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Study Decks > Micro Talaro Chapter 4 Survey of Prokaryotic Cells and Microorganisms (found) > Flashcards

Micro Talaro Chapter 4 Survey of Prokaryotic Cells and Microorganisms (found) Flashcards

1
Q

Two basic cell types

A

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

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2
Q

All Living things (Multicellular/single) made of cells that share what characteristics?

A

Shape: Spherical, Cubical, Cylindrical, Internal Content: Cytoplasm, surrounded by membrane, DNA chromosome(s), Ribosomes, metabolic capabilities

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3
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Originated about 2 billion years ago -Animals, Plants, Fungi, and Protists -Contain membrane-bound organelles that compartmentalize cytoplasm and perform specific functions -Contain double-membrane bound nucleus with DNA chromosomes

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4
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Originate 3.5 Billion Years Ago -Bacteria and Archaea -NO nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

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5
Q

6 Characteristics of Life

A
  1. Reproduction and Heredity 2. Growth and Development 3. Metabolism 4. Movement and/or Irritability 5. Cell Support, Protection, and Storage Mechanisms 6. Transport of Nutrients and Waste
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6
Q

Bacterial External Structures

A

Appendages 1. Motility - Flagella and Axial Filaments (Periplasmic Flagella) 2. Attachment or Channels - Fimbriae and Pili Glycocalyx (surface coating)

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7
Q

Flagella Parts

A
  1. Filament - Long, thin, helical structure composed of protein flagellin 2. Hook - Curved Sheath 3. Basal Body - Stack of rings firmly anchored in cell wall.
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8
Q

4 flagellar arrangements

A
  1. Monotrichous 2. Lophotrichous 3. Amphitrichous 4. Peritrichous
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9
Q

Monotrichous Flagella

A

Single flagellum at one end

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10
Q

Lophotrichous

A

Small bunches emerging from same site

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11
Q

Amphitrichous

A

Flagella at both ends

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12
Q

Peritrichous

A

Flagella dispersed over surface of cell

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13
Q

Periplasmic Flagella

A

Internal flagella, enclosed in the space between the outer sheath and the cell wall peptidoglycan

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14
Q

How do Periplasmic Flagella produce motility?

A

By contracting and imparting twisting or flexing motion

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15
Q

Fimbriae

A

Fine, proteinaceous, hairlike bristles emerging from the cell surface

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16
Q

What is the function of fimbriae?

A

Adhesion - to other cells and surfaces

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17
Q

Pili

A

Rigid tubular structure made of Pilin protein

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18
Q

What kind of cells are Pili found in?

A

Gram-Negative only

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19
Q

What is the function of Pili?

A

Join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer called conjugation.

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20
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Coating of molecules external to cell wall made of sugars and/or proteins

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21
Q

Types of Glycocalyx

A
  1. Slime Layer - Loosely organized and attached 2. Capsule - Highly organized, tightly attached
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22
Q

What are the functions of Glycocalyx?

A
  1. Protect cell from dehydration/nutrient loss 2. Inhibit death by WBC’s via phagocytosis, contributing to pathogenicity 3. Attachment - formation of biofilms
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23
Q

Cell Envelope

A

External covering OUTSIDE cytoplasm 2 layers: Cell Wall and Cell Membrane

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24
Q

What is function of Cell Envelope?

A

Maintain cell integrity

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25
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria

A

Thick cell wall composed primarily of peptidoglycan and cell membrane DYE PURPLE

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26
Q

Gram-Negative Bacteria

A

Outer cell membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, and cell membrane DYE RED

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27
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Primary component of bacterial cell walls. Unique macromolecule composed of repeating framework of long glycan chains cross-linked by short peptide fragments

28
Q

Gram-Positive Cell Wall

A
  • 20 to 80 nm thick peptidoglycan -Includes Teichoic Acid and Lipoteichoic Acid -Some cells have Periplasmic Space, between the cell membrane and cell wall
29
Q

Teichoic Acid and Lipteichoic Acid functions in Gram + Cell Wall

A

Cell wall maintenance and enlargement during cell division ,move cations across the cell envelope; stimulate a specific immune response

30
Q

Gram-Negative Cell Wall

A

Inner and outer membranes and periplasmic space between them contains a thin peptidoglycan layer -outer membrane contains Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

31
Q

Does Gram-Positive or Gram-Negative cell have Outer Membrane?

