricle

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15
Q

what are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

maintains homeostasis of the internal environment contains centers for regulating hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature, water balance, blood pressure

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16
Q

what does the hypothalamus control?

A

pituitary gland

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17
Q

what is the thalamus the roof of?

A

the third ventricle

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18
Q

what does the thalmus serve as?

A

a central relay station for sensory impulses traveling upward from other parts of the body and the brain to the cerebrum

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19
Q

which sensory impulses does the thalamus receive?

A

all sensory impulses except those associated with the sense of smell

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20
Q

where does the thalamus send the sensory information?

A

it sends them to the appropriate regions of the cerebrum for interpretation

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21
Q

what does the epithalamus form the roof of?

A

the third ventricle

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22
Q

what is the epithalamus composed of?

A

pineal body

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23
Q

what does the pineal body secrete?

A

it secretes melatonin for the wake-sleep cycle and the choroid plexes which produces cerebrospinal fluid

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24
Q

what does the choroid plexes produce?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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25
Q

how many hemispheres does the cerebellum have?

A

two

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26
Q

how many lobes does the cerebellum have?

A

three

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27
Q

what is the outer cortex and the internal area of the cerebellum made of?

A

composed of a thin outer cortex of gray matter and an internal white matter

28
Q

what do the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum do?

A

act to coordinate body movements by receiving information from the body trunk and influence the motor activities of the trunk and shoulder and pectoral girdle muscles by relaying information to the cerebral motor cortex

29
Q

what does the intermediate lobe of the cerebellum do?

A

coordinates limb movements

30
Q

what other functions is the cerebellum also involved with?

A

planning movements, maintaining balance, controlling, certain eye movements, maintaining normal muscle tone, maintaining posture

31
Q

what is the largest part of the brain?

A

cerebrum

32
Q

what is the corpus callosum?

A

it is a bridge of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres

33
Q

what are gyri?

A

gray colored raised ridges in the cerebrum

34
Q

what are sulci?

A

shallow grooves that separate the gyri

35
Q

what are fissures?

A

deeper grooves that separate large regions of the brain

36
Q

what does the median longitudinal fissure separate?

A

the cerebral hemispheres from one another

37
Q

what does the transverse fissure separate?

A

the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum

38
Q

what are the four surface lobes of the brain?

A

1.frontal 2.parietal 3.temporal 4.occipital

39
Q

what three functional areas does the cerebral cortex contain?

A

1.motor areas that control voluntary motor functions 2.sensory areas that provide for conscious awareness of sensation 3.association areas that act mainly to integrate information for purposeful action

40
Q

what function is the cerebrum responsible for that no other part of the brain is responsible for?

A

consciousness

41
Q

what two things does the cerebrum govern?

A

1.intelligence 2.reason qualities

42
Q

what two things does the frontal lobe control?

A

1.motor functions 2.permits us to control our muscles consciously

43
Q

what does the parietal lobe receive?

A

information from receptors located in the skin such as those for touch, pressure and pain

44
Q

what does the occipital lobe interpret?

A

visual input

45
Q

what does the temporal lobe have sensory areas for?

A

hearing, smelling

46
Q

what else does the cerebrum control?

A

activities of lower parts of the brain

47
Q

what can the cerebrum override?

A

the functioning of the brainstem and the diencephalon

48
Q

what portions of the brain are involved in the limbic system?

A

unconscious and conscious brain

49
Q

where is the limbic system located?

A

it lies just beneath the cerebral cortex

50
Q

what does the limbic system contain?

A

neural pathways that connect portions of the frontal lobes, temporal lobes, thalamus, and hypothalamus

51
Q

what are basal nuclei?

A

masses of gray matter that lie deep within each hemisphere of the cerebrum

52
Q

are the basal nuclei part of the limbic system?

A

yes

53
Q

what does the limbic system do?

A

it is our feeling brain. stimulation of different areas of the limbic system cause rage, pain, pleasure or sorrow

54
Q

what does the limbic system affect?

A

it affects the emotional aspects of behavior, evaluates rewards, and is important in motivation

55
Q

what do extensive connections between the limbic system and lower and higher brain regions cause?

A

acute emotional stress to produce visceral illnesses such as stomach ulcers,high blood pressure and irritable bowel system

56
Q

what else is the limbic system involved with?

A

learning and memory

57
Q

the limbic system is absolutely essential for?

A

both short term and long term memory

58
Q

what happens after the nerve impulses circulate within the limbic system?

A

the basil nuclei stimulate the sensory areas where memories are stored

59
Q

what is the brain protected by?

A

skull, membranes, cerebral, spinal fluid, blood-brain barrier

60
Q

what are the meninges?

A

three connected tissue membranes that cover and protect central nervous system organs and enclose cerebrospinal fluid

61
Q

what is dura matter?

A

it is the leathery double layered outer meninx

62
Q

what is the arachnoid meninx?

A

it is the middle meninge, which is a loose layer, separated from the dura matter by the subdural space

63
Q

what is beneath the arachnoid meninx?

A

the sub arachnoid space which contains blood vessles and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

64
Q

what is the inner pia matter meninx composed of and what is it attached to?

A

it is composed of connective tissue and is tightly attached to the brain

65
Q

what is the function of cerebro spinal fluid?

A

cushions the brain and spinal cord by providing buoyancy

66
Q

where is the cerebro spinal fluid formed?

A

in the ventricles from blood plasma

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