Chapter 13 Pt. 2 (Final Exam Pt. 7) Flashcards
What are the 2 types of specific defenses that the body has?
(1) antibody-mediated immune respones
(2) cell-mediated immune responses
Which specific defenses of the body is this:
defend primarily against antigens found traveling freely in intercellular and other body fluids
antibody-mediated immune respones
Which specific defenses of the body is this:
warriors are B cells (aka plasma cells)
antibody-mediated immune respones
Which specific defenses of the body is this:
weapons Y-shaped proteins called antibodies, neutralize and remove potential threats from the bod
antibody-mediated immune respones
Which specific defenses of the body is this:
protect against cellular pathogens or abnormal cells, including body cells that have become infected with viruses or other pathogens and cancer cells
cell-mediated immune responses
What is the difference between helper T cell (T cells), effector T cell(cytotoxic), and suppressor T cell?
helper T cell (T cells)-the “on” switch for both lines of immune response
effector T cell(cytotoxic)-Responsible for cell-mediated immune responses
suppressor T cell-The “off” switch for both lines of immune responses
Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response: Step 1: Threat Step 2: Detection Step 3: Alert Step 4: Alarm Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection) Step 6: Defense Step 7: Continued surveillance Step 8: Withdrawal of forces
What happened during step 1?
foreign cell or molecule enters the body
Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response: Step 1: Threat Step 2: Detection Step 3: Alert Step 4: Alarm Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection) Step 6: Defense Step 7: Continued surveillance Step 8: Withdrawal of forces
What happened during step 2?
macrophage detects foreign cell or molecule and engulfs it
Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response: Step 1: Threat Step 2: Detection Step 3: Alert Step 4: Alarm Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection) Step 6: Defense Step 7: Continued surveillance Step 8: Withdrawal of forces
What happened during step 3?
- macrophage puts antigen from the pathogen on its surface and finds the helper T cell with correct receptors for that antigen
- macrophage presents antigen to the helper T cell
- macrophage alerts the helper T cell that there is an invader that “looks like” the antigen
- macrophage activates the helper T cell
the macrophage is an important type of ______-__________ _____ (___)
antigen-presenting cell (APC)
Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response: Step 1: Threat Step 2: Detection Step 3: Alert Step 4: Alarm Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection) Step 6: Defense Step 7: Continued surveillance Step 8: Withdrawal of forces
What happened during step 4?
helper T cell activates both lines of defense to fight that specific antigen
Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response: Step 1: Threat Step 2: Detection Step 3: Alert Step 4: Alarm Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection) Step 6: Defense Step 7: Continued surveillance Step 8: Withdrawal of forces
What happened during step 5?
antibody-mediated defense
cell-mediated defense
clonal selection
Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response: Step 1: Threat Step 2: Detection Step 3: Alert Step 4: Alarm Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection) Step 6: Defense Step 7: Continued surveillance Step 8: Withdrawal of forces
What happened during step 6?
antibody-mediated defense
cell-mediated defense
plasma cells
antibodies
Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response: Step 1: Threat Step 2: Detection Step 3: Alert Step 4: Alarm Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection) Step 6: Defense Step 7: Continued surveillance Step 8: Withdrawal of forces
What happened during step 7?
memory cells formed when helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B cells were activated remain to provide swift response if the antigen is detected again
Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response: Step 1: Threat Step 2: Detection Step 3: Alert Step 4: Alarm Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection) Step 6: Defense Step 7: Continued surveillance Step 8: Withdrawal of forces
What happened during step 8?
once the antigen has been destroyed, suppressor T cells shut down the immune response to that antigen
What are antibodies?
Y-shaped proteins that recognize a specific antigen by its shape
What are antibodies?
