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Biology 100 > Chapter 2 Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Pt. 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is chemistry?

A

the branch of science concerned with the composition and properties of substances, including the stuff our bodies are built from

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2
Q

What is matter?

A

anything that takes up space and has mass

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3
Q

How is matter measured?

A

often in grams or kilograms (or ounces and pounds)

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4
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A

solids, liquids, and gases

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5
Q

matter is made up of ______

A

atoms

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6
Q

What are atoms?

A

units of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means

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7
Q

In an atom; the ________ is at it’s center, and a surrounding spherical “cloud” of ________

A

nucleus

electrons

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8
Q

Electrons move around the _______ and occur at certain energy levels called _____

A

nucleus

shells

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9
Q

What is a shell?

A

3 dimensional spaces

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10
Q

How many electrons does the shell closest to the nucleus have?

A

2 electrons

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11
Q

How many electrons does the shell second closest to the nucleus have?

A

8 electrons

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12
Q

Electrons with the most energy are found ________ from the nucleus

A

farthest

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13
Q

What type of charge do electrons have?

A

negative

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14
Q

Atoms with more than ___ electrons have additional shells

A

10

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15
Q

What does the number of electrons in the outermost shell determine?

A

an atom’s chemical properties

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16
Q

Electrons with the most energy are found ________ from the nucleus

A

farthest

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17
Q

What type of charge does an electron, neutron, and proton have?

A

electron=negative
neutron=neutral
proton=positive

18
Q

Most atoms have the same number of _______ and ________

A

protons

electrons

19
Q

What is an element?

A

a pure form of matter containing only one kind of atom

20
Q

What is an atomic number?

A

the number of protons in the atom’s nucleus

21
Q

What is the approximate mass of protons and neutrons?

A

1 atomic mass unit

22
Q

What is the approximate mass of electrons?

A

0

23
Q

The ______ _____ for any _____= the number of protons + the number of neutrons

A

atomic mass

atom

24
Q

The atomic mass for any atom= the number of _______ + the number of neutrons

A

protons

25
Q

The atomic mass for any atom= the number of protons + the number of ________

A

neutrons

26
Q

What is the difference between isotopes and radioisotopes?

A

isotopes- atoms that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons (some elements have both stable & unstable isotopes)

radioisotopes- unstable, radiation-emitting isotopes

27
Q

What are some examples of radioisotopes?

A
  • radio waves
  • light
  • heat
  • the excess energy or particles given off by unstable isotopes as they break down
28
Q

How can radiation be dangerous?

A
  • absorption can lead to damage of organs (i.e. skin) and development of some cancers
  • it may alter the hereditary material in the cells of the reproduction system
29
Q

How can radiation be useful?

A

medical professionals use it for: diagnosis and therapy, and killing cancer cells

30
Q

What is a compound?

A

2 or more elements combining to form a new chemical substance

31
Q

How are atoms (or ions) held together in a compound?

A

by chemical bonds

32
Q

When atoms form bonds they _____, _____, or ______ the electrons in their outermost shell

A

lose
gain
share

33
Q

When atoms form bonds they lose, gain, or share the electrons in their ________ shell

A

outermost

34
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical bonds found in compounds?

A

(1) Covalent Bond

(2) Ionic Bond

35
Q

Which type of chemical bond is this:

forms when 2 or more atoms share electrons in their outer shells

A

Covalent Bond

36
Q

Which type of chemical bond is this:

“opposites attract”

A

Ionic Bond

37
Q

What is a molecule?

A

a chemical structure held together by covalent bonds

38
Q

What are the different types of covalent bonds?

A

single covalent bond- a bond in which a single pair of electrons is shared

double (or triple) covalent bonds- two atoms share two (or three pairs) of electrons

39
Q

How are covalent bonds represented in a structural formula?

A

single covalent bond= single line

double covalent bond (or two pairs of shared elements)=double lines

40
Q

What is an ion?

A

an atom or group of atoms that carries either a positive (+) or a negative (-)

41
Q

How do ions form?

A

the tendency of atoms to attain a complete outermost shell

42
Q

Electrical charges, in ionic bonds, result from the _______ (not sharing) of ________ between atoms

A

transfer

electrons

Biology 100 (58 decks)

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