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Study Decks > A&P I Lab Ex 2 (Senses) - by Gary > Flashcards

A&P I Lab Ex 2 (Senses) - by Gary Flashcards

1
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

receptors that respond to heat or cold

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2
Q

Photoreceptors

A

receptors found in the eye and respond to light

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3
Q

Chemoreceptor

A

receptors that will respond to a chemical such as odor or taste

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4
Q

Nociceptors

A

receptors that respond to tissue injury so they are pain receptors

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5
Q

Auricle (pinna) ear lobe

A

shaped and support by a very thick skin and an elastic cartilage. No cartilage in the lower ear lobe. No bone.

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6
Q

External Acoustic Meatus

A

opening in the auricle where sound waves enter

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7
Q

Auditory Canal

A

canal within ear where sound waves travel

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8
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

outer ear ends here (beginning of middle ear.) Aka the eardrum. Outer surface (external surface) is concave. Internal surface is convex. Sound waves cause a vibration on tympanic membrane.

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9
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

located in auditory canal and they secrete oil

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10
Q

Cerumen

A

oil mixes with dead skin in auditory canal and forms cerumen aka ear wax. Cerumen coats guard hairs and helps them keep debris out of the ear because cerumen is sticky.

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11
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

aka auditory tube. Connects middle ear to nasopharynx. From nasopharynx it allows the passage of air into middle ear. Also permits pressure equalization in middle ear. Tube is generally closed. Yawning and swallowing opens tube and allows air to enter or exit middle ear equalizing pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane. Allows for bacteria from throat or upper respiratory tract into middle ear.

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12
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

3 on each side of body. Smallest bones in body. Connect tympanic membrane to inner ear structures. Bridge for sound waves to travel from outer ear tympanic membrane thru into inner ear.

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13
Q

Malleus aka hammer

A

Outer most ossicle. Attached to inner surface of tympanic membrane.

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14
Q

Incus aka anvil

A

Second ossicle. Connects malleus to stapes (third bone.)

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15
Q

Stapes

A

connects to inner ear. Covers small partition called oval window.

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16
Q

Oval window

A

marks beginning of inner ear.

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17
Q

Round window

A

second small opening that also marks beginning of inner ear. Covered by thin transparent membrane called second tympanic membrane.

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18
Q

Labyrinth

A

houses chamber in the inner ear called the vestibule.

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19
Q

Perilymph

A

is a fluid found in the cochlea within the scala tympani and the scala vestibule.

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20
Q

Vestibule

A

contains some of the organs of equilibrium including semicircular canals.

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21
Q

Semicircular canals

A

bony canals that contain fluid called endolymph # anterior canal, posterior canal, and lateral canal. Movement of endolymph in canals helps us to detect acceleration or change in rate of motion that provide us with our sense of balance or equilibrium.

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22
Q

Saccule

A

sense organ medial to semicircular canals. Contains hair cells that with movement of our head also help us to detect what position our head is in. Hair cells will move in response to fluid moving inside of saccule and will help us to detect where our head is in space.

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23
Q

Utricle

A

sense organ medial to semicircular canals. Contains hair cells that with movement of our head also help us to detect what position our head is in. Hair cells will move in response to fluid moving inside of utricle and will help us to detect where our head is in space.

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24
Q

Cochlea

A

organ of hearing. Cochlear branch of cranial nerve #8 innervates cochlea. Three fluid filled chambers inside cochlea: scala tympani, scala vestibule, cochlear duct.

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25
Q

Scala Tympani

A

filled with perilymph

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26
Q

Scala Vestibule

A

filled with perilymph

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27
Q

Cochlear Duct aka Scala Media

A

filled with endolymph. Most important of the 3 ducts because it contains Organ of Corti.

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28
Q

Organ of corti aka organ of hearing aka acoustic organ aka spiral organ

A

It is lined with epithelial tissue and it contains hair cells that when this fluid moves they send their signal to the auditory branch of cranial nerve #8 and that will transmit the signals of sound to the brain for interpretation.

