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Study Decks > Micro Talaro Chapter 4 Survey of Prokaryotic Cells and Microorganisms (found) > Flashcards

Micro Talaro Chapter 4 Survey of Prokaryotic Cells and Microorganisms (found) Flashcards

1
Q

Two basic cell types

A

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

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2
Q

All Living things (Multicellular/single) made of cells that share what characteristics?

A

Shape: Spherical, Cubical, Cylindrical, Internal Content: Cytoplasm, surrounded by membrane, DNA chromosome(s), Ribosomes, metabolic capabilities

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3
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Originated about 2 billion years ago -Animals, Plants, Fungi, and Protists -Contain membrane-bound organelles that compartmentalize cytoplasm and perform specific functions -Contain double-membrane bound nucleus with DNA chromosomes

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4
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Originate 3.5 Billion Years Ago -Bacteria and Archaea -NO nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

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5
Q

6 Characteristics of Life

A
  1. Reproduction and Heredity 2. Growth and Development 3. Metabolism 4. Movement and/or Irritability 5. Cell Support, Protection, and Storage Mechanisms 6. Transport of Nutrients and Waste
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6
Q

Bacterial External Structures

A

Appendages 1. Motility - Flagella and Axial Filaments (Periplasmic Flagella) 2. Attachment or Channels - Fimbriae and Pili Glycocalyx (surface coating)

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7
Q

Flagella Parts

A
  1. Filament - Long, thin, helical structure composed of protein flagellin 2. Hook - Curved Sheath 3. Basal Body - Stack of rings firmly anchored in cell wall.
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8
Q

4 flagellar arrangements

A
  1. Monotrichous 2. Lophotrichous 3. Amphitrichous 4. Peritrichous
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9
Q

Monotrichous Flagella

A

Single flagellum at one end

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10
Q

Lophotrichous

A

Small bunches emerging from same site

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11
Q

Amphitrichous

A

Flagella at both ends

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12
Q

Peritrichous

A

Flagella dispersed over surface of cell

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13
Q

Periplasmic Flagella

A

Internal flagella, enclosed in the space between the outer sheath and the cell wall peptidoglycan

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14
Q

How do Periplasmic Flagella produce motility?

A

By contracting and imparting twisting or flexing motion

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15
Q

Fimbriae

A

Fine, proteinaceous, hairlike bristles emerging from the cell surface

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16
Q

What is the function of fimbriae?

A

Adhesion - to other cells and surfaces

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17
Q

Pili

A

Rigid tubular structure made of Pilin protein

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18
Q

What kind of cells are Pili found in?

A

Gram-Negative only

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19
Q

What is the function of Pili?

A

Join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer called conjugation.

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20
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Coating of molecules external to cell wall made of sugars and/or proteins

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21
Q

Types of Glycocalyx

A
  1. Slime Layer - Loosely organized and attached 2. Capsule - Highly organized, tightly attached
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22
Q

What are the functions of Glycocalyx?

A
  1. Protect cell from dehydration/nutrient loss 2. Inhibit death by WBC’s via phagocytosis, contributing to pathogenicity 3. Attachment - formation of biofilms
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23
Q

Cell Envelope

A

External covering OUTSIDE cytoplasm 2 layers: Cell Wall and Cell Membrane

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24
Q

What is function of Cell Envelope?

