Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 100 > Chapter 6 Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Pt. 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A muscle contracts when the _____ ________ slide along the myosin filaments, increasing the degree of overlap between actin and myosin and thus shortening the sarcomere

A

actin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A muscle contracts when the actin filaments slide along the ________ _________, increasing the degree of overlap between actin and myosin and thus shortening the sarcomere

A

myosin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A muscle contracts when the actin filaments slide along the myosin filaments, increasing the degree of overlap between _____ and ______ and thus shortening the sarcomere

A

actin

myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A muscle contracts when the actin filaments slide along the myosin filaments, increasing the degree of overlap between actin and myosin and thus shortening the __________

A

sarcomere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When many __________ shorten, the muscle as a whole contracts

A

sarcomeres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When many sarcomeres shorten, the muscle as a whole ________

A

contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The club-shaped _______ ______ are the key to the movement of actin filaments and, therefore, to muscle contraction

A

myosin heads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q 
What are the steps of the sliding filament model?
1) 
2) 
3) 
4)  
5)
A

1) resting sarcomere
2) Cross-bridge attachment
3) Bending of myosin head (the power stroke)
4) Cross-bridge detachment
5) Myosin reactivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

At the start of each cycle, the myosin heads have already split a molecule of ATP to _____ and _________ _________ (___)

A

ADP
inorganic phosphate
(Pi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens during Cross-bridge attachment?

A

myosin head binds to an actin filament and acts as a bridge between the thick and thin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens during the Bending of myosin head (the power stroke) ?

A

the ADP and inorganic phosphate are released from the myosin head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens during the Cross-bridge detachment?

A

the new ATP molecules now bind to the myosin heads, causing the myosin heads to disengage form the actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens during the Myosin reactivation?

A

the myosin heads split the ATP into ADP and Pi and store the energy, causing the contraction cycle to begin again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Muscle cells contain the proteins ________ and _________, which together form a troponin-tropomyosin complex

A

troponin

troponyosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Muscle cells contain the proteins troponin and troponyosin, which together form a _______-_________ _______

A

troponin-tropomyosin complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

an elaborate form of smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

________ ions are stored inside sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Calcium

18
Q

What are transverse tubules (T tubules)?

A

tiny, cylindrical pockets in the muscle cells plasma membrane

19
Q

transverse tubules (T tubules) carry signals from motor neurons deep into the muscle cell to virtually every _________

A

sarcomere

20
Q

What is Rigor Mortis?

A

when muscles become stuff within a few hours after death

21
Q

Why do muscles become stuff within a few hours after death?

A

calcium ions begin to leak out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, initiating muscles contract

22
Q

The muscles relax after __ to __ days after death

A

2 to 3

23
Q

What is neuromuscular junction?

A

the junction between the tip of a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell

24
Q

A muscle contraction is the result of these key steps:

1)
2) acetylcholine is released at the neuromuscular junction
3) when acetylcholine binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of the muscle cell, an electrochemical message is generated
4) the electrochemical message spreads through T tubules, causing the release of calcium ions form the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

1) a nerve impulse reaches the neuromuscular junction

25
Q

A muscle contraction is the result of these key steps:

1) a nerve impulse reaches the neuromuscular junction
2)
3) when acetylcholine binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of the muscle cell, an electrochemical message is generated
4) the electrochemical message spreads through T tubules, causing the release of calcium ions form the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

2) acetylcholine is released at the neuromuscular junction

26
Q

A muscle contraction is the result of these key steps:

1) a nerve impulse reaches the neuromuscular junction
2) acetylcholine is released at the neuromuscular junction
3)
4) the electrochemical message spreads through T tubules, causing the release of calcium ions form the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

3) when acetylcholine binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of the muscle cell, an electrochemical message is generated

27
Q

A muscle contraction is the result of these key steps:
1) a nerve impulse reaches the neuromuscular junction
2) acetylcholine is released at the neuromuscular junction
3) when acetylcholine binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of the muscle cell, an electrochemical message is generated
4)

A

4) the electrochemical message spreads through T tubules, causing the release of calcium ions form the sarcoplasmic reticulum

28
Q

The contraction of ______ muscles then stretches the sarcomere back to its original length

A

other

29
Q

What are muscle cramps(or spasms)?

A

forceful, involuntary muscle contraction

30
Q

What are the possible causes of muscle cramps?

A

calcium, magnesium, or potassium

31
Q

What happens if too many calcium ions enter the cell?

A

those ions can destroy proteins within the cell, causing it to die

32
Q

What is muscular dystrophy?

A

a general term for a group of inherited conditions

33
Q

What is Ducheme Muscular Dystrophy?

A

caused by a defective gene for production of the protein dystrophin

34
Q

What is one of the most common forms of muscular dystrophy?

A

Ducheme Muscular Dystrophy

35
Q

Ducheme Muscular Dystrophy:

dead muscle cells are replaced by ____ and _________ _______, so the skeletal muscles become progressively ________

A

fat
connective tissue
weaker

36
Q

What are the 2 important ways to vary the contraction of whole muscles?

A

1) changing the number of muscle cells contracting at a given moment
2) changing the force of contraction in individual muscle cells by altering the frequency of stimulation

37
Q

What is motor unit?

A

a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates

38
Q

What is recruitment?

A

the process by which the nervous system increases the strength of a muscle contraction by increasing the number of motor units being stimulated

39
Q

True or False: When a muscle is relaxed, all of its motor units are relaxed

A

False; Even when a muscle is relaxed, some of its motor units are active

40
Q

What is the result of, “a muscle is relaxed, some of its motor units are active”?

A

the muscle is usually firm and solid, even when it’s not being used

Biology 100 (58 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions