Sein 1 (esthétique, recon, congénital) Flashcards

1
Q

Define polymastia

A

presence of any accessory breast tissue

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2
Q

Define polythelia

A

supernumerary or accessory nipple

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3
Q

Define amazia

A

Absence of breast tissue (NAC present)

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4
Q

Define athelia

A

complete absence of NAC

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5
Q

Define amastia

A

Absence of breast tissue and NAC

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6
Q

Describe the Tanner stages

A

1 - Elevation of nipple; no palpable glandular tissue; no areolar pigmentation
2 - glandular tissue in subareolar region; nipple and breast project as single mound
3 - enlargement of breast but contour of breast and nipple in single stage
4 - enlargement of areola; increased areolar pigmentation; elevation of NAC above breast
5 - final smooth contour with no projection of the NAC

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7
Q

Which hormones stimulate breast development in adolescence

A

GnRh
Estrogen
Progesterone

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8
Q

Which homones affect breast development in adulthood

A

Estrogen
Progesterone
Prolactin
Placental lactogene (only during pregnancy)

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9
Q

Normal NAC size

A

38-45mm

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10
Q

Normal notch-to-nipple and nipple-to-IMF distance

A

Notch-to-nipple: 21cm
Nipple-to-IMF: 6.9cm

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11
Q

Name the 5 parenchymal vessels of the breast

A

Internal mammary
Thoracodorsal
Thoracoacromial
Intercostal
Lateral thoracic

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12
Q

What causes breast hypertrophy during pregnancy

A

Increased response to estrogen

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13
Q

what is the pathophysiology of hypermastia

A

Abnormal excessive growth in response to circulating estrogens

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14
Q

What is the Septum of Wuringer

A

Septum containing vascularization and nerve bundle to NAC. Originates in pectoral fascia along 5th rib

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15
Q

What are the limits of the breast

A

2nd rib
Sternum
IMF (6th rib)
Mid-anterior axillary line

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16
Q

What is the anatomical cause of ptosis

A

Attenuation of Cooper’s ligament

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17
Q

What are the 3 levels of axillary lymph nodes

A

I - lateral to the lateral border of pectoralis minor
II - underneath and posterior to pectoralis minor
III - medial to medial border of pectoralis minor

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18
Q

What are Rotter’s ganglions

A

Ganglions located between the pectoralis major and minor muscles

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19
Q

What are the 5 groups of axillary nodes

A

Apical axillary
Central axillary
Subscapular
Supra-clavicular
Pectoral

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20
Q

What is the origin of pectoralis MAJOR

A

Medial clavicle
Sternum
Ribs 1-6
External oblique
Rectus abdominus

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21
Q

What is the insertion of pectoralis MAJOR

A

sillon intertuberculaire de l’humérus

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22
Q

What is the function of pectoralis MAJOR

A

Adduction and internal rotation of the arm

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23
Q

What is the innvervation of pectoralis MAJOR

A

Medial pectoral nerve (Sternal head)
Lateral pectoral nerve (Clavicular head)

