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Biology 100 > Chapter 21 Pt. 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Pt. 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a mutation?

A

a change in DNA

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2
Q

What are the different types of mutations?

A 
Point Mutations
Insertion
Deletion
Inversion
Duplication
Silent Mutation
Harmless Mutations
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3
Q

What type of mutation is this:

changes in one or a few nucleotide changes ; error in pairing during replication

A

Point Mutations

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4
Q

What type of mutation is this:

adding bases

A

Insertion

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5
Q

What type of mutation is this:

losing bases

A

Deletion

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6
Q

What type of mutation is this:

flipping of nucleotide position

A

Inversion

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7
Q

What type of mutation is this:

complete copies of genes

A

Duplication

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8
Q

What type of mutation is this:

codes for the same amino acids

A

Silent Mutation

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9
Q

What type of mutation is this:

changes amino acids in the sequence, but the change does not affect protein function

A

Harmless Mutations

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10
Q

Gene activity is affected by the _______ and ________ of the DNA.

A

coiling

uncoiling

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11
Q

Gene activity is affected by the coiling and uncoiling of the DNA :
_______= non expressed gene
_______= active gene

A

coiled

uncoiled

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12
Q

What is a promoter?

A

a specific sequence of DNA that is located adjacent to the gene it regulates

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13
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

regulatory proteins

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14
Q

__________ _______, binds to a promoter, which in turn allows RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter

A

transcription factors

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15
Q

transcription factors, binds to a _______, which in turn allows ____ _________ to bind to the promoter

A

promoter

RNA polymerase

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16
Q

transcription factors begins ___________ of the regulated genes

A

transcription

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17
Q

transcription factors can also bond to __________

A

enhancers

18
Q

What are enhancers?

A

segments of DNA that increase the rate of transcription of certain genes

19
Q

enhancers specify the _______ of expression

A

timing

20
Q

enhancers specify a gene’s ________ to _______ ______

A

response

external signals

21
Q

enhancers give ____________ _____ that affect gene expression

A

developmental cues

22
Q

What is Genetic Engineering?

A

the manipulation of genetic material for human purposes

23
Q

Genetic Engineering is part of ______________.

A

biotechnology

24
Q

______________- a field in which scientists make controlled use of living cells to perform specific tasks

A

biotechnology

25
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

DNA combined from two or more sources

26
Q

The steps of recombinant DNA:

(1)
(2) The vector is used to transfer the gene of interest to a new host cell

(3) The recombinant organism containing the gene of interest is identified and isolated from the mixture of recombinants
(4) The gene is amplified through bacterial cloning or by use of a polymerase chain reaction

A

(1) the gene of interest is sliced out of its original organism and spliced into vector DNA

27
Q

The steps of recombinant DNA:

(1) the gene of interest is sliced out of its original organism and spliced into vector DNA
(2)
(3) The recombinant organism containing the gene of interest is identified and isolated from the mixture of recombinants

(4) The gene is amplified through bacterial cloning or by use of a polymerase chain reaction

A

(2) The vector is used to transfer the gene of interest to a new host cell

28
Q

The steps of recombinant DNA:
(1) the gene of interest is sliced out of its original organism and spliced into vector DNA

(2) The vector is used to transfer the gene of interest to a new host cell
(3)
(4) The gene is amplified through bacterial cloning or by use of a polymerase chain reaction

A

(3) The recombinant organism containing the gene of interest is identified and isolated from the mixture of recombinants

29
Q

The steps of recombinant DNA:
(1) the gene of interest is sliced out of its original organism and spliced into vector DNA

(2) The vector is used to transfer the gene of interest to a new host cell

(3) The recombinant organism containing the gene of interest is identified and isolated from the mixture of recombinants
(4)

A

(4) The gene is amplified through bacterial cloning or by use of a polymerase chain reaction

30
Q

What is a vector?

A

biological carriers that ferry the recombinants DNA to a host cell

31
Q

_______- a small, circular piece of self-replicating DNA that exists separately from the bacterial chromosome

A

plasmid

32
Q

A plasmid is a common _______

A

vector

33
Q

What are the 2 techniques for accomplishing gene amplification?

A

(1) cloning

2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR

34
Q

What is a clone?

A

a group of genetically identical organisms all descended form a single cell

35
Q

All members of cloning, carry the same ___________ _____

A

recombinant DNA

36
Q

The steps of polymerase chain reaction (PCR):

(1)
(2) the templates are mixed with primers, nucleotides, and DNA polymerase
(3) the mixture is called to allow for base pairing
(4) complementary DNA strands form on each template strand. The amount of DNA is now doubled
(5) Repeat Procedure: the amount of DNA is doubled again

A

(1) the DNA of interest is unzipped by gentle heating, to break the hydrogen bonds and form single strands

37
Q

The steps of polymerase chain reaction (PCR):

(1) the DNA of interest is unzipped by gentle heating, to break the hydrogen bonds and form single strands
(2)
(3) the mixture is called to allow for base pairing
(4) complementary DNA strands form on each template strand. The amount of DNA is now doubled
(5) Repeat Procedure: the amount of DNA is doubled again

A

(2) the templates are mixed with primers, nucleotides, and DNA polymerase

38
Q

The steps of polymerase chain reaction (PCR):

(1) the DNA of interest is unzipped by gentle heating, to break the hydrogen bonds and form single strands
(2) the templates are mixed with primers, nucleotides, and DNA polymerase
(3)
(4) complementary DNA strands form on each template strand. The amount of DNA is now doubled
(5) Repeat Procedure: the amount of DNA is doubled again

A

(3) the mixture is called to allow for base pairing

39
Q

The steps of polymerase chain reaction (PCR):

(1) the DNA of interest is unzipped by gentle heating, to break the hydrogen bonds and form single strands
(2) the templates are mixed with primers, nucleotides, and DNA polymerase
(3) the mixture is called to allow for base pairing
(4)
(5) Repeat Procedure: the amount of DNA is doubled again

A

(4) complementary DNA strands form on each template strand. The amount of DNA is now doubled

40
Q

The steps of polymerase chain reaction (PCR):
(1) the DNA of interest is unzipped by gentle heating, to break the hydrogen bonds and form single strands
(2) the templates are mixed with primers, nucleotides, and DNA polymerase
(3) the mixture is called to allow for base pairing
(4) complementary DNA strands form on each template strand. The amount of DNA is now doubled
(5)

A

(5) Repeat Procedure: the amount of DNA is doubled again

41
Q

What are primers?

A

special short pieces of nucleic acid

Biology 100 (58 decks)

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