A

Gram-Negative

32
Q

Is Gram-Positive or Gram-Negative Cell more permeable to molecules?

A

Gram-Positive

33
Q

How many major layers does Gram-Positive Cell have?

A

1

34
Q

How many major layers does Gram-Negative Cell have?

A

2

35
Q

Gram Stain

A

Differential stain that distinguishes cells with a gram-positive cell wall from those with a gram-negative cell wall. -Important basis of bacterial classification and identification -Practical aid in diagnosing infection and guiding drug treatment

36
Q

Which of the following is not found in the Gram-Negative cell wall structure?A. Porins B. Teichoic Acids C. Periplasmic Space D. Lipopolysaccharides E. Peptidoglycan

A

B. Teichoic Acids

37
Q

Cell Membrane Structure

A

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

38
Q

Functions of Cell Membrane

A

Provides site for energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis -Passage of nutrients into the cell and discharge of wastes -cell membrane is selectively permeable

39
Q

Bacterial Cell cytoplasm

A

-Dense gelatinous solution of sugars, amino acids, and salts. -70-80% water (serves as solvent for materials used in all cell functions)

40
Q

Nucleoid of Prokaryotes contains

A

-Chromosome (Single, Circular, double-stranded DNA contains genetic info required by cell) -Plasmids (Free small circular, double-stranded DNA)

41
Q

Bacterial Ribosomes

A

-60% rRNA, 40% protein -large and small subunit -Differ from eukaryotic in size and number of proteins -Site of protein synthesis -Found in all cells

42
Q

Bacterial Internal Structures include:

A

Inclusions and granules (intracellular storage, vary in size, number and content. Bacteria use them when environmental sources are depleted)

43
Q

Endospores

A

Inert, resting cells produced by some G+ genera -Hardiest of all life forms -Withstands extreme heat, drying, freezing, radiation and chemicals -NOT A MEANS OF REPRODUCTION

44
Q

G+ genera that can produce endospores

A

Clostridium, Bacillus, and Sporosarcina

45
Q

2-Phases of Endospore Life cycle

A
  1. Vegetative Cell - Metabolically active and growing 2. Endospore - Exposure to adverse environment; high resistance and long-term survival
46
Q

Sporulation

A

Formation of endospores

47
Q

Germination

A

Endospores returning to vegetative growth

48
Q

What will destroy an endospore?

A

Pressurized steam at 120 C for 20-30 minutes

49
Q

Coccus

A

Spherical

50
Q

Bacillus

A

Rod

51
Q

Coccobacillus

A

Very short and plump

52
Q

Vibrio

A

Gently curved

53
Q

Spirillium

A

Helical, comma, twisted rod

54
Q

Spirochete

A

Spring-like

55
Q

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

A

Five volume resource covering all known prokaryotes 2 domains: Archaea and bacteria

56
Q

Domain Archaea

A

Major Taxonomic group of Prokaryotes -Primitive, adapted to extreme habitats and modes of nutrition

57
Q

Domain Bacteria

A

Major Taxonomic group of Prokaryotes

58
Q

Diagnostic Scheme for Medical Use

A

Phenotypic qualities used in identification -Divide bacteria based on cell wall structure, shape, arrangement, and physiological traits

59
Q

Species

A

Collection of bacterial cells which share an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs significantly

60
Q

Strain or Variety

A

A culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species

61
Q

Type

A

A subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup, susceptibility to bacterial viruses and in pathogenicity

62
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Blue-Green Algae -Gram Negative Cell wall -Photosynthetic Bacteria

63
Q

Green and Purple Sulfur Bacteria

A

Photosynthetic, Do NOT give off oxygen as product of photosynthesis

64
Q

Rickettsias

A

Obligate Intracellular Parasite -Very tiny, gram-negative bacteria -Most Pathogens -Cant survive outside host cell -Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

65
Q

Chlamydias

A

Obligate Intracellular Parasites -Tiny -Not transmitted by arthropods -Chlamydia Trachomatis = eye infection and one of most common STD’s -Chlamydia Pneumoniae = lung infection

66
Q

Archaea

A

3rd Domain, The other prokaryotes -More closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria -Unique genetic sequence in rRNA -Unique membrane lipids and cell walls

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