Chapter 4 Pt. 5 Flashcards
What are the 2 interacting factors that produce skin color?
1) the quantity and distribution of pigment
2) blood flow
________ is pigment that is produced by cells called melanocytes at the base of the epidermis
melanin
melanin is pigment that is produced by cells called __________ at the base of the epidermis
melanocytes
What are the 2 kinds of melanin?
1) yellow-to-ted
2) black-to-brown
Which type of melanin is more common?
black-to-brown melanin
True or False: All people have about the same number of melanocytes
True
What is the difference in skin color due to?
1) differences in the form of melanin produced
2) the size and number of pigment granules circulation
3) melanocytes
Embarrassment —> _________ ______ _____—> blushing
increased blood flow
lack of sleep leads to less oxygenated blood—> ________ __ _____ _____ —> dark circles under the eyes
leading to darker blood
__________, respond to sun by increasing melanin production
melanocytes
melanocytes, respond to sun by increasing _______ production
melanin
The _________ gives rise to hair, nails, oil glands, sweat glands, and teeth
epidermis
Hair has a ________ role
sensory
Hair _________ associated with _____ ________ are sensitive to touch
receptors
hair follicles
Hair consists of a _____ and a ____
shaft
root
What is the difference between a shaft and root?
shaft-projects above the surface of the skin
root-extends below the surface into the dermis or hypodermis
The root of the hair is embedded in the _____ _______
hair follicle
_______ ____- a tiny smooth muscle, in the dermis, that is attached to the hair follicle
arrector pili
What happens when the arrector pili contracts?
causes hair to stand up
The arrector pili is associated with ____ and ____
fear
cold
True or False: The nail itself is alive and has sensory receptors
False; the nail itself is dead and lacks sensory receptors
_____ are also known as sensory “antennas”
Nails
What are the three different types of glands?
1) Oil (sebaceous) glands
2) Sweat glands
3) Wax glands
Which type of gland is this: are found virtually all over the body except on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
Oil (sebaceous) glands
Which type of gland is this: secrete sebum
Oil (sebaceous) glands
Oil (sebaceous) glands are located in the _______.
dermis
If the duct of the oil gland becomes blocked then _____ can occur
acne
Which type of gland is this: produce sweat
Sweat glands
Which type of gland is this: principal function, to help regulate body temperature by evaporating from the skin surface
Sweat glands
Which type of gland is this: modified sweat glands found in the external ear canal
Wax glands
Which type of gland is this: produces wax
Wax glands
What is sweat?
largely water and some salts, lactic acid, vitamin C, and metabolic wastes (such as urea)
What is wax?
protects the ear by trapping small particles
What is homeostasis?
the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite changes in the surroundings
Homeostasis is a ________ state
dynamic
___________ means “to stay the same”
Homeostasis
True or False: Homeostasis maintains absolute internal constancy
False; Homeostasis does not maintain absolute internal constancy
_______ can result if homeostasis fails
illness
Homeostasis depends on _____________ within the body
communication
Communication, in homeostasis, is based on the ________ system and _________ system
nervous
endocrine
When it comes to communication, in homeostasis, what does the nervous system and endocrine system do?
the nervous system, brings quick responses
the endocrine system produces hormones, which bring slow long lasting change
Homeostasis is maintained primarily through _________ ________ ___________
negative feedback mechanism
__________ _________ ________- corrective measures that slow or reverse a variation from the normal value of a factor, and return the factor to its normal value
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
The 3 components of homeostatic mechanisms:
1) a ________ detects a change and sends information to the control center
2) the _______ _______ integrates information from the receptors and directs the appropriate responses
3) the ________ brings about the necessary response
receptor
control center
effector
What is the hypothalamus?
where the body’s temperature control center is located
What is piloerection?
causes hairs to stand on end and thereby trapping an insulating layer of air near the body
__________ is less effective in humans
piloerection
What is the difference between hyperthermia and hypothermia?
hyperthermia- abnormally elevated body temperature (42 C and up)
hypothermia- if the body’s temperature drops too far
What are the symptoms of hyperthermia?
confusion and dizziness
What are the symptoms of hypothermia?
disrupting nervous system function and temperature regulating mechanisms
Hyperthermia is also known as _____ ______.
heat stroke
