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Biology 100 > Chapter 2 Pt. 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Pt. 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the main structures of a protein?

A
  1. Primary Structure
  2. Secondary Structure
  3. Tertiary Structure
  4. Quaternary Structure
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2
Q

Which structure of a protein is this:

the particular sequence of amino acids

A

Primary Structure

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3
Q

Which structure of a protein is this:
consists of patterns known as helices and pleated sheets, which are formed by certain kinds of bends and coils in the chain; as a result of hydrogen bonding

A

Secondary Structure

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4
Q

Which structure of a protein is this:

the overall 3-dimensional shape of the protein

A

Tertiary Structure

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5
Q

Which structure of a protein is this:

results from the assembled subunits

A

Quaternary Structure

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6
Q

What determines what’s in the primary structure of a cell?

A

genes

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7
Q

What happens if there are slight changes in the primary structure?

A

can alter a protein’s shape and ability to function

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8
Q

What happens if there are alterations in the secondary structure?

A

can transform the protein into a prion

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9
Q

What is a prion?

A

an infectious agent

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10
Q

What happens if there are changes in the environment of the tertiary structure?

A

can cause denaturation

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11
Q

What is a denaturation?

A

the molecule unravels and loses its 3-dimensional shape

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12
Q

What are subunits?

A

proteins that consist of two or more polypeptide chains

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13
Q

What are enzymes?

A

substances (almost always proteins) that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process

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14
Q

The equation that summarizes how an enzyme speeds up a chemical: _______+ ________———> enzyme-substrate complex———> enzyme + product

A

enzyme

substrate

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15
Q

The equation that summarizes how an enzyme speeds up a chemical:
enzyme+ substrate———> _______-________ ________———> enzyme + product

A

enzyme-substrate complex

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16
Q

The equation that summarizes how an enzyme speeds up a chemical:
enzyme+ substrate———> enzyme-substrate complex———> _______ + ________

A

enzyme

product

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17
Q

What is a substrate?

A

the substance at the start of the process

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18
Q

What is a product?

A

the substance at the end

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19
Q

What is an active site?

A

the location where the substrate binds on the enzyme

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20
Q

What is the result of the active site?

A

an enzyme-substrate complex

21
Q

Sometimes enzymes need _________

A

cofactors

22
Q

What are cofactors?

A

nonprotein substances that help them convert substrate to product

23
Q

Some cofactors permanently reside at the enzymes ______ ____ at the same time as the _______

A

active site

substrate

24
Q

Cofactors can be ________ or ________

A

organic

inorganic

25
Q

What is an example of enzyme deficiency?

A

lactose deficiency (or intolerance)

26
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

organic cofactors

27
Q

Genes, our units of inheritance, are segments of long polymers called _____________ _____ (____)

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

28
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids in our cells?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

29
Q

Both ____ and ____ are polymers of smaller units called nucleotides, joined together into chains through dehydration synthesis

A

DNA

RNA

30
Q

Both DNA and RNA are polymers of smaller units called _________, joined together into chains through dehydration synthesis

A

nucleotides

31
Q

Both DNA and RNA are polymers of smaller units called nucleotides, joined together into chains through ___________ _________

A

dehydration synthesis

32
Q

The sequence of ______ in DNA and RNA determines the sequence of ______ _____ in a protein

A

bases

amino acids

33
Q

What are the nitrogen containing bases of DNA?

A

adenine (A)
thymine (T)
cytosine (C
guanine (G)

34
Q

What are the nitrogen containing bases of RNA?

A

cytosine (C)
adenine (A)
guanine (G)
uracil (U)

35
Q

What is the difference in how DNA and RNA are held together?

A

DNA= a double-stranded chain, held together by a double-helix

RNA= single strange of nucleotides

36
Q

What is the 5 carbon sugar of DNA and RNA?

A

DNA= deoxyribose

RNA=ribose

37
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

A

a nucleotide where molecules are each splitting off a phosphate group

38
Q

Earth is made up of over ___ elements

A

100

39
Q

What determines an atom’s identity?

A

protons

40
Q

The majority of an atom is “______” space

A

“empty”

41
Q

_______+ _______= Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)

A

Protons

neutrons

42
Q

Protons + neutrons= ______ _____ _____ (_____)

A

Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)

43
Q

What are the elements that most (98%) living organisms are made of?

A 
Carbon 
Hydrogen
Nitrogen 
Oxygen 
Phosphorus 
Sulfur

(CHNOPS)

44
Q

In the periodic table, the number on top of the atomic symbol is, and represents what?

A

Atomic Number (number of protons in an element)

45
Q

In the periodic table, the letter underneath the atomic number is called?

A

Atomic Symbol

46
Q

In the periodic table, the number on the bottom of the atomic symbol is called?

A

Atomic Mass (number of protons & neutrons)

47
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

electrons in the outermost shell

48
Q

True or False: Isotopes always have the same number of protons and neutrons

A

False; isotopes have the same number of protons but they can differ in the number of neutrons

Biology 100 (58 decks)

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