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24
Q

What artery supplies the pectoralis MAJOR

A

Internal mammary **
Thoracoacromial**
Intercostal perforators
Lateral thoracic

** main ones

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25
Describe the origin of pectoralis MINOR
Ribs 3-6 (anterolateral)
26
Describe the insertion of pectoralis MINOR
Coronoid process of scapula
27
What is the function of pectoralis MINOR
Draws scapula down and forward
28
What is the innervation of pectoralis MINOR
Medial pectoral nerve
29
What is the arterial supply of pectoralis MINOR
Pectoral branch of thoracoacromial a. Lateral thoracic artery Direct branch of axillary artery
30
Describe the origin of serratus anterior
Anterolateral aspect of upper 8 ribs
31
Describe the insertion of serratus anterior
Anterior surface of medial aspect of scapula
32
What is the function of serratus anterior
Stabilize scapula against chest wall during abduction and elevation of arm (pulls scapula forward and laterally)
33
What is the arterial supply of serratus anterior
Lateral thoracic artery Branches of thoracodorsal artery
34
What is the innervation of the serratus anterior
Long thoracic nerve
35
What is the etiology of polythelia
Failiure of regression of mammary ridge remenents
36
What is the most common anomaly of the pediatric breast
Polythelia
37
What is the most common location of polyTHELIA
Inferior to the normal breast (around the IMF)
38
What is the treatment for polythelia
Observation Surgical resection
39
What other systems should you investigate in the context of polymastia
Kidneys (renal u/s) Thorax (chest XR) Urogenital
40
What is the most common location of polyMASTIA
Lower axilla
41
What is the pathogenesis of polymastia
Hormonal stimulation of residual mammary ridge tissue
42
What is the preferred treatment for polymastia
Surgical excision once breast development is complete (direct excision vs liposuction)
43
List complications that can occur from polymastia correction
seroma incomplete excision damage to intercostal nerves painful scar over agressive resection
44
What syndromes can be associated with amastia
Poland syndrome Rothschild syndrome Choanal atresia-athelia syndrome Scalp-ear-nipple syndrome
45
What is the etiology of amastia
Failure of development of ectoderm and appendages
46
What is the preferred treatment for athelia
NAC reconstruction following usual NAC reconstruction principles
47
What is the preferred treatment for amastia and amazia
Breast mound reconstruction with expander and implant **Expander can go in prior to full maturity but implant need to wait until breast are fully developed**
48
What workup should you consider in an adolescent with abnormal breast development
hypothyroidism (TSH) ovarian failure (Add) androgen excess (testosterone) connective tissue disorder (Add) mitral valve prolapse (u/s) prior radiation
49
Describe the embryological development of the breast
Week 4- Mammary ridge from ectoderm Week 7-8 -invagination of chest wall ectoderm in mesenchyme Week12-16 - differentiation into smooth muscles and NAC Week 20 - secondary mammary glands and cooper ligament Week 20-32 - canalization Week 32-40 - differentiation of parenchyma, lactiferous duct open, Eversion of nipple.
50
What is Cooper's ligament
Fibrous bands from deep fascia to the skin (attenuation -> ptosis)
51
Symptoms/Signs of hypermastia (5)
Back and neck pain Shoulder grooving Chronic headaches Numbness upper extremity (ulnar) Intertrigo/rash/maceration
52
What is + define glgantomastia
Juvenile virginal hypertrophy of the breast At least 1800g per breast is removed Onset with first menses
53
What is the greatest risk factor for recurrence of glgantomastia
preganancy
54
Goals of breast reduction surgery (6)
Improve symptoms Decrease breast volume Reposition NAC in correct position Maintain vascularity to the NAC Tension-free closure Minimize scaring
55
Benefits (3) and disadvantages (2) of breast suction lipectomy
Benefits: - smaller scars - preserves NAC vascularity -preserves lactation Disadavantages: -flat breast -tendency for ptosis
