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Biology 100 > Chapter 7 Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Pt. 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The neuron membrane is specialized for ____________

A

communication

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2
Q

What are nerve impulses or action potentials?

A

an electrochemical signal caused by sodium ions (NA+) and potassium ions (K+) crossing the neuron’s membrane to enter and leave the cell

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3
Q

What are ion channels?

A

pores in the membrane that are able to pass through without using cellular energy

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4
Q

True or False: sodium channels allow the passage of ONLY sodium ions, and potassium channels allow ONLY potassium ions

A

True

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5
Q

What are sodium-potassium pumps?

A

special proteins in the cell membrane that actively transport sodium and potassium ions across the membrane

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6
Q

sodium-potassium pumps se cellular energy in the form of _____

A

ATP

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7
Q

Each sodium-potassium pump ejects __ sodium ions form within the cell while bringing in __ potassium ions

A

3

2

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8
Q

Each sodium-potassium pump ejects 3 _______ ions form within the cell while bringing in 2 _________ ions

A

sodium

potassium

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9
Q

What is resting potential?

A

keeping the inside surface more negative than the outside one

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10
Q

a neuron that is not transmitting an action potential is known as ______

A

resting

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11
Q

What is an action potential?

A

nerve impulse; a sudden reversal in the charge difference across the membrane, followed by the restoration of the original charge difference

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12
Q

What is the process of action potential?

A

1) sodium ions (Na+) enter the axon via depolarization

2) potassium (K+) ions leave the axon via repolarization

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13
Q

What is the difference between depolarization and repolarization?

A

depolarization-reduction of the change difference across the membrane

repolarization- restoration of the charge difference across the membrane

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14
Q

What is refractory period?

A

immediately after an action potential occurs, the neuron cannot be stimulated again for a brief instant

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15
Q

_________ _______ is the reason that nerve impulses cannot reverse and go backward toward the cell body

A

refractory period

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16
Q

Increasing the strength of a ________ will increase the _________ of impulses

A

stimulus

frequency

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17
Q

Once initiated an action potential sweeps to the end of the _____ without diminishing in ________

A

axon

strength

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18
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

the chemical released from the axon’s tip

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19
Q

____________ diffuse across the gap and conveys the message to the adjacent cell

A

Neurotransmitters

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20
Q

What is a synapse?

A

the junction between a neuron and another cell

21
Q

What is a synaptic cleft?

A

the gap between the cells

22
Q

What is a synaptic knob?

A

a small bulblike swelling at the end of each branch

23
Q

What is the difference between a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron?

A

presynaptic neuron-the neuron sending the message

postsynaptic neuron-the neuron receiving the message

24
Q

The process of releasing neurotransmitters and opening ion channels:

1)
2) synaptic knobs release packets of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
3) neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft
4) neurotransmitter binds with receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron
5) when a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor, an ion channel is opened
6) sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron, causing depolarization and possible action potential

A

1) the nerve impulse reaches the axon ending of the presynaptic neuron

25
Q

The process of releasing neurotransmitters and opening ion channels:

1) the nerve impulse reaches the axon ending of the presynaptic neuron
2)
3) neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft
4) neurotransmitter binds with receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron
5) when a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor, an ion channel is opened
6) sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron, causing depolarization and possible action potential

A

2) synaptic knobs release packets of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

26
Q

The process of releasing neurotransmitters and opening ion channels:

1) the nerve impulse reaches the axon ending of the presynaptic neuron
2) synaptic knobs release packets of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
3)
4) neurotransmitter binds with receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron
5) when a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor, an ion channel is opened
6) sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron, causing depolarization and possible action potential

A

3) neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft

27
Q

The process of releasing neurotransmitters and opening ion channels:

1) the nerve impulse reaches the axon ending of the presynaptic neuron
2) synaptic knobs release packets of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
3) neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft
4)
5) when a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor, an ion channel is opened
6) sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron, causing depolarization and possible action potential

A

4) neurotransmitter binds with receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron

28
Q

The process of releasing neurotransmitters and opening ion channels:

1) the nerve impulse reaches the axon ending of the presynaptic neuron
2) synaptic knobs release packets of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
3) neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft
4) neurotransmitter binds with receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron
5)
6) sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron, causing depolarization and possible action potential

A

5) when a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor, an ion channel is opened

29
Q

The process of releasing neurotransmitters and opening ion channels:
1) the nerve impulse reaches the axon ending of the presynaptic neuron
2) synaptic knobs release packets of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
3) neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft
4) neurotransmitter binds with receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron
5) when a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor, an ion channel is opened
6)

A

6) sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron, causing depolarization and possible action potential

30
Q

__________ is the combined effects of excitatory and inhibitory effects on a neuron at any given moment determines whether an ______ _________ is generated

A

Summation

action potential

31
Q

Summation is the combined effects of ________ and _________ effects on a neuron at any given moment determines whether an action potential is generated

A

excitatory

inhibitory

32
Q

True or False: After being released into a synapse, neurotransmitters are quickly removed, so their effects are temporary

A

True

33
Q

Depending on the neurotransmitter, disposal is accomplished in one of what 2 ways?

A

1) enzymes can deactivate a neurotransmitter

2) the neurotransmitter may be actively pumped back into the presynaptic knob

34
Q

____________, __________, and ____________ are neurotransmitters used in both peripheral and central nervous system.

A

Acetylcholine
epinephrine
norepinephrine

35
Q

Acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are neurotransmitters used in both _________ and ______ _______ system.

A

peripheral

central nervous

36
Q

Both ___________ and ____________ have either excitatory or inhibitory effects

A

Acetylcholine

norepinephrine

37
Q

Both Acetylcholine and norepinephrine have either ________ or ________ effects

A

excitatory

inhibitory

38
Q

Which neurotransmitter is this: stimulates most organs but inhibits certain others

A

norepinephrine

39
Q

Which neurotransmitter is this: will have the opposite of Acetylcholine

A

norepinephrine

40
Q

Which neurotransmitter is this: mood regulation

A

norepinephrine

41
Q

Which neurotransmitter is this: pleasure system

A

norepinephrine

42
Q

Which neurotransmitter is this: arousal

A

norepinephrine

43
Q

Which neurotransmitter is this: essential in hunger, thirst, and sex drive

A

norepinephrine

44
Q

Which neurotransmitter is this: triggers contraction of voluntary (skeletal) muscle

A

Acetylcholine

45
Q

Which neurotransmitter is this: promote a generalized feeling of well-being

A

serotonin

46
Q

Which neurotransmitter is this: helps regulate emotions

A

dopamine

47
Q

Which neurotransmitter is this: used in pathways that control complex movements

A

dopamine

48
Q

What is myasthenia gravis?

A

an autoimmune disease in which the body’s defense mechanisms attack the acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions

49
Q

Postsynaptic cells integrate _________ and ________ input from many cells

A

excitatory

inhibitory

Biology 100 (58 decks)

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