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Biology 100 > Chapter 21 Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Pt. 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA is sometimes called the ______ __ _____

A

thread of life

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2
Q

What is DNA?

A

a double-stranded molecule resembling a ladder that is gently twisted to form a spiral called a double helix

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3
Q

DNA is a double-stranded molecule resembling a ladder that is gently twisted to form a spiral called a _______ _____

A

double helix

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4
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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5
Q

Each side of the ladder is made from a string of repeating subunits called ___________

A

nucleotides

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6
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

composed of the subunits, including one sugar, one phosphate, and one nitrogenous base

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7
Q

A nucleotide is composed of the subunits, including one ______, one _________, and one __________ _____

A

sugar
phosphate
nitrogenous base

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8
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases of DNA?

A

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)

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9
Q

The sides of the ladder (of DNA) are composed of __________ _______ and _________; the rungs consist of paired ___________ ______

A

alternating sugars
phosphate
nitrogenous bases

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10
Q

According to Complementary Base Pairing:
________ (__) only pairs with Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) only pairs with ________ (__)

A

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

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11
Q

According to Complementary Base Pairing:
Adenine (A) only pairs with ________ (__)
________ (__) only pairs with Guanine (G)

A

Thymine (T)

Cytosine (C)

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12
Q

Complementary base pairings are held together by weak _________ ______

A

hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

True or False: Complementary base pairings are held together by strong hydrogen bonds

A

False; Complementary base pairings are held together by weak hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

The DNA within each human cell has how many base pairs?

A

3 billion base pairs

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15
Q

What is Nuclei Acid?

A

a molecule formed by the joining of nucleotides

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16
Q

DNA is a _______ ____

A

nucleic acid

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17
Q

True or False: DNA is copied after mitotic and meiotic cell division

A

False; DNA is copied before mitotic and meiotic cell division

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18
Q

DNA Replication:

  2. the nitrogenous bases on the separated regions of each strand are temporarily exposed
  3. free nucleotide bases, can then attach to complementary bases on the open DNA strands
  4. DNA Polymers
  5. As each of the new double-stranded DNA molecules forms, it twists into a double helix
  6. Semiconservative replication
A
  1. begins when an enzyme breaks the weak hydrogen bonds that hold together the paired bases that make up nucleotide strands of the double helix, thereby “unzipping” and unwinding the strands
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19
Q

DNA Replication:

  1. begins when an enzyme breaks the weak hydrogen bonds that hold together the paired bases that make up nucleotide strands of the double helix, thereby “unzipping” and unwinding the strands
  3. free nucleotide bases, can then attach to complementary bases on the open DNA strands
  4. DNA Polymers
  5. As each of the new double-stranded DNA molecules forms, it twists into a double helix
  6. Semiconservative replication
A
  1. the nitrogenous bases on the separated regions of each strand are temporarily exposed
20
Q

DNA Replication:

  1. begins when an enzyme breaks the weak hydrogen bonds that hold together the paired bases that make up nucleotide strands of the double helix, thereby “unzipping” and unwinding the strands
  2. the nitrogenous bases on the separated regions of each strand are temporarily exposed
  4. DNA Polymers
  5. As each of the new double-stranded DNA molecules forms, it twists into a double helix
  6. Semiconservative replication
A
  1. free nucleotide bases, can then attach to complementary bases on the open DNA strands
21
Q

DNA Replication:

  1. begins when an enzyme breaks the weak hydrogen bonds that hold together the paired bases that make up nucleotide strands of the double helix, thereby “unzipping” and unwinding the strands
  2. the nitrogenous bases on the separated regions of each strand are temporarily exposed
  3. free nucleotide bases, can then attach to complementary bases on the open DNA strands
  5. As each of the new double-stranded DNA molecules forms, it twists into a double helix
  6. Semiconservative replication
A
  1. DNA Polymers
22
Q

DNA Replication:

  1. begins when an enzyme breaks the weak hydrogen bonds that hold together the paired bases that make up nucleotide strands of the double helix, thereby “unzipping” and unwinding the strands
  2. the nitrogenous bases on the separated regions of each strand are temporarily exposed
  3. free nucleotide bases, can then attach to complementary bases on the open DNA strands
  4. DNA Polymers
  6. Semiconservative replication
A
  1. As each of the new double-stranded DNA molecules forms, it twists into a double helix
23
Q

DNA Replication:

  1. begins when an enzyme breaks the weak hydrogen bonds that hold together the paired bases that make up nucleotide strands of the double helix, thereby “unzipping” and unwinding the strands
  2. the nitrogenous bases on the separated regions of each strand are temporarily exposed
  3. free nucleotide bases, can then attach to complementary bases on the open DNA strands
  4. DNA Polymers
  5. As each of the new double-stranded DNA molecules forms, it twists into a double helix

6.

A
  1. Semiconservative replication
24
Q

____ _______ are enzymes that link the sugars and phosphates of the newly attached nucleotides to form a new strand

A

DNA Polymers

25
Q

DNA Polymers are enzymes that link the _______ and __________ of the newly attached nucleotides to form a new strand

A

sugars

phosphates

26
Q

______________ ___________- in each of the new double-stranded DNA molecules, one original (parent) strand is saved (conserved) and the other (daughter) strand is new

A

Semiconservative replication

27
Q

DNA directs the synthesis of __________ _____ (____)

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

28
Q

_________ _____- directs the synthesis of a polypeptide ( a part of a protein) or a protein

A

ribonucleic acid

29
Q

ribonucleic acid- directs the synthesis of a ___________ ( a part of a protein) or a _______

A

polypeptide

protein

30
Q

What is a gene?

A

a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for producing a specific protein (or, in some cases, a specific polypeptide)

31
Q

What is the process of gene expression?

A

DNA-> RNA-> Protein

32
Q

RNA is the intermediary that comes the information encoded in _____ from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and directs the _________ of the specified protein

A

DNA

synthesis

33
Q

RNA is the intermediary that comes the information encoded in DNA from the ________ to the __________ and directs the synthesis of the specified protein

A

nucleus

cytoplasm

34
Q

RNA is composed of nucleotides linked together:

______(__) pairs with Adenine (A)

A

Uracil (U)

35
Q

RNA is composed of nucleotides linked together:

Uracil (U) pairs with _______(__)

A

Adenine (A)

36
Q

What transcription?

A

the first step in converting the DNA message to a protein by copying the message as RNA

37
Q

Transcription:

____->____

A

DNA

RNA

38
Q

How are DNA and RNA similar?

A
  • are nucleic acids
  • are composed of link nucleotides
  • have a sugar-phosphate backbone
  • have 4 types of bases
39
Q

Is this DNA or RNA:

is a double-stranded molecule

A

DNA

40
Q

Is this DNA or RNA:

has a sugar deoxyribose

A

DNA

41
Q

Is this DNA or RNA:

contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

A

DNA

42
Q

Is this DNA or RNA:

functions primarily in the nucleus

A

DNA

43
Q

Is this DNA or RNA:

is a single-stranded molecule

A

RNA

44
Q

Is this DNA or RNA:

has a sugar ribose

A

RNA

45
Q

Is this DNA or RNA:

contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

A

RNA

46
Q

Is this DNA or RNA:

functions primarily in the cytoplasm

A

RNA

Biology 100 (58 decks)

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