Main 6 (tendon and nerve transfer) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Martin-Gruber anastomosis
% population

A

Motor connection from median to ulnar nerve in forearm OR between AIN and ulnar nerve
17% population

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2
Q

Qu’est-ce que la dégénérescence Wallerienne? Nommez 5 événements

A

-Dégénérescence du stump distal d’un nerf coupé
i. Augmentation du calcium cytoplasmique
ii. Macrophages
iii. Phagocytose de la myéline
iv. Prolifération des Schwann
v. Formation des Bandes de Bunger

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3
Q

Que sont les Bandes de Bunger

A

Processus où les cellules de Schwann et les macrophages remplace le tube neural et s’organise en Bande de Bunger

=Un échafaudage pour la régénérescence axonale

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4
Q

Qu’est-ce que la chromatolyse? Nommez un évènement qui surviens dans ce processus.

A

Dégénérescence axonale du stump proximal

Formation du cône de croissance (sprouting axonal) environ 5-24h après le trauma
50% des sprouts font des mauvaises connexions

Augmentation de l’activité métabolique

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5
Q

Définir - Neurotropisme

A

Gradient chemotactique vers le stump distal propre qui attire le cone de croissance vers le bon target

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6
Q

Definir - Neurotrophisme

A

Support nutritionnel relâché par les cellules de Schwann et le moignon distal une fois qu’une bonne connection s’est faite
Ex: NGF, EGF, IGF-1, IGF-2

ph = f = food

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7
Q

Facteurs qui affectent l’apoptose après une axotomie?

A
  • TFG-B
  • FGF
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8
Q

Discuter la dénervation du muscle proximal et le potentiel de réinnervation

A
  • Dénervation = 1%/semaine
  • Besoin de 25% des plaques motrices pour avoir un potentiel de contraction fonctionnel
  • Si >1an, dégénérescence des plaques motrices
  • Régénération nerveuse = 1mm/jour +30
  • Mauvais pronostique :
    i. AGE
    ii. SOUS UTILISATION
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9
Q

Combien de temps maximal peut prendre la reinnervation fonctionelle des motor endplates?

A

18 mois

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10
Q

What is double crush syndrome

A

Nerve entrapment at one location can predispose to nerve compression more distally due to endoneurial edema

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11
Q

Describe Marinacci anastomosis
% population

A

Motor ulnar to median in forearm

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12
Q

Describe Riche-Cannieu anastomosis
% population

A

Motor connection between median to ulnar nerve in hand
70% population

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13
Q

Describe Froment-Rauber anastomosis
% population

A

Radial nerve (PIN or superficial radial nerve) to ulnar motor nerve that innervates 1,2 or 3rd interosseous
Very rare

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14
Q

Describe Berrettini Connection

A

Sensory connection between ulnar and median nerve in palm (ad 80% des gens)

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15
Q

Classification de Seddon et Sunderland, structures et pronostic?

A

image

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16
Q

Tests Dx pour les dommages nerveux (7)

A

Tinnel
2PD (innervation density)
Seuil de vibration
Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament (Pressure threshold)
Pick up test
Daily living task performance
EMG/NCS

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17
Q

Apport sanguin à un nerf (3)

A

Vasa nervorum
vaisseaux sanguins extrinsèques
Plexus capillaire

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18
Q

How much time after nerve injury can you do a NCS and EMG and why

A

NCS: 3-6 weeks
before that cannot distinguish neurapraxia from complete nerve injury
EMG: 8-10 weeks
Motor unit potentials cannot be detected before

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19
Q

Valeurs normales pour 2PD statique et dynamique et ce qu’ils testent?

A

Statique : 6mm
Dynamique : 3mm (prox vers distal)
Test la densité d’innervation des fibres lentes et rapides, respectivement

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20
Q

algorithme/investiguation pour une blessure nerveuse fermée (Blunt)

A

OT/PT, attèle

Contrôle de la douleur
Faire un EMG/NCS de base à 4-6semaines

Revoir à 12 semaines avec un 2e EMG/NCS
i. Si amélioré : Ne pas intervenir, revoir dans 6 semaines
ii. Si pas d’amélioration électrique ou clinique : Intervention chirurgicale

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21
Q

Principes de réparation nerveuse (8)

A
  • Évaluation quantitative pré et post op de la fonction
  • Technique atraumatique microchirurgicale
  • Réparation primaire lorsque possible, 2nd PRN
  • Réparation sans tension
  • Éviter le mouvement postural
  • Conduit ou greffe d’interposition PRN
  • Rééducation motrice et sensitive
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22
Q

