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Biology 100 > Chapter 4 Pt. 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Pt. 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 interacting factors that produce skin color?

A

1) the quantity and distribution of pigment

2) blood flow

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2
Q

________ is pigment that is produced by cells called melanocytes at the base of the epidermis

A

melanin

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3
Q

melanin is pigment that is produced by cells called __________ at the base of the epidermis

A

melanocytes

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4
Q

What are the 2 kinds of melanin?

A

1) yellow-to-ted

2) black-to-brown

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5
Q

Which type of melanin is more common?

A

black-to-brown melanin

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6
Q

True or False: All people have about the same number of melanocytes

A

True

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7
Q

What is the difference in skin color due to?

A

1) differences in the form of melanin produced
2) the size and number of pigment granules circulation
3) melanocytes

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8
Q

Embarrassment —> _________ ______ _____—> blushing

A

increased blood flow

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9
Q

lack of sleep leads to less oxygenated blood—> ________ __ _____ _____ —> dark circles under the eyes

A

leading to darker blood

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10
Q

__________, respond to sun by increasing melanin production

A

melanocytes

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11
Q

melanocytes, respond to sun by increasing _______ production

A

melanin

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12
Q

The _________ gives rise to hair, nails, oil glands, sweat glands, and teeth

A

epidermis

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13
Q

Hair has a ________ role

A

sensory

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14
Q

Hair _________ associated with _____ ________ are sensitive to touch

A

receptors

hair follicles

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15
Q

Hair consists of a _____ and a ____

A

shaft

root

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16
Q

What is the difference between a shaft and root?

A

shaft-projects above the surface of the skin

root-extends below the surface into the dermis or hypodermis

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17
Q

The root of the hair is embedded in the _____ _______

A

hair follicle

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18
Q

_______ ____- a tiny smooth muscle, in the dermis, that is attached to the hair follicle

A

arrector pili

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19
Q

What happens when the arrector pili contracts?

A

causes hair to stand up

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20
Q

The arrector pili is associated with ____ and ____

A

fear

cold

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21
Q

True or False: The nail itself is alive and has sensory receptors

A

False; the nail itself is dead and lacks sensory receptors

22
Q

_____ are also known as sensory “antennas”

A

Nails

23
Q

What are the three different types of glands?

A

1) Oil (sebaceous) glands
2) Sweat glands
3) Wax glands

24
Q

Which type of gland is this: are found virtually all over the body except on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

A

Oil (sebaceous) glands

25
Q

Which type of gland is this: secrete sebum

A

Oil (sebaceous) glands

26
Q

Oil (sebaceous) glands are located in the _______.

A

dermis

27
Q

If the duct of the oil gland becomes blocked then _____ can occur

A

acne

28
Q

Which type of gland is this: produce sweat

A

Sweat glands

29
Q

Which type of gland is this: principal function, to help regulate body temperature by evaporating from the skin surface

A

Sweat glands

30
Q

Which type of gland is this: modified sweat glands found in the external ear canal

A

Wax glands

31
Q

Which type of gland is this: produces wax

A

Wax glands

32
Q

What is sweat?

A

largely water and some salts, lactic acid, vitamin C, and metabolic wastes (such as urea)

33
Q

What is wax?

A

protects the ear by trapping small particles

34
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite changes in the surroundings

35
Q

Homeostasis is a ________ state

A

dynamic

36
Q

___________ means “to stay the same”

A

Homeostasis

37
Q

True or False: Homeostasis maintains absolute internal constancy

A

False; Homeostasis does not maintain absolute internal constancy

38
Q

_______ can result if homeostasis fails

A

illness

39
Q

Homeostasis depends on _____________ within the body

A

communication

40
Q

Communication, in homeostasis, is based on the ________ system and _________ system

A

nervous

endocrine

41
Q

When it comes to communication, in homeostasis, what does the nervous system and endocrine system do?

A

the nervous system, brings quick responses

the endocrine system produces hormones, which bring slow long lasting change

42
Q

Homeostasis is maintained primarily through _________ ________ ___________

A

negative feedback mechanism

43
Q

__________ _________ ________- corrective measures that slow or reverse a variation from the normal value of a factor, and return the factor to its normal value

A

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

44
Q

The 3 components of homeostatic mechanisms:

1) a ________ detects a change and sends information to the control center
2) the _______ _______ integrates information from the receptors and directs the appropriate responses
3) the ________ brings about the necessary response

A

receptor
control center
effector

45
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

where the body’s temperature control center is located

46
Q

What is piloerection?

A

causes hairs to stand on end and thereby trapping an insulating layer of air near the body

47
Q

__________ is less effective in humans

A

piloerection

48
Q

What is the difference between hyperthermia and hypothermia?

A

hyperthermia- abnormally elevated body temperature (42 C and up)

hypothermia- if the body’s temperature drops too far

49
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthermia?

A

confusion and dizziness

50
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothermia?

A

disrupting nervous system function and temperature regulating mechanisms

51
Q

Hyperthermia is also known as _____ ______.

A

heat stroke

Biology 100 (58 decks)

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