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Biology 100 > Chapter 11 Pt. 1 (Final Exam Pt. 1) > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Pt. 1 (Final Exam Pt. 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

transportation
protection
regulation

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2
Q

the liquid matrix is called _______, and the cellular elements are collectively referred to as the ________ __________

A

plasma

formed elements

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3
Q

_______ is a medium for transporting materials in the blood

A

plasma

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4
Q

_______ carries away cellular waste

A

plasma

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5
Q

What are plasma proteins?

A

make up 7% to 8% of plasma; help balance water flow between the blood and the cells

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6
Q

What are the 3 plasma proteins?

A

albumins
globulins
clotting proteins

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7
Q

Which plasma protein is this:

make up more than half of the plasma proteins

A

albumins

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8
Q

Which plasma protein is this:

water balancing ability in blood

A

albumins

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9
Q

Which plasma protein is this:

transportation

A

globulins

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10
Q

Which plasma protein is this:

antibodies

A

globulins

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11
Q

What constitutes formed elements?

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

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12
Q

What are stem cells?

A

divide and give rise to all the formed elements

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13
Q

Where do all formed elements originate from?

A

stem cell in the red bone marrow

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14
Q

What is the function of Red Blood Cells (RBCs; erythrocytes)?

A

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

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15
Q

What is the function of Neutrophils (a type of white blood cell)?

A

consume bacteria by phagocytosis

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16
Q

What is the function of Eosinophils (a type of white blood cell)?

A

consume antibody-antigen complex by phagocytosis: attack parasitic worms

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17
Q

What is the function of Basophils (a type of white blood cell)?

A

Release histamine, which attracts white blood cells to the site of inflammation and widens blood vessels

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18
Q

What is the function of Monocytes (a type of agranulocytes)?

A

give rise to macrophages, which consume bacteria, dead cells, and cell parts by phagocytosis

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19
Q

What is the function of Lymphocytes (a type of agranulocytes)?

A

attack damaged or diseased cells or disease causing organisms; produce antibodies

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20
Q

What is the function of Platelets?

A

play role in blood clotting

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21
Q

Red blood cells (RBCs) are also known as ____________

A

erythrocytes

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22
Q

red blood cells (RBCs) carry about 23%of the blood’s total _______ ________

A

carbon dioxide

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23
Q

each red blood cell is packed with ___________

A

hemoglobin

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24
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

the oxygen-binding pigment responsible for the cells’ red color

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25
Q

the hemoglobin molecule binds 200 times more readily to ________ _________

A

carbon monoxide

26
Q

What happens when carbon monoxide binds to the oxygen-binding sites on hemoglobin?

A

it blocks oxygen from binding to it, preventing the blood from carrying life-giving oxygen to the cells

27
Q

the compound formed when hemoglobin binds with oxygen is called ____________

A

oxyhemoglobin

28
Q

The structure of hemoglobin:
-each hemoglobin molecule consists of four __________ ______ (globins)

  • each polypeptide chain contains a _____ _____ with an iron atom that binds to oxygen
  • each hemoglobin molecule can carry up to ____ molecules of oxygen
A

polypeptide chains
heme group
four

29
Q

The structure of hemoglobin:
-each hemoglobin molecule consists of ____ polypeptide chains (globins)

  • each polypeptide chain contains a heme group with an _____ atom that binds to _______
  • each hemoglobin molecule can carry up to four molecules of _______
A

four
iron
oxygen

30
Q

the production of red blood cells is regulated by a negative feedback relationship between the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and the production of ____________

A

erythropoietin

31
Q

What are the steps of erythropoietin?

A

(1) erythropoietin stimulates the red bone marrow to produce more red blood cells
(2) more red blood cells are produced
(3) increased oxygen delivery to tissues
(4) inhibits erythropoietin release
(5) decreased oxygen delivery to tissues
(6) a decreased oxygen delivery to the kidney stimulates the kidney to release erythropoietin
(7) increases erythropoietin release

32
Q

the _____ and ______ are the “graveyards” where worn-out red blood cells are removed form circulation

A

liver

spleen

33
Q

the remaining part of the heme is degraded to a yellow pigment, called ________, which is excreted by the liver in bile

A

bilirubin

34
Q

White blood cells are also known as __________

A

leukocytes

35
Q

Where are white blood cells produced?

A

in the red bone marrow

36
Q

certain types of white blood cells may then engulf the “offender” in a process called ___________

A

phagocytosis

37
Q

What are the 2 types of white blood cells?

A

(1) Granulocytes

(2) Agranulocytes

38
Q

Is this a Granulocytes or Agranulocytes:

have granules in their cytoplasm

A

Granulocytes

39
Q

Is this a Granulocytes or Agranulocytes:

lack cytoplasmic granules or have very small granules

A

Agranulocytes

40
Q

What are the different types of granulocytes?

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

41
Q

Which type of granulocyte is this:

the most abundant of all white blood cells

A

neutrophils

42
Q

Which type of granulocyte is this:

blood cell soldiers on the front lines

A

neutrophils

43
Q

Which type of granulocyte is this:

immediately begin to engulf microbes by phagocytosis

A

neutrophils

44
Q

Which type of granulocyte is this:

dead neutrophils make up pus

A

neutrophils

45
Q

Which type of granulocyte is this:

important against parasites

A

eosinophils

46
Q

Which type of granulocyte is this:

lessen allergies

A

eosinophils

47
Q

Which type of granulocyte is this:

play a role in some allergic reactions

A

basophils

48
Q

Which type of granulocyte is this:

release histamine, a chemical that attracts other white blood cells to the infection site

A

basophils

49
Q

What are the different types of agranulocytes?

A

monocytes

lymphocytes

50
Q

What is the difference between B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes?

A

B lymphocytes- give rise to plasma cells, which, in turn, produce antibodies

T lymphocytes- specialized white blood cells that play roles in the body’s defense mechanism

51
Q

What are platelets?

A

are essential to blood clotting

52
Q

Platelets are also called __________

A

thrombocytes

53
Q

What is anemia?

A

a condition in which the blood’s ability to carry oxygen is reduced, can result from too little hemoglobin, too few red blood cells, or both

54
Q

What are disorders of red blood cells?

A

anemia

55
Q

What are disorders of white blood cells?

A

Infectious mononucleosis (mono)

Leukemia

56
Q

What are the symptoms of anemia?

A 
fatigue 
headaches 
dizziness 
paleness 
breathlessness
57
Q

What is the difference between iron-deficiency anemia and sickle-cell anemia?

A

iron-deficiency anemia- can result from a diet that contains too little iron, from an inability to absorb iron from the digestive system, or from blood loss

sickle-cell anemia- an example of a hemolytic anemia resulting from abnormal hemoglobins

58
Q

What is Infectious mononucleosis (mono)?

A

a viral disease of the lymphocytes

59
Q

What are the symptoms of Infectious mononucleosis (mono)?

A

fever chills
headache
sore throat
overwhelming sense of being ill

60
Q

What is Leukemia?

A

a cancer of white blood cells that causes their uncontrolled multiplication

61
Q

What are the symptoms of Leukemia?

A

result either from the insufficient number of normal blood components or from the invasion of organs by abnormal white blood cells

may experience bone tenderness

62
Q

How do you treat Leukemia?

A
  • radiation therapy
  • chemotherapy
  • transfusion of red blood cells and platelets
  • stem cells

Biology 100 (58 decks)

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