Indications for secondary repair of nerve laceration

A

Severe contamination
Wide zone of injury
>7jours
Os instables
Compromis vasculaire ++
Sepsis

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23
Q

Techniques (6) for nerve repair other than direct repair

A
  • Nerf autologue non vascularisé
  • Nerf autologue vascularisé
  • Nerf allogène
  • Conduit
  • Veine
  • Fascicule musculaire
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24
Q

Types (3) of nerve repair

A

Perineural/fascicular
Group fascicular
Epineural repair

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25
Q

When can a group fascicular nerve repair be considered? Give 2 examples

A

When nerve transection is at the level where well formed sensory and motor branches are identified

  • Nerf médian >5cm proximal au poignet
  • Nerf ulnaire >8cm proximal au poignet
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26
Q

Solutions (4) for nerve gaps

A

Neurotization (nerve to target muscle)
Mobilization (1-2cm)
Transposition
Bone shortening

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27
Q

Méthodes pour clarifier l’anatomie sensitive et motrice (topographie)?

A

Colorations immunohistochimiques/pathologie
Stimulation nerveuse

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28
Q

Common donor nerve graft options (4) and length of each

A
  • PIN distal branch, 1cm
  • LABC, 5-8cm (overlap avec territoire radial donc peu de déficit)
  • MABC branche antérieure, 10-20cm
  • Sural, 30-40cm
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29
Q

3 éléments pour un donneur de greffe nerveuse idéal

A

N’entraine pas de déficit sensitif critique
Facile d’accès
Long segment sans embranchement

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30
Q

Indication pour un vein graft/conduit/nerf synthétique?

A

</3cm dans une zone NON critique

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31
Q

Advantages of nerve transfer over nerve graft

A

Reduce time for reinnervation
Avoid operating in scared bed
Pas besoin de greffe d’interposition/donneur

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32
Q

Décrire votre post-op pour une réparation nerveuse

A

Splint pour pas de tension

OT <1semaine pour ROM en flexion

Out of splint à 3 semaine avec AROM précoce puis PROM

Désensibilisation et rééducation

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33
Q

Phases de rééducation sensitive

A
  • Désensibilisation
  • Discrimination
  • Gnosie tactile
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34
Q

Timing pour une excision de névrome

A

3-4mois, pas de retour de fonction et tinnel non progressif

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35
Q

Types de névromes et management respectif

A

Névrome latéral -> Résection et réparation des fascicules impliqués
Névrome spindle shape -> Si fascicules continues, neurolyse, sinon résection et réparation

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36
Q

Describe MRC muscle scale

A

0: No contraction
1: contraction sans mouvement
2: Active movement, with gravity eliminated
3: full ROM, against gravity
4: full ROM, against gravity and resistance
5: Normal power

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37
Q

Définir ‘‘moment arm’’

A

Comment loin la ligne d’action du tendon est de l’axe de rotation de l’articulation

The moment arm of a tendon transfer is an important determinant of how much movement will occur and how strong the movement will be

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38
Q

2 éléments importants qui influence la force d’un muscle

A

Son cross-section area
Sa pennation relative à l’axe long du membre

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39
Q

8 Criterias of an appropriate donor tendon

A

Expendable (no function loss)
One function (restore only one function)
Adequate excursion
Adequate power
Appropriate vector
Synergy
Articulation souple
Couverture tissus mous stable

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40
Q

Name 4 tendons with the most excursion

A

1) BR (5.2)
2) ECRL (3.3)
3/4) FDP/FDS (2.8)

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41
Q

Excursion at thee wrist, MCP and fingertip level

A

3-5-7 rule of Smith

Wrist level: 3 cm (flex/ext)
MCP level: 5 cm (extensor)
Fingertips: 7 cm (fds/fdp)

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42
Q

qu’est-ce que l’excursion tendineuse

A

Mouvement linéaire maximal transféré à une unité muscle-tendon pour obtenir un mouvement donné

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43
Q

Decribe 2 tendon groups that act together in synergy

A

Supination, wrist flexion, finger extension and adduction

Pronation, wrist extension, finger flexion, abduction

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44
Q

Alternatives to tendon transfers

A

Correct root cause with either nerve or tendon repair

Externals static or dynamic splint in functional position

Internal splinting: arthrodesis or tenodesis in functional position

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45
Q

7 contre-indications aux transferts tendineux

A
  • Raideur articulaire/Contractures
  • Couverture cutanée inadéquate
  • Pas de déficit de fonction
  • Patient pas compliant
  • Maladie systémique
  • Mouvements athétoïdes
  • Relatif : age avancé

