Chapter 12 Pt. 3 (Final Exam Pt. 5) Flashcards
the lymphatic system consists of ______ and _________ _______
lymph
lymphatic vessels
What is the difference between lymph and lymphatic vessels?
lymph- fluid identical to interstitial fluid
lymphatic vessels- through which the lymph flows
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
(1) return excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream
(2) transport products of fat digestion from the small intestine to the bloodstream
(3) help defend against disease-causing organisms
the _________ ___________ are microscopic, blind-ended tubules through which surplus tissue fluid enters the lymphatic system to be returned to the bloodstream
lymphatic capillaries
How do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries?
(1) lymphatic capillaries end blindly
(2) lymphatic capillaries are much more permeable than blood capillaries
What are the lymph nodes?
small bean-shaped structures that cleanse the lymph as it slowly filters through
What are the lymphoid organs?
(1) tonsils
(2) right lymphatic duct
(3) thymus
(4) thoracic duct
(5) spleen
(6) lymph vessels
(7) lymph nodes
(8) payer’s patches
(9) red bone marrow
____________ _________ is the single biggest killer of men and women in the U.S.
cardiovascular disease
Why does cardiovascular disease affect more men than women?
women have higher levels of estrogen than men
What is thrombus?
a stationary blood clot that forms along the wall of a blood vessel or within the heart that may obstruct blood flow
What is embolism?
a blockage of a blood vessel where it can block blood flow and produce tissue death beyond that point
What is hypertension?
high blood tension
hypertension is often called the _______ ______
silent killer
hypertension can damage the ______ and _______
heart
kidneys
True or False: 90% of cases of hypertension have no known cause
True
What is atherosclerosis?
a buildup of fatty substances in the walls of arteries, fueled by an inflammatory response
An artery can be partially obstructed with _______
An artery can be completely obstructed with _______ and a ______ _____
plaque
plaque
blood clot
What is coronary artery disease?
a condition in which the fatty deposits associated with atherosclerosis form within coronary arteries, the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
a temporary shortage of oxygen to the heart is accompanied by ______ ______
angina pectoris
What is angina pectoris?
chest pain
What is coronary angiography?
a process that may be used to spot areas in the coronary arteries that have become narrowed by atherosclerosis
What is a myocardial infarction?
a part of the heart muscle dies because of insufficient blood supply
A myocardial infarction is also known as a ______ _______.
heart attack
What is myocardial?
heart muscle
What is infarct?
dead tissue
What is a coronary thrombosis?
a blood clot has blocked a coronary artery
What is the most common type of heart attack?
coronary thrombosis
What are the symptoms of a heart attack?
chest pain (especially in men) nausea and dizziness
What is heart failure?
a condition in which the heart is no longer an efficient pump
What are the symptoms of heart failure?
shortness of breath
fatigue
weakness
fluid accumulation in the lungs or limbs
about 25% of all fatal heart attacks are caused by?
cigarette smoke
How does nicotine negatively affect the heart?
- makes the heart beat faster and constricts blood vessels, raising blood pressure
- makes platelets stick together, increasing the risk that abnormal blood clots will form
How does carbon monoxide negatively affect the heart?
- lingers in the bloodstream for up to 6 hours
- lowers oxygen carrying capacity and delivery
smoking increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis in two ways:
(1) it decreased the levels of protective cholesterol-transport particles called high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
(2) promotes cholesterol deposits by raising blood pressure
What is high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)?
carry cholesterol to the liver, and remove cholesterol from cells