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29
Q

Conjunctiva

A

2 parts to conjunctiva: bulbar conjunctiva and palpebral conjunctiva. Bulbar conjunctiva covers anterior surface of eyeball. It covers everything except the cornea. Palpebral conjunctiva is the layer that lines the inside of the eyelids. The conjunctiva is a very highly vascularized and highly innervated structure that is very sensitive to pain. It will detect stimuli in the environment that it comes into contact with. Function of conjunctiva is to secrete thin layer of mucous to coat the eye and keep it lubricated which helps to keep debris moving out of the field of vision.

30
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

condition we call bloodshot eyes. Caused by environmental factors such as smoke or dust and can also be caused by certain bacteria such as Staphylococcus.

31
Q

Palpebrae

A

The palpebrae are your eyelids. Consists mostly of a muscle called the Orbicularis Occuli covered by a very thin layer of skin. No fat tissue. Function is to protect eyeball from foreign objects. Blinking will help to clear eyes of debris.

32
Q

Meibomian Gland

A

Located in the eyelid. Secretes a layer of a lipid type substance called sebum. Sebum mixes with tears of the eyes and helps to keep tears from spilling onto the cheeks. Dysfunction of these glands is called dry eyes.

33
Q

Sebum

A

lipid type substance. Sebum mixes with tears of the eyes and helps to keep tears from spilling onto the cheeks.

34
Q

Palpebral Fissure

A

opening between the two eyelids.

35
Q

Gland of Zeis

A

located at base of eyelashes. Sebaceous glands. Secretes sebum or oil type substance to lubricate eye. Helps to keep eye protected from infection. If glands become inflamed and infected a stye results.

36
Q

Lacrimal Gland

A

produces tears. Pours tears into a duct system called excretory lacrimal ducts.

37
Q

Excretory Lacrimal Ducts

A

brings tears down onto surface of the eyeball and coats eye with tears (coats the conjunctiva) to help lubricate eye. In tear production there is a lot of lysozymes which are bacterial enzymes that help prevent bacterial infection in the eye.

38
Q

Lacrimal Punctum

A

after tears coat the eyeball they travel medially and empty into a tiny pore on the medial surface of the eyelid called the lacrimal punctum. Then they enter a little duct system called the lacrimal canaliculi.

39
Q

Lacrimal Canaliculi

A

little duct system that tears enter after going to the lacrimal punctum.

40
Q

Lacrimal Sac

A

larger duct for tears after tears enter the lacrimal canaliculi.

41
Q

NasoLacrimal Duct

A

the duct for tears after the tears are in the lacrimal sac. Nasolacrimal duct directs tears into the nasal cavity. **Obstruction of ANY of the ducts in this entire duct system results in watery eyes. It also explains why we have a runny nose when we cry.

42
Q

Superior Rectus

A

Located on top of eye. Moves eye up.

43
Q

Inferior Rectus

A

Located on bottom of eye. Moves eye down.

44
Q

Medial Rectus

A

Located on medial side of eyeball. Moves eye medially (inward.)

45
Q

Lateral Rectus

A

Located on lateral side of eyeball. Moves eye laterally (outward.)

46
Q

Superior/inferior Oblique

A

work together when rotating eye. When we turn our eyes to the right, the superior oblique is going to slightly depress the right eye and the inferior oblique will slightly elevate the left eye.

47
Q

Fibrous Tunic

A

outermost layer of the eyeball. Fibrous tunic has two regions: sclera and cornea.

48
Q

Sclera

A

white part of the eye. Very thick, tough layer that can withstand a lot of pressure.

49
Q

Cornea

A

most anterior part of the eye. Transparent region that allows for light to be admitted into the eyes.