Athetoid movement: Involuntary movement that varies from spastic to flaccid. Tendon transfers typically too unpredictable to be useful

46
Q

Systemic disease that can cause tendon rupture (3)

A

Rheumatoid arthritis
Poliomyelitis
Leprosy/Hansen’s disease

47
Q

nommer les 2 mucles qui contibuent au ‘‘key pinch’’

A

1er interrosseux dorsal
adducteur du pouce

48
Q

Pourquoi il n’est pas nécessaire de rétablir la stabilité de l’index pour restaurer un ‘‘key pinch’’ (et plutôt insister sur rétablir l’adduction du pouce)

A

In most cases, it is only necessary to restore adductor pollicis function to restore functional key pinch, because
the index finger can be stabilized against the adjacent fingers during pinch.

49
Q

Requirements (7) that must be meet before a tendon transfer

A
  • Skeletal stability
  • Supply soft tissue coverage*
  • Joint mobility confirmed*
  • Adequate protective sensation
  • Patient motivation/reliability
  • Control of systemic disease if present*
  • donneur adéquat disponible*

les plus importants *

50
Q

avantages et inconvénients d’un transfert tendineux

A

(+)
Retour rapide de fonction
Simple
(- )
Dissection extensive
Immobilisation post-op
Adhérences
Perte d’un grade MRC
Débalancement possible

51
Q

Définir ‘‘synergie’’

A

2 mouvements qui surviennent ensemble (complémentaires), qui ne s’opposent pas.

52
Q

de combien de cm la Ténodèse du poignet augmente l’excursion tendineuse

53
Q

Plastie d’opposition: expliquer les bénéfices/ le pourquoi on fait une insertion double

A

Insertion double permet
1) de faire l’opposition active (pronation) –> insérer sur insertion APB
2) soit stabiliser la MP ou restreindre la flexion de l’IP

54
Q

Plastie d’opposition: où insérer le transfert tendineux dans une insertion double

A
  1. Insertion de l’APB
  2. dorsal MP joint capsule or the thumb extensor expansion
55
Q

Option of tendon transfer to gain thumb opposition (4) qui ne nécessite pas de greffe

A

EIP
FDS ring finger
Palmaris Longus (Camitz)
Abductor digiiti minimi (Huber)

avec greffe: ECRL, ECU, EDM

56
Q

4 options de poulies pour une plastie d’opposition

A

FCU loop
À-travers le FCU
Fascia palmaire
Ligament transverse du carpe
Tunnel sous-cutané cubital (EIP)

57
Q

Option of tendon transfer to gain thumb flexion (3) which is most commonly used

Where is the donor tendon weaved to?

A

Donor must be weaved to distal FPL tendon

BR (most common)
ECRL
FDS D4

58
Q

Option of tendon transfer to D2 and D3 DIP flexion (3) which is most commonly used

Where is the donor tendon weaved to?

A

Donor must be weaved to distal FDP tendon

BR
ECRL (most common)
FDS D4

59
Q

5 Donor tendon options to gain Thumb adduction (Key pinch)

Where are the donor tendons inserted

A

1) APL to 1er io dorsal (pour ADB de D2)

Inserted at ulnar base of thumb P1 (ADD insertion):
2)ECRB (Smith) (will need tendon graft to provide length)
3)BR (Boyes) (will need tendon graft to provide length)
4)FDS D3/D4 (Littler)

Ne pas prendre D4 si high ulnar injury pcq le FDP serait atteint alors besoin du FDS pour fonctionner

Key pinch: In most cases,it is only necessary to restore adductor pollicis function to restore functional key pinch, because the index finger can be stabilized against the adjacent fingers during pinch.

60
Q

Option of tendon transfer to D4 and D5 DIP flexion (3)

A

Suture both to D3 FDP tendon

61
Q

Imbalances that cause clawing in ulnar nerve injury

A

Lack of MCP flexor from lumbricals and interossei –> causes MCP joint hyperextension and PIP and DIP flexion

62
Q

Describ the Bouvier Test

A

Bloc the MCP joint from hyperextending (in flexion), patient is asked to extend the IP joint.

