Kaplan Prep - Digestive (General)

Question 1

What does heterotrophic mean?

Answer 1

It means that we can’t manufacture our own food.

Question 2

Where do we get our energy?

Answer 2

By eating food and plants.

Question 3

What kinds of activities do humans carry out with the food they ingest?

Answer 3

• Walking * Talking * Forming the building blocks needed to grow * Repair tissues

Question 4

What classification are humans part of?

Answer 4

Omnivores.

Question 5

What does omnivore mean?

Answer 5

It means that we eat plants and animals.

Question 6

What are the 4 processes that the human digestive system carries out?

Answer 6

1. Takes in food 2. Breaks food down into nutrient molecules 3. Absorbing nutrient molecules into the bloodstream 4. Eliminates indigestible waste

Question 7

What are the two main divisions of the digestive system organs?

Answer 7

1. Alimentary canal (GI Tract) 2. Accessory Digestive Organs

Question 8

Name the 7 parts of the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 8

1. Mouth 2. Pharynx (Throat) 3. Esophagus 4. Stomach 5. Small Intestine 6. Large Intestine 7. Anus

Question 9

Name the 6 digestive system accessory organs.

Answer 9

1. Teeth 2. Salivary Glands 3. Liver 4. Pancreas 5. Gall Bladder 6. Tongue

Question 10

Describe the relative length of the Duodenum

Answer 10

It is very small.

Question 11

Describe the relative length of the Ju Junum

Answer 11

It is much longer than the duodenum. It is the second section

Question 12

Describe the relative length of the Ileum

Answer 12

It is slightly longer than the jejunum. It is the longest part

Question 13

What is the name of the valve which is located at the beginning of the small intestine?

Answer 13

Pyloric sphincter valve.

Question 14

What is the name of the valve which is located at the end of the small instestine?

Answer 14

Ileocecal valve

Question 15

What are the 3 specialized structures in the wall of the small intestine?

Answer 15

1. Circular folds 2. Villi 3. Microvilli

Question 16

What is the purpose of the 3 specialized structures in the wall of the small intestine?

Answer 16

The purpose of the 3 specialized structures consisting of circular folds, villi and microvill is to greatly increase surface to cause greater absorption of food.

Question 17

Where is bile formed?

Answer 17

Bile is formed in the liver.

Question 18

How does bile make its way to the small intestine?

Answer 18

1. Bile is formed in the liver. 2. It is stored in the gallbladder. 3. Then it is sent to the duodenum by way of the bile duct

Question 19

What is the function of bile?

Answer 19

Bile breaks up fat into fat droplets so that they mix with the water and become more easily acted on by enzymes.

Question 20

What are the 2 major functions of pancreatic juice?

Answer 20

1. Pancreatic juice contains sodium bicarbonate, which neutralizes the ph of the chyme and makes it slightly basic.2. The second thing is that it contains enzymes which act on every major component of food.

Question 21

Describe how fats, sugars and amino acids are absorbed by the small intestine.

Answer 21

They are absorbed by the small instestine since the sugars and amino acids enter villi cells and are then absorbed into the blood stream and the glycerol and fatty acids enter villi cells and are reassembled into fat molecules which move into the lacteals.

Question 22

What are the 3 functions of the liver that are important in digestion?

Answer 22

1. It produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder before entering the small intestine, where it emulsifies fats.2. It stores glucose as glycogen and breaks down glycogen to glucose between meals to maintain a constant glucose concentration (homeostasis) in the blood.3. It produces urea from amino groups that are removed from excess amino acids.

Question 23

What are the 8 regions of the large intestine.

Answer 23

1.Cecum 2. Appendix 3. Ascending colon 4. Transverse Colon 5. Descending Colon 6. Sigmoid Colon 7. Rectum 8. Anal Canal

Question 24

What are the two sphincters of the anal canal?

Answer 24

1. Internal (Involuntary) 2. External (Vountary)

Question 25

What type of muscle is the Internal (Involuntary) Sphincter made of?

Answer 25

It is made of smooth muscle.

Question 26

What type of muscle is the External (Voluntary) Sphincter made of?

Answer 26

It is made of skeletal muscle.

Question 27

What are the 4 functions of the large intestine?

Answer 27

1. Reabsorbing water 2. Propels Waste 3. Absorbing vitamin K and some B vitamins 4. Reabsorbing electrolytes

Question 28

What are the 2 major physiological problems caused by diarrhea?

Answer 28

1. Dehydration 2. Loss of electrolytes

Question 29

What are the contents of feces?

Answer 29

• Undigestible plant material * Inorganic material * Intestinal Bacteria * Fats * Waste products such as: Bile Pigments * Mucus * Dead cells from intestinal lining * 25% solid matter * 75% water

Question 30

What are the 4 main roles that are performed by the digestive system?

Answer 30

1. Ingestion 2. Digestion 3. Absorption 4. Defecation

Question 31

What is the ingestion function performed by digestive system?

Answer 31

Food entering the mouth.

Question 32

When does the digestion occur?

Answer 32

It is when food is moved, mixed, and exposed to enzymes along the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 33

What are the two parts of digestion?

Answer 33

1. Mechanical Digestion 2. Chemical Digestion

Question 34

When does the mechanical digestion occur?

Answer 34

It is when food is broken down into smaller pieces. This occurs when the teeth chew food, when the stomach mixes food, and occurs as food is moved along the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 35

What is chemical digestion?

Answer 35

It is the breakdown of food by enzymes.

Question 36

What is meant by “absorption” in the digestive system?

Answer 36

It is the process of moving digested food into the bloodstream.

Question 37

What is defecation?

Answer 37

It is the excretion of indigestible food from the anus

Question 38

Describe chewing

Answer 38

It is a mechanical digestive process which helps break down food

Question 39

What is the function of the tongue?

Answer 39

It helps grip the food and move it into position to be chewed.

Question 40

What is the function of the salivary glands?

Answer 40

It releases the amylase enzyme which starts immediately chemically breaking down starches and sugars

Question 41

Explain which digestive system functions are carried out by the stomach.

Answer 41

In the stomach mechanical digestion continues as muscles churn and mix the food, breaking it into smaller pieces in the form of chime which is moved to the small intestine by peristalsis. Chemical digestion continues as pepsin digests proteins.

Question 42

Explain which digestive system functions are carried out by the small intestine.

Answer 42

Chemical digestion continues as enzymes from the pancreatic juices break down starches and proteins, and begin digestion of fat. Mechanical digestion continues as bile breaks down fat into smaller pieces.Absorption begins as digested food molecules, water and fat are absorbed into the bloodstream.

Question 43

Explain which digestive system functions are carried out by the large intestine.

Answer 43

reabsorbs water and salt absorbs vitamin K, absorbs some b vitamins, groups the remaining waste together, uses peristalsis to get the waste ready to send down the rectum and anus for excretion.