50
Q

Vascular Tunic

A

middle layer of the eyeball. It consists of three regions. Outermost layer is the choroid. Another structure of vascular tunic is the ciliary body which is a thickened region of the choroid. Ciliary muscle and the ciliary process make up the ciliary body. Ciliary body forms a muscular ring around the lens. There are also suspensory structures attached to ciliary body that help in accommodation of the lens which helps it to either focus on faraway structures or close structures by contracting the ciliary muscles. Ciliary body produces and secretes aqueous humor. Second section of vascular tunic is the iris. Third layer of vascular tunic is the nervous tunic.

51
Q

Choroid

A

Outermost layer of vascular tunic. A vascular structure that is pigmented with melanin to absorb light.

52
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

produced and secreted by the ciliary body. It is a very watery substance found in the anterior cavity of the eye.

53
Q

Iris

A

second part of the vascular tunic. Colored part of eye. The pupil is in the middle of the iris.

54
Q

Pupil

A

found in middle of iris. Not a pigmented structure. It is a central opening (hole.) Regulates amount of light that comes in or out of eye.

55
Q

Nervous Tunic

A

third layer of vascular tunic. Innermost layer. Consists of the retina and beginning of optic nerve. It’s the nervous tissue layer. Contains receptors and sensory neurons. Most important receptors are the photoreceptors. Rods and cones are located on the retina.

56
Q

Retina

A

rods and cones located on the retina. There are specific neural components in the tissue of the retina # the macula lutea.

57
Q

Optic Nerve

A

cranial nerve #2 # provides the innervation for the visual system (eye.)

58
Q

Photoreceptors (rods and cones)

A

rods are responsible for night vision and producing images in shades of grey. Cones are color receptors. Cones function in brighter light and give us day vision and color vision.

59
Q

Macula Lutea

A

the visual center of the retina. It’s a patch of cells that allows for a very sharp area of vision. In the center of the macula lutea is the central fovea aka fovea centralis.

60
Q

Central Fovea aka Fovea Centralis

A

located in the center of the macula lutea. It’s a tiny pit with a high density of rods and cones. It’s partly why we can see very defined and very sharp images.

61
Q

Optic Disc

A

commonly referred to as the blind spot. There are no photoreceptors in the optic disc. It is located in the posterior section of the eye where the optic nerve exits the eye.

62
Q

Lens

A

divides the eyeball interiorly into an anterior cavity and a posterior cavity. It’s a bi-concave structure. Suspended in eye by suspensory ligaments that are coming from ciliary processes. With age lens hardens and becomes cloudy and results in a cataract. Lens allows us to accommodate for far or near vision so the contraction of the muscles pulls on the suspensory ligaments and changes the shape of the lens.

63
Q

Anterior/Posterior Chambers

A

anterior chamber is between the iris and the cornea. Posterior chamber is between the iris and the lens.

64
Q

Canal of Schlemm

A

where aqueous humor will flow into and drain to be reabsorbed. If it becomes blocked glaucoma can result which will gradually impair vision because the fluid will back up and become cloudy.

65
Q

Glaucoma

A

Canal of Schlemm gets blocked and can gradually impair vision because the fluid will back up and become cloudy.

66
Q

Vitreous humor

A

jelly#like substance. It’s job is to apply pressure against the posterior aspect of the eye to hold the retina in place. It also helps keep the lens in its suspended position. A dysfunction of production of the vitreous humor from a traumatic event or some kind of physiological dysfunction can lead to the retina detaching and then lead to partial or full blindness.

67
Q

Emmetropia

A

when the eyeball is in a resting position and it is focusing on a distant object

68
Q

Presbyopia

A

reduced ability to accommodate for near vision. Typically happens with age as the lens will harden and is not as pliable so it cannot change shapes and accommodate for near vision.

69
Q

Myopia

A

eyeball is too long. Can see things that are close but cannot see things that are far away.

70
Q

Hyperopia

A

(farsighted) eyeball is too short. Can see faraway objects but difficulty seeing nearby objects.

71
Q

Astigmatism

A

inability to simultaneously focus light rays that enter the eye from different angles on different planes due to a deviated shape of the cornea. Interferes with our ability to focus on objects.

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