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Biology 100 > Chapter 13 Pt. 2 (Final Exam Pt. 7) > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Pt. 2 (Final Exam Pt. 7) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of specific defenses that the body has?

A

(1) antibody-mediated immune respones

(2) cell-mediated immune responses

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2
Q

Which specific defenses of the body is this:

defend primarily against antigens found traveling freely in intercellular and other body fluids

A

antibody-mediated immune respones

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3
Q

Which specific defenses of the body is this:

warriors are B cells (aka plasma cells)

A

antibody-mediated immune respones

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4
Q

Which specific defenses of the body is this:

weapons Y-shaped proteins called antibodies, neutralize and remove potential threats from the bod

A

antibody-mediated immune respones

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5
Q

Which specific defenses of the body is this:
protect against cellular pathogens or abnormal cells, including body cells that have become infected with viruses or other pathogens and cancer cells

A

cell-mediated immune responses

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6
Q

What is the difference between helper T cell (T cells), effector T cell(cytotoxic), and suppressor T cell?

A

helper T cell (T cells)-the “on” switch for both lines of immune response

effector T cell(cytotoxic)-Responsible for cell-mediated immune responses

suppressor T cell-The “off” switch for both lines of immune responses

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7
Q 
Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response:
Step 1: Threat 
Step 2: Detection 
Step 3: Alert 
Step 4: Alarm 
Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection)
Step 6: Defense 
Step 7: Continued surveillance 
Step 8: Withdrawal of forces

What happened during step 1?

A

foreign cell or molecule enters the body

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8
Q 
Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response:
Step 1: Threat 
Step 2: Detection 
Step 3: Alert 
Step 4: Alarm 
Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection)
Step 6: Defense 
Step 7: Continued surveillance 
Step 8: Withdrawal of forces

What happened during step 2?

A

macrophage detects foreign cell or molecule and engulfs it

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9
Q 
Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response:
Step 1: Threat 
Step 2: Detection 
Step 3: Alert 
Step 4: Alarm 
Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection)
Step 6: Defense 
Step 7: Continued surveillance 
Step 8: Withdrawal of forces

What happened during step 3?

A
  • macrophage puts antigen from the pathogen on its surface and finds the helper T cell with correct receptors for that antigen
  • macrophage presents antigen to the helper T cell
  • macrophage alerts the helper T cell that there is an invader that “looks like” the antigen
  • macrophage activates the helper T cell
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10
Q

the macrophage is an important type of ______-__________ _____ (___)

A

antigen-presenting cell (APC)

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11
Q 
Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response:
Step 1: Threat 
Step 2: Detection 
Step 3: Alert 
Step 4: Alarm 
Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection)
Step 6: Defense 
Step 7: Continued surveillance 
Step 8: Withdrawal of forces

What happened during step 4?

A

helper T cell activates both lines of defense to fight that specific antigen

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12
Q 
Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response:
Step 1: Threat 
Step 2: Detection 
Step 3: Alert 
Step 4: Alarm 
Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection)
Step 6: Defense 
Step 7: Continued surveillance 
Step 8: Withdrawal of forces

What happened during step 5?

A

antibody-mediated defense
cell-mediated defense
clonal selection

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13
Q 
Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response:
Step 1: Threat 
Step 2: Detection 
Step 3: Alert 
Step 4: Alarm 
Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection)
Step 6: Defense 
Step 7: Continued surveillance 
Step 8: Withdrawal of forces

What happened during step 6?

A

antibody-mediated defense
cell-mediated defense
plasma cells
antibodies

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14
Q 
Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response:
Step 1: Threat 
Step 2: Detection 
Step 3: Alert 
Step 4: Alarm 
Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection)
Step 6: Defense 
Step 7: Continued surveillance 
Step 8: Withdrawal of forces

What happened during step 7?

A

memory cells formed when helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B cells were activated remain to provide swift response if the antigen is detected again

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15
Q 
Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response:
Step 1: Threat 
Step 2: Detection 
Step 3: Alert 
Step 4: Alarm 
Step 5: Building specific defenses (colonial selection)
Step 6: Defense 
Step 7: Continued surveillance 
Step 8: Withdrawal of forces

What happened during step 8?

A

once the antigen has been destroyed, suppressor T cells shut down the immune response to that antigen

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16
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Y-shaped proteins that recognize a specific antigen by its shape

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17
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Y-shaped proteins that recognize a specific antigen by its shape

18
Q

Antibodies are also called ____________ (___)

A

immunoglobulins (Ig)

19
Q

Antibodies are also called ____________ (___)

A

immunoglobulins (Ig)

20
Q

What is the difference between active immunity and passive immunity?

