Chapter 21 Pt. 4

Question 1

What are the two ways genetic engineering has been used?

Answer 1

(1) genetic engineering provides a way to produce large quantities of a particular gene product
(2) genetic engineering allows a gene for a trait considered useful by humans to be taken from one species and transferred to another species

Question 2

_______ __________ (____) is a result of genetically engineered bacteria; a hormone naturally produced by a cows pituitary gland that enhances milk production

Answer 2

Bovine somatotropin (BST)

Question 3

What is pharming?

Answer 3

faming + pharmaceuticals

Question 4

What are the steps of pharming

Answer 4

(1) inject the human gene of interest into a donor cell
(2) implant the cell into the host mother
(3) identify transgenic offspring with the gene of interest by PCR
(4) the gene of interest is expressed in the cells of mammary glands, and the protein is secreted in milk
(5) collect the milk
(6) separate the milk proteins
(7) isolate the useful protein

Question 5

_____ _______, its goal is to cure genetic diseases by putting normal, functional genes into the body cells that were affected by the mutant gene

Answer 5

Gene Therapy

Question 6

What are the methods of delivering a healthy gene?

Answer 6

(1) incorporate a healthy form of the gene into the virus
(2) remove bone marrow stem cells form the patient
(3) infect the patients stem cells with the virus that is carrying the healthy form of the game
(4) return the genetically engineered stem cells to the patient. The gene is expressed to produce the needed protein

Question 7

What is a retrovirus?

Answer 7

a virus whose genetic information is stored as RNA rather than DNA

Question 8

A retrovirus is another type of virus used in _____ _______

Answer 8

gene therapy

Question 9

Once inside the target cell, the retrovirus rewrites its genetic information as ______-_______ _____ and inserts the viral DNA into a chromosome of the target cell

Answer 9

double-stranded DNA

Question 10

Once inside the target cell, the retrovirus rewrites its genetic information as double-stranded DNA and inserts the _____ ____ into a __________ of the target cell

Answer 10

viral DNA

chromosome

Question 11

More than 4,000 human diseases have been traced in ________ ______

Answer 11

single genes

Question 12

The first condition to be treated experimentally with gene therapy is a disorder referred to as ______ ________ ____________ ________ (_____)

Answer 12

severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

Question 13

severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), is caused by a mutant gene that prevents the production of an enzyme called _________ __________ (____)

Answer 13

adenosine deaminase (ADA)

Question 14

What is a genome?

Answer 14

the entire set of genes carried by one member of a species

Question 15

What are genomics?

Answer 15

the study of entire genomes, and the interactions of the genes with one another and the environment

Question 16

The ______ ________ _______, is a worldwide research effort, completed in 2003, to sequence the human genome

Answer 16

Human Genome Project

Question 17

What are the results of the Human Genome Project?

Answer 17

(1) the location of genes along all 23 pairs of human chromosomes
(2) the sequence of the estimated 3 billion base pairs that make up those chromosomes

Question 18

humans are identical in _____% of the sequences of their _____

Answer 18

99.9%

genes

Question 19

What is epigenome?

Answer 19

consists of chemicals that bind to specific genes and turn them on or off

Question 20

Epigenome is _______

Answer 20

flexible

Question 21

Epigenome often plays a role in ________ and _______

Answer 21

disease

cancer

Question 22

________, consists of thousands of DNA sequences stamped onto a single glass slide called a DNA chip

Answer 22

Microarray

Question 23

Microarray, consists of thousands of DNA sequences stamped onto a single glass slide called a ____ _____

Answer 23

DNA chip

Question 24

How do researchers use microarrays?

Answer 24

to monitor large numbers of DNA segments to discover which genes are active and which are turned off under different conditions

Question 25

Microarrays are useful in identifying _______ ________ in the members of a __________

Answer 25

genetic variation

population

Question 26

some of the genetic differences, found by microarray, are in the form of _______-_________ _____________ (_____, __ ____)

Answer 26

single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, or snips)

Question 27

What is a haplotype?

Answer 27

a group of SNPs in a region of a chromosome

Question 28

We (humans) share ___% of our genes with the fruit fly and ___% of our genes with the mouse

Answer 28

50%

90%