Chapter 8 Pt. 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Reticular activating system (RAS)?

A

an extensive network of neurons that runs through the medulla and projects to the cerebral cortex

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2
Q

The _______ _________ _______ (____) filters sensory input and keeps the cerebral cortex in an alert state

A

reticular activating system (RAS)

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3
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

a tube of neural tissue that is continuous with the medulla at the base of the brain and extends about 45cm

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4
Q

What are the 2 functions of the spinal cord?

A

(1) to transmit messages to and from the brain

(2) to serve as a reflex center

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5
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

a reflex is an automatic response to stimulus, prewired in a circuit of neurons

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6
Q

The steps of the reflex arc:

1)
2) sensory messages are carried to the spinal cord by a sensory neuron
3) interneurons in the spinal cord integrate information from sensory neurons and stimulate the appropriate motor neurons
4) motor neurons stimulate the appropriate muscles
5) leg muscles contract, causing them to lift the foot off the glass

A

1) a stimulus initiates a pain sensation

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7
Q

The steps of the reflex arc:

1) a stimulus initiates a pain sensation
2)
3) interneurons in the spinal cord integrate information from sensory neurons and stimulate the appropriate motor neurons
4) motor neurons stimulate the appropriate muscles
5) leg muscles contract, causing them to lift the foot off the glass

A

2) sensory messages are carried to the spinal cord by a sensory neuron

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8
Q

The steps of the reflex arc:

1) a stimulus initiates a pain sensation
2) sensory messages are carried to the spinal cord by a sensory neuron
3)
4) motor neurons stimulate the appropriate muscles
5) leg muscles contract, causing them to lift the foot off the glass

A

3) interneurons in the spinal cord integrate information from sensory neurons and stimulate the appropriate motor neurons

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9
Q

The steps of the reflex arc:

1) a stimulus initiates a pain sensation
2) sensory messages are carried to the spinal cord by a sensory neuron
3) interneurons in the spinal cord integrate information from sensory neurons and stimulate the appropriate motor neurons
4)
5) leg muscles contract, causing them to lift the foot off the glass

A

4) motor neurons stimulate the appropriate muscles

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10
Q

The steps of the reflex arc:
1) a stimulus initiates a pain sensation
2) sensory messages are carried to the spinal cord by a sensory neuron
3) interneurons in the spinal cord integrate information from sensory neurons and stimulate the appropriate motor neurons
4) motor neurons stimulate the appropriate muscles
5)

A

5) leg muscles contract, causing them to lift the foot off the glass

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11
Q

Spinal reflexes are essentially “________” made by the spinal cord

A

decisions

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12
Q

What is the difference between the spinal nerves and cranial nerves?

A

spinal nerves-each originates in the spinal cord and services a specific region of the body

cranial nerves- arise from the brain and service the structures of the head and certain body parts, including the heart and diaphragm

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13
Q

Spinal nerves carry both _______ and ______ fibers

A

sensory

motor

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14
Q

fibers from the sensory neurons enter the spinal cord from the dorsal, or posterior, side, grouped into a bundle called the _______ ______

A

dorsal root

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15
Q

the axons of motor neurons leave the ventral (front) side of the spinal cord in a bundle known as the _______ ______

A

ventral root

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16
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the human body?

A

31

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17
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there in the human body?

A

12

18
Q

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

constricts pupil

A

parasympathetic nervous system

19
Q

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

increases salivation

A

parasympathetic nervous system

20
Q

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

decreases breathing rate

A

parasympathetic nervous system

21
Q

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

slows heart rate

A

parasympathetic nervous system

22
Q

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

widens blood vessels

A

parasympathetic nervous system

23
Q

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

increases digestive activity

A

parasympathetic nervous system

24
Q

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

contracts bladder muscles

A

parasympathetic nervous system

25
Q

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

stimulates defecation

A

parasympathetic nervous system

26
Q

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

dilates pupil

A

sympathetic nervous system

27
Q

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

decreases salivation

A

sympathetic nervous system

28
Q

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

increases breathing rate

A

sympathetic nervous system

29
Q

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

increases heart rate

A

sympathetic nervous system

30
Q

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

narrows blood vessels

A

sympathetic nervous system

31
Q

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

slows digestive activity

A

sympathetic nervous system

32
Q

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

stimulates secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

sympathetic nervous system

33
Q

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

causes salt and water retention

A

sympathetic nervous system

34
Q

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

relaxes bladder muscles

A

sympathetic nervous system

35
Q

Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system:

inhibits defecation

A

sympathetic nervous system

36
Q

What is the difference between a tension headache and a migraine headache?

A

tension headache- results due to our unconscious contractions of face and head muscles causing tension

migraine headache- usually confined to one side of the head, often centered behind one eye

37
Q

What is a stroke?

A

the death of nerve cells caused by an interruption of blood flow to a region of the brain

38
Q

What are the common cause of strokes?

A
  • blood clots blocking a vessel
  • hemorrhage from the rupture of a blood vessel in one of the meninges
  • the formation of fatty deposits that block a vessel
39
Q

What is a coma?

A

caused by trauma to neurons in regions of the brain responsible for stimulating the cerebrum

40
Q

What is the difference between an acquired brain injury (ABI) and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)?

A

acquired brain injury (ABI)-death of neurons from interruption of blood flow to a region of the brain

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)- damage to neurons or nerve connections form trauma

41
Q

What are the causes of an acquired brain injury (ABI)?

A
stroke 
aneurysms
heart attack 
meningitis 
substance abuse
42
Q

What are the causes of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)?

A
automobile accident 
slip and fall
sports injury 
gun shot 
explosives