Y-shaped proteins that recognize a specific antigen by its shape
Antibodies are also called ____________ (___)
immunoglobulins (Ig)
Antibodies are also called ____________ (___)
immunoglobulins (Ig)
What is the difference between active immunity and passive immunity?
active immunity- the body actively participates in forming memory cells to defend against a particular antigen
passive immunity- results when a person receives antibodies that were produced by another person or animal
______ ________ may occur when an antigen infects the body, or through vaccination
active immunity
a vaccination is also known as an ___________
immunization
True or False: passive immunity lasts a long time
False; passive immunity is short-lived
What are monoclonal antibodies?
identical antibodies that bind to a specific antigen
useful in research and in the diagnosis and treatment of disease
What are autoimmune disorders?
occur when the immune system fails to distinguish between self and non self and attacks the tissues or organs of the body
What is an allergy?
an overreaction by the immune system to an antigen (in this case called an allergen)
What is the most common type of allergy?
hay fever
steps in an allergic reaction:
(1)
(2) plasma cells produce large amounts of class lgE antibodies against the allergen
(3) IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in body tissues
(4) More of the same allergen invades the body
(5) The allergen combines with IgE attached to mast cells. Histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell granules
(6) Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid enters the tissue, causing swelling.
(7) Histamine stimulates release of large amounts of mucus
(1) the allergen (antigen) enters the body
steps in an allergic reaction:
(1) the allergen (antigen) enters the body
(2)
(3) IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in body tissues
(4) More of the same allergen invades the body
(5) The allergen combines with IgE attached to mast cells. Histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell granules
(6) Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid enters the tissue, causing swelling.
(7) Histamine stimulates release of large amounts of mucus
(2) plasma cells produce large amounts of class lgE antibodies against the allergen
steps in an allergic reaction:
(1) the allergen (antigen) enters the body
(2) plasma cells produce large amounts of class lgE antibodies against the allergen
(3)
(4) More of the same allergen invades the body
(5) The allergen combines with IgE attached to mast cells. Histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell granules
(6) Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid enters the tissue, causing swelling.
(7) Histamine stimulates release of large amounts of mucus
(3) IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in body tissues
steps in an allergic reaction:
(1) the allergen (antigen) enters the body
(2) plasma cells produce large amounts of class lgE antibodies against the allergen
(3) IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in body tissues
(4)
(5) The allergen combines with IgE attached to mast cells. Histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell granules
(6) Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid enters the tissue, causing swelling.
(7) Histamine stimulates release of large amounts of mucus
(4) More of the same allergen invades the body
steps in an allergic reaction:
(1) the allergen (antigen) enters the body
(2) plasma cells produce large amounts of class lgE antibodies against the allergen
(3) IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in body tissues
(4) More of the same allergen invades the body
(5)
(6) Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid enters the tissue, causing swelling.
(7) Histamine stimulates release of large amounts of mucus
(5) The allergen combines with IgE attached to mast cells. Histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell granules
steps in an allergic reaction:
(1) the allergen (antigen) enters the body
(2) plasma cells produce large amounts of class lgE antibodies against the allergen
(3) IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in body tissues
(4) More of the same allergen invades the body
(5) The allergen combines with IgE attached to mast cells. Histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell granules
(6)
(7) Histamine stimulates release of large amounts of mucus
(6) Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid enters the tissue, causing swelling.
steps in an allergic reaction:
(1) the allergen (antigen) enters the body
(2) plasma cells produce large amounts of class lgE antibodies against the allergen
(3) IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in body tissues
(4) More of the same allergen invades the body
(5) The allergen combines with IgE attached to mast cells. Histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell granules
(6) Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid enters the tissue, causing swelling.
(7)
(7) Histamine stimulates release of large amounts of mucus
What is virulence?
the relative ability of a pathogen to cause disease
What are the different types of pathogens?
prions parasitic worms fungi protozoans bacteria
What are the 3 common shapes of the bacteria?
(1) coccus-sphere
(2) bacillus- rod
(3) spirilla- spiral or corkscrew
Bacteria can rapidly reproduce, due to being able to reproduce asexually in type of cell division called ________ _______
binary fission
What is binary fission?
the bacterial genetic material (DNA) is copied, the cell is pinched in half, and each new cell contains a complete copy of the original genetic material
What are bacterias defenses?
flagella
pili
How can bacteria be beneficial?
food production
significant role in the environment
genetic engineering
What are antibiotics?
chemicals that inhibit the growth of microorganisms