56
Describe the vascular supply to the superior breast pedicle
- Descending artery from the internal mammary - Located at 2nd interspace - Lies in subcutaneous tissue
57
Up to which volume and which transposition can be achieved with a superomedial pedicle for breast reduction
2000g and 15cm transposition
58
Describe the vascular supply to the medial breast pedicle
- Branch from internal mammary - Located in 3rd interspace - Curves around medial aspect of the breast
59
Describe the vascular supply to the lateral breast pedicle
- Superficial branch from lateral thoracic - Lies laterally in subcetaneous tissues
60
Describe the vascular supply to the inferior and posterior breast pedicle
- deep branches perforating branches from the intercostal system - Located at the 4th interspace - additional supply form 5th interspace
61
Cutoff that causes bulky inferior pedicles
nipple to IMF: 18cm
62
Advantages of lower breast pedicle
Improvement of pressure sensation to breast skin and NAC
63
Name for the vertical and horizontal bipedicle technique When are they useful?
- McKissock : Vertical - Strömbeck : Horizontal Useful for secondary breast reduction
64
4 types of skin resection patterns for breast reduction
Inverted T pattern Vertical pattern Circumareolar pattern No vertical scar pattern (periareolar or inframammary)
65
Advantages and disadavantages of inverted T breast reduction
Adv: allows removal of larrge area of skin Diasv: More scaring
66
Indication for circumareolar pattern breast reduction
Pstosis <2cm
67
Disadavantages of circumareolar breast reduction
widdens NAC
68
Advantages and disadavantages of vertical breast reduction
Adv: eliminates horizontal scar Disv: 10-15% dog ear revision
69
Describe the innervation of the breast
Intercostal nerves 3-6 Supraclavicular branches from cervical plexus (C3-C6) Antero-medial branches from 3rd-5th intercostals
70
Indications (5) of free nipple grafting
Nipple to IMF >18cm in patient that wants a small volume >35-40cm SN :N Significant systemic disease that impairs blood flow Patient with previous breast operation or chest wall radiation that impairs blood flow Short anesthesia time required
71
Disdavantage of free nipple grafting (4)
Depigmentation Loss of sensation Loss of lactation potential Poor projection
72
Avantages et désavantages de la liposuccion comme technique de réduction mammaire?
+ : Cicatrices minimes, préservation du NAC (vascularisation et innervation), préserve la lactation, peu de dérangement du support du sein - : Seins plats, pas de correction de la ptose, vêtements de support x6 semaines
73
Rates of breastfeeding potential after breast reduction
Depends on source 50-70% Higher rate of success if inferior pedicle Higher rate of success if a column of breast parenchyma from nipple to chest wall is preserved
74
4 façons de déterminer la position du NAC?
Pitanguy (transposition de l’IMF) Mid-huméral, 1-2cm sous Mesure directe from sternal notch, 19-21cm 8-10cm from superior breast border
75
Steps for making breast reduction with wise pattern
1) Upright position 2) Midline 3) IMF +/- rebord superieur du sein 3) Breast meridian (midclavicular, 6cm from sternal notch down towards nipple) 4) Vertical nipple position (Pitanguy or 21cm sternal notch to meridian or 8-10cm from superior breast border and 10cm from midline) 5) Measure bilateral to ensure symmetry 6) Mark wise pattern (2cm above nipple position), vertical limbs 6cm 7) Draw pedicle ideally 8cm width
76
Principes de Hall-Findlay pour la réduction mammaire secondaire?
Respect de l’apport sanguin aléatoire Ne pas réélever le NAC significativement nlever l’excès de tissus dans le pole inférieur avec un wedge orienté de façon vertical Ne pas enlever de peau sous l’incision de l’IMF Lipo = Aide important
77
What is the recommendation for breast pedicle in a secondary (repeat) breast reduction of unknown initial pedicle?
free nipple graft or inferior wedge resection
78
6 Post-op complication of breast reduction in radiated breast