A

active immunity- the body actively participates in forming memory cells to defend against a particular antigen

passive immunity- results when a person receives antibodies that were produced by another person or animal

21
Q

______ ________ may occur when an antigen infects the body, or through vaccination

A

active immunity

22
Q

a vaccination is also known as an ___________

A

immunization

23
Q

True or False: passive immunity lasts a long time

A

False; passive immunity is short-lived

24
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

identical antibodies that bind to a specific antigen

useful in research and in the diagnosis and treatment of disease

25
Q

What are autoimmune disorders?

A

occur when the immune system fails to distinguish between self and non self and attacks the tissues or organs of the body

26
Q

What is an allergy?

A

an overreaction by the immune system to an antigen (in this case called an allergen)

27
Q

What is the most common type of allergy?

A

hay fever

28
Q

steps in an allergic reaction:

(1)
(2) plasma cells produce large amounts of class lgE antibodies against the allergen
(3) IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in body tissues
(4) More of the same allergen invades the body
(5) The allergen combines with IgE attached to mast cells. Histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell granules
(6) Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid enters the tissue, causing swelling.
(7) Histamine stimulates release of large amounts of mucus

A

(1) the allergen (antigen) enters the body

29
Q

steps in an allergic reaction:

(1) the allergen (antigen) enters the body
(2)
(3) IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in body tissues
(4) More of the same allergen invades the body
(5) The allergen combines with IgE attached to mast cells. Histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell granules
(6) Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid enters the tissue, causing swelling.
(7) Histamine stimulates release of large amounts of mucus

A

(2) plasma cells produce large amounts of class lgE antibodies against the allergen

30
Q

steps in an allergic reaction:

(1) the allergen (antigen) enters the body
(2) plasma cells produce large amounts of class lgE antibodies against the allergen
(3)
(4) More of the same allergen invades the body
(5) The allergen combines with IgE attached to mast cells. Histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell granules
(6) Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid enters the tissue, causing swelling.
(7) Histamine stimulates release of large amounts of mucus

A

(3) IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in body tissues

31
Q

steps in an allergic reaction:

(1) the allergen (antigen) enters the body
(2) plasma cells produce large amounts of class lgE antibodies against the allergen
(3) IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in body tissues
(4)
(5) The allergen combines with IgE attached to mast cells. Histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell granules
(6) Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid enters the tissue, causing swelling.
(7) Histamine stimulates release of large amounts of mucus

A

(4) More of the same allergen invades the body

32
Q

steps in an allergic reaction:

(1) the allergen (antigen) enters the body
(2) plasma cells produce large amounts of class lgE antibodies against the allergen
(3) IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in body tissues
(4) More of the same allergen invades the body
(5)
(6) Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid enters the tissue, causing swelling.
(7) Histamine stimulates release of large amounts of mucus

A

(5) The allergen combines with IgE attached to mast cells. Histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell granules

33
Q

steps in an allergic reaction:

(1) the allergen (antigen) enters the body
(2) plasma cells produce large amounts of class lgE antibodies against the allergen
(3) IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in body tissues
(4) More of the same allergen invades the body
(5) The allergen combines with IgE attached to mast cells. Histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell granules
(6)
(7) Histamine stimulates release of large amounts of mucus

A

(6) Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid enters the tissue, causing swelling.

34
Q

steps in an allergic reaction:
(1) the allergen (antigen) enters the body
(2) plasma cells produce large amounts of class lgE antibodies against the allergen
(3) IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, which are found in body tissues
(4) More of the same allergen invades the body
(5) The allergen combines with IgE attached to mast cells. Histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell granules
(6) Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid enters the tissue, causing swelling.
(7)

A

(7) Histamine stimulates release of large amounts of mucus

35
Q

What is virulence?

A

the relative ability of a pathogen to cause disease

36
Q

What are the different types of pathogens?

A 
prions 
parasitic worms 
fungi 
protozoans 
bacteria
37
Q

What are the 3 common shapes of the bacteria?

A

(1) coccus-sphere
(2) bacillus- rod
(3) spirilla- spiral or corkscrew

38
Q

Bacteria can rapidly reproduce, due to being able to reproduce asexually in type of cell division called ________ _______

A

binary fission

39
Q

What is binary fission?

A

the bacterial genetic material (DNA) is copied, the cell is pinched in half, and each new cell contains a complete copy of the original genetic material

40
Q

What are bacterias defenses?

A

flagella

pili

41
Q

How can bacteria be beneficial?

A

food production
significant role in the environment
genetic engineering

42
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

chemicals that inhibit the growth of microorganisms

Biology 100 (58 decks)

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