A

Maintain cell integrity

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25
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Thick cell wall composed primarily of peptidoglycan and cell membrane DYE PURPLE
26
Gram-Negative Bacteria
Outer cell membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, and cell membrane DYE RED
27
Peptidoglycan
Primary component of bacterial cell walls. Unique macromolecule composed of repeating framework of long glycan chains cross-linked by short peptide fragments
28
Gram-Positive Cell Wall
- 20 to 80 nm thick peptidoglycan -Includes Teichoic Acid and Lipoteichoic Acid -Some cells have Periplasmic Space, between the cell membrane and cell wall
29
Teichoic Acid and Lipteichoic Acid functions in Gram + Cell Wall
Cell wall maintenance and enlargement during cell division ,move cations across the cell envelope; stimulate a specific immune response
30
Gram-Negative Cell Wall
Inner and outer membranes and periplasmic space between them contains a thin peptidoglycan layer -outer membrane contains Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
31
Does Gram-Positive or Gram-Negative cell have Outer Membrane?
Gram-Negative
32
Is Gram-Positive or Gram-Negative Cell more permeable to molecules?
Gram-Positive
33
How many major layers does Gram-Positive Cell have?
1
34
How many major layers does Gram-Negative Cell have?
2
35
Gram Stain
Differential stain that distinguishes cells with a gram-positive cell wall from those with a gram-negative cell wall. -Important basis of bacterial classification and identification -Practical aid in diagnosing infection and guiding drug treatment
36
Which of the following is not found in the Gram-Negative cell wall structure?A. Porins B. Teichoic Acids C. Periplasmic Space D. Lipopolysaccharides E. Peptidoglycan
B. Teichoic Acids
37
Cell Membrane Structure
Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
38
Functions of Cell Membrane
Provides site for energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis -Passage of nutrients into the cell and discharge of wastes -cell membrane is selectively permeable
39
Bacterial Cell cytoplasm
-Dense gelatinous solution of sugars, amino acids, and salts. -70-80% water (serves as solvent for materials used in all cell functions)
40
Nucleoid of Prokaryotes contains
-Chromosome (Single, Circular, double-stranded DNA contains genetic info required by cell) -Plasmids (Free small circular, double-stranded DNA)
41
Bacterial Ribosomes
-60% rRNA, 40% protein -large and small subunit -Differ from eukaryotic in size and number of proteins -Site of protein synthesis -Found in all cells
42
Bacterial Internal Structures include:
Inclusions and granules (intracellular storage, vary in size, number and content. Bacteria use them when environmental sources are depleted)
43
Endospores
Inert, resting cells produced by some G+ genera -Hardiest of all life forms -Withstands extreme heat, drying, freezing, radiation and chemicals -NOT A MEANS OF REPRODUCTION
44
G+ genera that can produce endospores
Clostridium, Bacillus, and Sporosarcina
45
2-Phases of Endospore Life cycle
1. Vegetative Cell - Metabolically active and growing 2. Endospore - Exposure to adverse environment; high resistance and long-term survival
46
Sporulation
Formation of endospores
47
Germination
Endospores returning to vegetative growth
48
What will destroy an endospore?
Pressurized steam at 120 C for 20-30 minutes
49
Coccus
Spherical
50
Bacillus
Rod
51
Coccobacillus
Very short and plump
52
Vibrio
Gently curved
53
Spirillium
Helical, comma, twisted rod
54
Spirochete
Spring-like
55
Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
Five volume resource covering all known prokaryotes 2 domains: Archaea and bacteria
56
Domain Archaea
Major Taxonomic group of Prokaryotes -Primitive, adapted to extreme habitats and modes of nutrition
57
Domain Bacteria
Major Taxonomic group of Prokaryotes
58
Diagnostic Scheme for Medical Use
Phenotypic qualities used in identification -Divide bacteria based on cell wall structure, shape, arrangement, and physiological traits
59
Species
Collection of bacterial cells which share an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs significantly
60
Strain or Variety
A culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species
61
Type
A subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup, susceptibility to bacterial viruses and in pathogenicity
62
Cyanobacteria
Blue-Green Algae -Gram Negative Cell wall -Photosynthetic Bacteria
63
Green and Purple Sulfur Bacteria
Photosynthetic, Do NOT give off oxygen as product of photosynthesis
64
Rickettsias
Obligate Intracellular Parasite -Very tiny, gram-negative bacteria -Most Pathogens -Cant survive outside host cell -Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
65
Chlamydias
Obligate Intracellular Parasites -Tiny -Not transmitted by arthropods -Chlamydia Trachomatis = eye infection and one of most common STD's -Chlamydia Pneumoniae = lung infection
66
Archaea
3rd Domain, The other prokaryotes -More closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria -Unique genetic sequence in rRNA -Unique membrane lipids and cell walls

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