(+) test patient is able to extend, therefore patient can receive a joint positioning procedure/static procedure

(-)test patient cannot extend IP, needs a dynamique tendon transfer

63
Q

Claw hand: 4 options de reconstruction statique (Bouvier +)

A

Capsulodèse de Zancolli
Bloc osseux
Bunnell bowstringing
Ténodèse statique avec greffe tendineuse

64
Q

Claw hand: 5 options de reconstruction dynamique
(Bouvier - )

A

Modified Stiles-Bunnell procedure
–> inserts on lateral bands
Stiles-Bunnell procedure with Burkhalter modification
–> inserts on P1
Wrist tenodesis (Fowler and Tsuge)
ECRB dorsal route transfer
FCR transfer
BR transfer
ECRL transfer
Lasso de Zancolli

65
Q

5 buts / éléments à adresser dans une paralysie ulnaire

A
  1. Restore DIPJ flexion D4-5 (high ulnar palsy)
  2. Restore key pinch
  3. Correct clawing
  4. Integration of PIPJ and MCPJ flexion
  5. Improvement of grip strength
66
Q

Claw hand and dynamic procedures: 2 avantages d’utiliser des techniques basés sur les tendons du poignet au lieu des FDS

A
  • Meilleure grip strenght
  • Entraine moins d’hyperextension des IPP (car tu préserves tes FDS)
67
Q

-Claw hand: what is your DDX (6)

A

-ulnar nerve palsy
-median nerve palsy
-Volkmann’s ischemic contracture
-leprosy (Hansen’s disease)
-failure to splint the hand in an intrinsic-plus posture following a crush injury
-Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (hereditary motor-sensory neuropathy)

68
Q

Which wrist extensor tendons are generally not reconstructed

A

ECRL and ECU

69
Q

Describe donor tendon options for wrist extension

A

Pronator teres to ECRB

70
Q

Common cause of loss of EDC function other than radial nerve palsy

A

Rhumatoid arthritis leading of rupture of EDC ulnar to radial

71
Q

Option of tendon transfers for MCP extension

A

End-to-side avec les adjacents
FCU
FCR
FDS D3

72
Q

Tendon transfers to reconstruct EPL function

A

PL
FDS D4
EIP

73
Q

Tendon transfers to reconstruct EPB + APL

A

FCR

pour abduction radiale

74
Q

Describe the Brand tendon transfers for radial nerve palsy

A

“Brand”
FCR to ECD
PT to ECRB
PL to EPL

75
Q

Describe the Jones tendon transfers for radial nerve palsy

A

“Jones”
FCU to EDC
PT to ECRB
PL to EPL

76
Q

Describe the Boyes tendon transfers for radial nerve palsy

A

“Boyes”
FDS3 to EDC
FDS4 to EIP and EPL
FCR to APL and EPB
PT to ECRB

77
Q

Describe the Merle d’Aubigné tendon transfers for radial nerve palsy

A

“Merle d’Aubigné”
FCU to EPL and EDC
PT to ERCB
PL to APL and EPB

78
Q

Complications (3) of tendon transfers

A

Tendon adhesions
Tendon rupture
Transfer weakness

79
Q

4 pré-requis les plus importants avant de considérer un transfert tendineux

A

-Couverture de tissus mous adéquate
-Donneur disponible et adéquat
-Articulation souple
-Contrôle de toute comorbidité sous-jacente

80
Q

Post-op de transfert tendineux, à combien de temps débuter:
-AROM
-Renforcement, activation du transfert
-Full activiy

A

-AROM: 4 sem
-Renforcement, activation du transfert: 6 sem
-Full activity: 12 sem

81
Q

Expected recovery period for nerve according to distance of injury

A

Distance in mm + 30= of days to recover sensation

82
Q

3 types of nerve coaptation

A

End to end
End to side
Reverse end-to-side/supercharge

83
Q

Characteristic of ideal nerve donor (7)

A
  • Purement moteur ou sensitif
  • Suffisament d’axone pour réinnervation adéquate du receveur
  • Diamètre similaire
  • Pas besoin de greffe
  • Donneur sacrifiable
  • Action synergique
  • Donneur pas endommagé
84
Q

6 principes d’un transfert nerveux

A
  • Plaque motrice près du target motor
  • Expandable donor
  • Pure moteur (si transfer moteur)
  • Size match
  • Synergique
  • Rééducation entrainera un gain de fonction
85
Q

Indications for nerve transfer (4)

A

-Primary nerve repair not possible (pas de stump proximal)
-Nerve gap >7cm (???)
-Long distance between injury and motor endplates
-Multilevel injury
-Lit très cicatriciel rendant réparation/greffe difficile, (structures vitales à risque)

86
Q

Contraindications to nerve transfer (2)

A

> 18 months since injury
Donor motor strength bellow MRC grade M4

87
Q

Upper extremity function priority (6)

A
  1. Elbow flexion
  2. Shoulder abduction and external rotation
  3. Scapula stabilization
  4. Elbow extension
  5. Hand function
  6. Upper limb sensation
88
Q

