Chapter 2 Pt. 4 Flashcards
What are the main structures of a protein?
- Primary Structure
- Secondary Structure
- Tertiary Structure
- Quaternary Structure
Which structure of a protein is this:
the particular sequence of amino acids
Primary Structure
Which structure of a protein is this:
consists of patterns known as helices and pleated sheets, which are formed by certain kinds of bends and coils in the chain; as a result of hydrogen bonding
Secondary Structure
Which structure of a protein is this:
the overall 3-dimensional shape of the protein
Tertiary Structure
Which structure of a protein is this:
results from the assembled subunits
Quaternary Structure
What determines what’s in the primary structure of a cell?
genes
What happens if there are slight changes in the primary structure?
can alter a protein’s shape and ability to function
What happens if there are alterations in the secondary structure?
can transform the protein into a prion
What is a prion?
an infectious agent
What happens if there are changes in the environment of the tertiary structure?
can cause denaturation
What is a denaturation?
the molecule unravels and loses its 3-dimensional shape
What are subunits?
proteins that consist of two or more polypeptide chains
What are enzymes?
substances (almost always proteins) that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process
The equation that summarizes how an enzyme speeds up a chemical: _______+ ________———> enzyme-substrate complex———> enzyme + product
enzyme
substrate
The equation that summarizes how an enzyme speeds up a chemical:
enzyme+ substrate———> _______-________ ________———> enzyme + product
enzyme-substrate complex
The equation that summarizes how an enzyme speeds up a chemical:
enzyme+ substrate———> enzyme-substrate complex———> _______ + ________
enzyme
product
What is a substrate?
the substance at the start of the process
What is a product?
the substance at the end
What is an active site?
the location where the substrate binds on the enzyme
What is the result of the active site?
an enzyme-substrate complex
Sometimes enzymes need _________
cofactors
What are cofactors?
nonprotein substances that help them convert substrate to product
Some cofactors permanently reside at the enzymes ______ ____ at the same time as the _______
active site
substrate
Cofactors can be ________ or ________
organic
inorganic
What is an example of enzyme deficiency?
lactose deficiency (or intolerance)
What are coenzymes?
organic cofactors
Genes, our units of inheritance, are segments of long polymers called _____________ _____ (____)
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
What are the two types of nucleic acids in our cells?
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Both ____ and ____ are polymers of smaller units called nucleotides, joined together into chains through dehydration synthesis
DNA
RNA
Both DNA and RNA are polymers of smaller units called _________, joined together into chains through dehydration synthesis
nucleotides
Both DNA and RNA are polymers of smaller units called nucleotides, joined together into chains through ___________ _________
dehydration synthesis
The sequence of ______ in DNA and RNA determines the sequence of ______ _____ in a protein
bases
amino acids
What are the nitrogen containing bases of DNA?
adenine (A)
thymine (T)
cytosine (C
guanine (G)
What are the nitrogen containing bases of RNA?
cytosine (C)
adenine (A)
guanine (G)
uracil (U)
What is the difference in how DNA and RNA are held together?
DNA= a double-stranded chain, held together by a double-helix
RNA= single strange of nucleotides
What is the 5 carbon sugar of DNA and RNA?
DNA= deoxyribose
RNA=ribose
What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
a nucleotide where molecules are each splitting off a phosphate group
Earth is made up of over ___ elements
100
What determines an atom’s identity?
protons
The majority of an atom is “______” space
“empty”
_______+ _______= Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)
Protons
neutrons
Protons + neutrons= ______ _____ _____ (_____)
Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)
What are the elements that most (98%) living organisms are made of?
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur
(CHNOPS)
In the periodic table, the number on top of the atomic symbol is, and represents what?
Atomic Number (number of protons in an element)
In the periodic table, the letter underneath the atomic number is called?
Atomic Symbol
In the periodic table, the number on the bottom of the atomic symbol is called?
Atomic Mass (number of protons & neutrons)
What are valence electrons?
electrons in the outermost shell
True or False: Isotopes always have the same number of protons and neutrons
False; isotopes have the same number of protons but they can differ in the number of neutrons
