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Biology 100 > Chapter 3 Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Pt. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How are cells measured?

A

usually measured in micrometers

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2
Q

The small size of a cell is dictated by a physical relationship known as the ________-__-_______ _____

A

surface-to-volume ratio

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3
Q

What happens as a cell gets larger?

A

its surface area increases much more slowly than its volume

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4
Q

Why should cells remain small?

A

the ratio of surface area to volume decreases rapidly as cell size increases

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5
Q

Cells can only be seen though ___________

A

microscopes

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6
Q

What are the two types of microscopes used on cells?

A

(1) light microscopes

(2) electron microscopes

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7
Q

The structure of a cell exquisitely reflects its _________

A

functions

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8
Q

The structure of a cell exquisitely reflects its functions.

What are some examples of this?

A
  • a sperm is specialized to be highly mobile

- an egg (human reproduction) is specialized to be large, immobile, and to be fertilized

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9
Q

What is the outer most surface of the cell called?

A

Plasma Membrane

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10
Q

The plasma membrane is remarkably _____

A

thin

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11
Q

Which type of cells have plasma membranes?

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic, but only eukaryotic cells also contain internal membranes

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12
Q

The structure of the plasma membrane is composed of ______, _______, and ____________

A

lipids
proteins
carbohydrates

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13
Q

What are the main structures within the plasma membrane structure?

A

phospho-lipid bilayer
extracellular fluid
cytoplasm
fluid mosaic

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14
Q

Which main structures within the plasma membrane structure, is this:
a double layer created as a result of molecules with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

A

phospho-lipid bilayer

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15
Q

Which main structures within the plasma membrane structure, is this:
the watery solution outside the cell

A

extracellular fluid

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16
Q

Which main structures within the plasma membrane structure, is this:
the jellylike solution inside the cell

A

cytoplasm

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17
Q

Which main structures within the plasma membrane structure, is this:
the structure of the plasma membrane

A

fluid mosaic

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18
Q

__________ _____ interacts with the hydrophilic heads facing outside the cell

A

extracellular fluid

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19
Q

extracellular fluid interacts with the hydrophilic heads facing ________ the cell

A

outside

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20
Q

extracellular fluid is also known as ________ _____

A

interstitial fluid

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21
Q

The _________ interacts with the hydrophilic heads facing inside the cell

A

cytoplasm

22
Q

The cytoplasm interacts with the hydrophilic heads facing ______ the cell

A

inside

23
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  • maintain structural integrity of the cell
  • regulate movement of substances into and out of the cell
  • provide recognition & communication between cells
  • stick cells together to form tissues and organs
  • selectively permeable
24
Q

How does the plasma membrane provide recognition & communication between cells?

A

via receptors

25
Q

What are receptors?

A

specialized proteins in the plasma membrane (or inside the cell) that bind particular substances that affect cell activities

26
Q

How does the plasma membrane stick cells together?

A

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

27
Q

What are Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)?

A

extend from the plasma membranes of most cells and help attach the cells to one another, especially during the formation of tissues and organs in an embryo

28
Q

diffusion tends to eliminate the ___________ _________

A

concentration gradient

29
Q

What are the different types of movement methods across the plasma?

A 
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
30
Q

What is the difference between simple and facilitated diffusion?

A

Simple Diffusion- the random movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

Facilitated Diffusion- the movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration with the aid of a membrane protein

31
Q

What is concentration?

A

the number of molecules of a substance in a particular volume

32
Q

What is concentration gradient?

A

a difference in the relative number of molecules or ions of a given substance in two adjacent areas

33
Q

_________ ________ and ________ do not require energy and is thus a form of passive transport

A

Facilitated Diffusion

Osmosis

34
Q

Facilitated Diffusion and Osmosis do not require energy and is thus a form of _______ ________

A

passive transport

35
Q

What is osmosis?

A

a type of diffusion in which water moves across a plasma membrane or any other selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

36
Q

What are the different types of osmosis solutions?

A

hypertonic solution
isotonic solution
hypotonic solution

37
Q

Which type of osmosis solution is this:

a solution whose solute concentration is higher than that inside the bag

A

hypertonic solution

38
Q

Which type of osmosis solution is this:
one with the same solute (sugar) concentration as inside the bag, there is no net movement of water in either direction, and the bag maintains its original shape

A

isotonic solution

39
Q

Which type of osmosis solution is this:
the concentration of solute is lower than that inside the bag, more water moves into the bag than out, causing the bag to swell and possibly burst

A

hypotonic solution

40
Q

What is active transport?

A

a mechanism that moves substances across plasma membranes with the aid of a carrier protein and energy supplied by the cell

41
Q

_______ ________ occurs when cells need to concentrate certain substances

A

Active transport

42
Q

During Active transport, in most cases, substances are moved from regions of ______ concentration to ______ concentration

A

lower

higher

43
Q

Active transport is going “against the ___________ ________”

A

concentration gradient

44
Q

What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

A

Endocytosis- a region of the plasma membrane engulfs the substance to be digested and then pinches off from the rest of membrane

Exocytosis- the process by which large molecules leave cells

45
Q

What are the two types of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

46
Q

Which type of endocytosis is this:

cells engulf large particles or bacteria

A

Phagocytosis

47
Q

Which type of endocytosis is this:

“cell eating”

A

Phagocytosis

48
Q

Which type of endocytosis is this:

engulf droplets of fluid, thus brining all of the substances dissolved in the droplet into the cell

A

Pinocytosis

49
Q

Which type of endocytosis is this:

“cell drinking”

A

Pinocytosis

50
Q

Endocytosis encloses the substance in a saclike structure called a _______

A

vesicle

51
Q

What is the process of exocytosis?

A

(1) when the vesicle reaches the plasma membrane, the vesicle membrane fuses with the plasma membrane
(2) then the vesicle opens up to release the hormone outside the cell
(3) nerve cells also release chemicals by exocytosis

Biology 100 (58 decks)

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