Seroma Fat necrosis Nipple necrosis Wound dehiscence Cellulitis Asymmetry
79
True or false, drains after breast reduction lower complications/hematoma rates
False
80
What to do if nipple turns blue during breast reduction
During dissection: -Stop dissection -Ensure adequate BP, urine output, temperature -Observe for 10-15 minutes -Convert to free nipple graft During closure: -Reopen and inspect -Evacuate hematoma -check for pedicle kinking -Ensure adequate BP -Convert to free nipple graft -Rechauffer
81
Name complications of breast reduction and % for the most common ones
NAC compromise 4-7% Altered nipple sensation 9-25% Unsatisfactory scarring 4% Wound healing complications 19% Inability to breastfeed Fat necrosis Asymmetry Insufficient reduction or overreduction Infection Change of shape over time
82
Quand obtenir une mammographie dans le contexte de réduction mammaire?
Selon les recommandations de dépistage normal (à partir de 50ans ad 74ans q2-3ans si faible risque, q1an après néo du sein, centre dédié avec radiologiste expérimenté si greffe graisseuse) Avant la chirurgie selon recommandations et 6 mois après la chirurgie puis reprendre normalement le screening
83
Risque de trouver une néoplasie dans un spécimen de BBR?
1% en général Si procédure balancing, 5%
84
Advantages of alloderm in breast reconstruction
stabilise positionnement implant decreases capsular contracture rate decrease implant rippling decrease animation deformity decrease radiotx effects
85
3 inconvénient de l'alloderme dans la reconstruction du sein
increased risk of seroma red breast syndrome cost
86
4 avantages de la IMA dans la reconstruction du sein
-Bon match de diamètre -accès facile -lambeau peut être placé médial -évite dissection près de l'aisselle (risque lymphoedeme, lésion plexus, etc)
87
4 inconvénient de la IMA comme vaisseaux receveur
Veine G plus petite Difficile à travailler avec rythme respi Perte de l'IMA pour futur pontage Risque pneumothorax
88
4 inconvénient de l'artère thoraco-dorsal comme vaisseaux receveur
-peut avoir été endommagée par chx -flap doit être placé plus latéral -nécessité de plus de dissection axillaire (et ses risques) -positionnement + difficile pour micro
89
Contre-indication au DIEP
ATCD d'abdominoplastie ATCD demCCK ouverte (Kocher incision)
90
Contre-indication à la reconstruction du sein autologue
maladie métastatique non contrôlée commorbidités sévères
91
Contre-indication à la reconstruction pré-pectorale
- immunosuppression - Doute sur viabilité lambeaux de mastectomie - Tumeur près de la peau ou le pectoralis major - DB2 non contrôlé - IMC >40 - ATCD radiotx
92
Inconvénient d'un SIEA p/r à DIEP
- Pédicule plus court - Pastille perfusée plus petite - Présence inconstante - Prône au vasospasme - Plus risque sérome
93
Décrire les 4 landmarks du footprint du sein
Latéral: 1-2cm derrière ligne axillaire antérieure Médial: 1-2cm du midline sternal Inf: IMF Sup: courbe connectant lignes médial et latéral, dont l'apex est en mid-claviculaire
94
nommer les 3 composantes principales dans la définition du sein (importants à considérer dans la reconstruction du sein)
Footprint du sein Tissus mous Enveloppe cutanée
95
a/n de quelle côte se trouve le plis infra-mammaire
5 ou 6
96
5 caractéristique du sein chez un massive weight loss patient
Déflation Ptose grade 3 Médialisation du NAC Perte courbe du sein latéral Rouleau thorax latéral
97
3 changements du sein post-ménaupause
Perte d'élasticité de la peau Atrophie glande Prise de poids / gravité
98
incidence du Poland + côté atteint + G:F
1:30 000 2D : 1 G G=F
99
hypothèse du Poland
hypoplasie de l'art sous-clavière 2nd à kinkage durant 6e semaine de gestation
100
Poland: 5 main caractérisitiques
* Absence chef sternal du pectoralis majeur * Absence cartilage costal * Hypoplasie du sein incluant le NAC * Déficit en gras sous-cutané et pilosité axillaire * syndactylie ou hypoplasie de l'extrémité supérieure ipsilatérale ou brachysyndactylie (phalanges moyennes ## Footnote Autres: Hypoplasie pec mineur Déformation/hypoplasie: serratus, grand dorsal, supra-infra épineux, oblique externe Absence des côtes antérolatérale avec herniation du poumons
