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Biology 100 > Chapter 8a > Flashcards

Chapter 8a Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a psychoactive drug?

A

a drug that alters one’s mood or emotional state

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2
Q

How do psychoactive drugs alter the communication between neurons?

A

1) may stimulate the release of a neurotransmitter and enhance the response of the receiving neuron
2) may inhibit the release of a neurotransmitter and thus dampen the response of the receiving neuron
3) it may increase and prolong the effect of a neurotransmitter by delaying its removal from the gap between neurons
4) may bind to the receptor and affect the activity of the receiving neuron

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3
Q

Psychoactive drug users may develop some level of ___________ or ________ dependence on the drug

A

psychological

physical

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4
Q

What is the difference between tolerance and dependence?

A

tolerance- a progressive decrease in the effectiveness of a drug in a given person

dependence- the state in which the drug is necessary for physical or psychological well-being

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5
Q

What is cross-tolerance?

A

occurs when tolerance to one drug results in a lessened response to another, usually similar, drug

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6
Q

alcoholic is ________

A

ethanol

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7
Q

What is ethanol?

A

a small molecule that is soluble in both fat and water

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8
Q

How is ethanol produced?

A

by fermentation

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9
Q

What is fermentation?

A

when yeast cells break down sugar to release energy their own use

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10
Q

The taste of alcohol is determined by the source of the ______ (fruit or vegetable)

A

sugar

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11
Q

___% of the alcohol that enters the body is metabolized before it’s eliminated

A

95%

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12
Q

True or False: There are ways to increase the rate of alcohol metabolism

A

False; There is no way to increase the rate of alcohol metabolism

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13
Q

Alcohol is a __________

A

depressant

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14
Q

How does alcohol affect the nervous system?

A

numbed nerve cells send slower messages, resulting in slower reflexes

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15
Q

alcohol is metabolized in the ______

A

liver

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16
Q

What is alcoholic hepatitis?

A

the accumulated fat in liver cells also reduces blood flow through the liver, causing inflammation

17
Q

What are the symptoms of alcoholic hepatitis?

A

fever and tenderness in the upper abdominal region

18
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

fibrous scar tissue may form; which further impedes blood flow and impairs liver functioning

19
Q

What can cirrhosis lead to?

A

intestinal bleeding
kidney failure
fluid accumulation
eventually death

20
Q

A person who drinks is twice as likely to develop cancer of the _______, _______, or ________

A

mouth
tongue
esophagus

21
Q

True or False: Moderate amounts of alcohol can be good for the heart

A

True

22
Q

__________ is the most widely used illegal drug in the United States today

A

Marijuana

23
Q

Marijuana consists of the leaves, flowers, and stems of the Indian hemp plant, _________ _______

A

Cannabis sativa

24
Q

Marijuana receptors are most highly concentrated in regions involved in _________ and _______ and in ______ _______ areas

A

thinking
memory
motor control

25
Q

_______ acts in brain regions where neurons communicating using endorphins

A

heroin

26
Q

____ and “_______” (_____) act in brain regions where neurons communicate using serotonin

A

LSD

“ecstasy” (MDMA)

27
Q

________ and ___________ act in brain regions where neurons communicate using dopamine and norepinephrine

A

cocaine

amphetamine

28
Q

What are stimulants?

A

drugs that excite the central nervous system

29
Q

What are the 3 types of stimulants?

A

1) cocaine
2) amphetamines
3) nicotine

30
Q

Which type of stimulant is this:

synthetically produced stimulants that closely resemble dopamine and norepinephrine

A

amphetamines

31
Q

Which type of stimulant is this:

the psychoactive ingredient in tobacco products; a stimulant that activated acetylcholine receptors

A

nicotine

32
Q

What are hallucinogens?

A

grouped together because of their similar effects, even though they have very different structures

33
Q

What are the different types of hallucinogens?

A

LSD

ecstacy

34
Q

What are the effects of hallucinogens?

A

visual, auditory, or other distortion of sensation

vivid, unusual changes in thought and emotions

35
Q

What are opiates?

A

natural or synthetic drugs that affect the body in ways similar to morphine, the major pain-relieving agent in opium

36
Q

What are the different types of opiates?

A

prescription painkillers

heroin

Biology 100 (58 decks)

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