Nerve damage causing scapular winging

A

Long thoracic nerve

89
Q

Nerve transfer for scapular winging

A

Thoracodorsal nerve to long thoracic
Autre donneur possible: n. intercostal

on prend une des deux branches du thoracodorsal

90
Q

2 nerve transfer as part of the double nerve transfer to gain shoulder abduction (gold standard)

A

Spinal accessory nerve (trapezius) to suprascapular nerve

Radial nerve (branch of long head of triceps) to axillary nerve

91
Q

Name 3 other nerve transfers possible to gain shoulder abduction other than the double nerve transfer

A

Thoracodorsal nerve
Intercostal nerve
Phrenic nerve (last resort)

to suprascapular or axillary nerve

92
Q

1 nerve transfer for external rotation

A

spinal accessoire to suprascapulaire
autre donneur possible: intercostaux

93
Q

4 Nerve transfers to gain elbow flexion, which is gold standard

A
  • Oberlin: Ulnar nerve (FCU) to MCN (biceps) (gold standard)
  • Double fascicular transfer (DFT) = oberlin + FCR ou FDS (Médian) to brachialis (MCN)
  • Intercostal nerves (2-3 nerves)
  • Thoracodorsal nerve
  • Medial pectoral nerve + nerve graft
  • Autre: spinal accessoire, phrénique

pas de différence dans les études entre Oberlin seul et DFT

94
Q

Describe the Oberlin transfer

A

Motor fascicles of FCU to biceps branch of musculocutaneous nerve

95
Q

Describe the double fascicular transfer (DFT)

A

Oberlin transfer + median nerve fascicles to FCR and FDS to brachialis branch of MCN

96
Q

Contraindications to thoracodorsal nerve transfers as donor

A

Weak shoulder adduction

97
Q

Recipient branch for nerve transfers to gain elbow extension

A

Nerve branch to long head of triceps (radial nerve)

98
Q

6 Donor nerves for transfers to gain elbow extension, which is gold standard

A

Teres minor (gold standard) (axillary nerve)
Ulnar motor fascicle
Medial pectoral nerve
Thoracodorsal nerve
Phrenic nerve
Intercostal nerve

99
Q

Recipient branch for nerve transfers to gain pronation

A

Pronator teres branch of median nerve

100
Q

3 Donor nerves to gain pronation

A

ECRB branch (gold standard)
FCU branch
FDS branch

Autre option: rerouting du biceps (Biceps to Radius)

101
Q

3 types of nerve transfer for radial nerve palsy to gain wrist and finger extension

A

1) Dual nerve transfer
FDS to ECRB (wrist ext)
FCR + PL to PIN (finger ext)

2) PQ branch to PIN

3) Supinator motor branch to PIN

102
Q

Autre que le supinateur, quel autre muscle contribue à la supination

A

Biceps brachial

103
Q

3 Donor nerve branches to gain intrinsic hand function/distal ulnar nerve injury, which is gold standard

A

PQ branch of AIN (gold standard)

EDM branches

ECU branches

receveur = fascicule moteur ulnaire

104
Q

Goals of nerve transfer for median nerve injury

A

Restore thumb opposition and pinch between thumb and index

105
Q

Potential donor nerve branches for median nerve injury (7)

A

Motor branch of

Brachialis (BrAIN transfer)
ECRB (plus proche des motor end plate, mais empêche utilisation du ECRL)
BR
FDS
FCR
FCU
Supinator

106
Q

3 complications of nerve transfers

A

Poor functional recovery
Donor site weakness
Neuroma

107
Q

5 éléments pouvant contribuer à une mauvaise récupération post transfert nerveux

A

Contractures articulaires
Muscles fibrotiques
Mauvais choix de donneur
Nécessité de greffe
Mauvaise compliance à la réadaptation

108
Q

2 buts d’un transfert nerveux sensitif

A

-Redonner sensation de protection
-Prévenir dlr neuropathique

109
Q

Transfert nerveux sensitif: donneur de choix si déficit sensitif médian

A

Branche du 3e ou 4e webspace
to
branche au 1er webspace

autre donneur: branche ulnaire dorsale, ou branche sensitive dorsale radiale

110
Q

Transfert nerveux sensitif: donneur de choix si déficit sensitif radial (dorsum main)

A

LABC

est parrallèle au nerf radial au coude

111
Q

Transfert nerveux sensitif: donneur de choix si déficit sensitif ulnaire

A

3e webspace
sensitif radial
LABC

112
Q

post-op d’un transfert nerveux: 4 phase de réadaptation

A

phase de protection (jour 1 - sem 3)
phase de silence (sem 3 à M1)
phase d’activation (M1 à AROM)
phase de renforcement (M2 À M3-4)