101
2 indications de tx dans le Poland et timing
asymétrie sein absence de côtes attendre après la puberté pour symétrisation des seins
102
Options de reconstruction dans un Poland (4)
Autologue - lat dorsi - fat grafting Alloplastique -implant mammaire -mèche de silicole sur mesure ## Footnote mobiliser l'insertion du grand dorsal plus en antérieur à l'humérus pour créer pli axillaire antérieur
103
3 syndromes relié au subclavian artery disruption sequence
Poland Klippel-Feil Mobius
104
6 cancers associés au Poland
Poumons Sein Leucémie Lymphome Col utérin Leiosarcome
105
5 caractéristiques du sein tubéreux
IMF élevé Diamètre du NAC plus grand Herniation du parenchyme dans NAC Hypoplasie pôle inférieur (constricted base) Constriction de l'enveloppe cutanée Courte distance NAC-IMF Diminution de l'emprunte du sein
106
5 principes chirurgicaux pour le sein tubéreux
Expansion du pôle inférieur Descendre l'IMF Diminuer taille de l'aréole Corriger herniation du parenchyme Augmenter le volume
107
Définir les différents types de dual plane et leurs indications
**Dual plane I** * Libérer le pectoral le long du IMF + dissection sous pectorale * NAC-IMF max 4-6 cm * breast above IMF **Dual plane II** * idem + libérer le pec du parenchyme jusqu'au niveau du NAC inférieur * NAC-IMF max 5.5-6.5cm * most breast above IMF **Dual plane III** * idem + libérer pec du parenchyme jusqu'au niveau du NAC sup.rieur * NAC-IMF max 7-8cm * tiers du sein sous le IMF * lower constricted pôle
108
de quelle distance descendre le IMF selon type de profil d'implant
Low / moderate: 5mm high: 1 cm
109
bactérie la plus probablement en cause pour contracture/capsulite
staph epidermidis
110
à partir de combien de temps une capsule commence à se calcifier?
10 ans
111
4 causes de ruptures d'implant salin
Underfilling Erreur technique per-op Défaut de pliage Trauma
112
Nommer les signes de ruptures d'implant intra-capsulaire à l'écho (3) et à l'IRM (3)
**écho:** step ladder sign, sandwich sign, bleb sign **IRM**: Linguini sign, tear drop sign, keyhole sign ## Footnote plus important = linguini sign
113
Nommer les signes de ruptures d'implant extra-capsulaire à l'écho (1) et à l'IRM (1)
Écho: snowstrom sign IRM: silicone libre
114
nommer d'autres options de tx des contracture autre que les inhibiteurs de leukotriènes (3)
Vitamine E Cyclosporine Papaverine
115
nommer les 3 varibales les plus importantes à considérer dans le choix d'un implant
Projection Diamètre Volume
116
nommer 2 conséquences à long terme d'un implant trop gros
Traction rippling Atrophie peau et parenchyme
117
contre-indication à augmentation mammaire (5)
< 18 ans (implant silicone pas approuvé <22ans) pression d'un proche BDD maladie vasculaire du collagène breast cancer
118
nommer les 5 éléments du high five system
Implant coverage/pocket planning Implant size/volume Implant type Inframammary fold position Incision location ## Footnote aussi: ICE system, VECTRA/plannificaiton 3D..
119
décrire les types de double-bubble deformity
Type A (Waterfall): Implant est AU-DESSUS du breast mound Type B: implant est SOUS le breast mound
120
décrire ce que contient une solution triple atb
50 000 unités de bacitracin 80mg de Genta 1g de Céfazolin le tout dans 500c de NS ## Footnote *iode parfois remplace le bacitracin et ça pourrait réduire le taux de contracture
121
11 éléments pour prévenir infection de prothèse
1. cache mamelon 2. changer gants et champs, gants sans poudre 3. funnel 4. solution ATB pour rincer peau/cavité 5. atb IV à l'induction 6. hémostase méticuleuse 7. dissection atraumatique 8. pas incision périaréolaire 9. fermeture par plan 10. minimiser le repositionnement de d'implant 11. minimiser le temps que l'implant est exposé
122
1 taille de bonnet équivaut à quelle quantité de volume?
125-150cc
123
5 indications d'augmentations mammaire
* Augmenter volume du sein * Améliorer symétrie * Améliorer le fit de certains vêtements * Augmenter le cleavage * Rejuvenation post-partum après deflation