Chapter 21 Pt. 3 Flashcards
What is a mutation?
a change in DNA
What are the different types of mutations?
Point Mutations Insertion Deletion Inversion Duplication Silent Mutation Harmless Mutations
What type of mutation is this:
changes in one or a few nucleotide changes ; error in pairing during replication
Point Mutations
What type of mutation is this:
adding bases
Insertion
What type of mutation is this:
losing bases
Deletion
What type of mutation is this:
flipping of nucleotide position
Inversion
What type of mutation is this:
complete copies of genes
Duplication
What type of mutation is this:
codes for the same amino acids
Silent Mutation
What type of mutation is this:
changes amino acids in the sequence, but the change does not affect protein function
Harmless Mutations
Gene activity is affected by the _______ and ________ of the DNA.
coiling
uncoiling
Gene activity is affected by the coiling and uncoiling of the DNA :
_______= non expressed gene
_______= active gene
coiled
uncoiled
What is a promoter?
a specific sequence of DNA that is located adjacent to the gene it regulates
What are transcription factors?
regulatory proteins
__________ _______, binds to a promoter, which in turn allows RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter
transcription factors
transcription factors, binds to a _______, which in turn allows ____ _________ to bind to the promoter
promoter
RNA polymerase
transcription factors begins ___________ of the regulated genes
transcription
transcription factors can also bond to __________
enhancers
What are enhancers?
segments of DNA that increase the rate of transcription of certain genes
enhancers specify the _______ of expression
timing
enhancers specify a gene’s ________ to _______ ______
response
external signals
enhancers give ____________ _____ that affect gene expression
developmental cues
What is Genetic Engineering?
the manipulation of genetic material for human purposes
Genetic Engineering is part of ______________.
biotechnology
______________- a field in which scientists make controlled use of living cells to perform specific tasks
biotechnology
What is recombinant DNA?
DNA combined from two or more sources
The steps of recombinant DNA:
(1)
(2) The vector is used to transfer the gene of interest to a new host cell
(3) The recombinant organism containing the gene of interest is identified and isolated from the mixture of recombinants
(4) The gene is amplified through bacterial cloning or by use of a polymerase chain reaction
(1) the gene of interest is sliced out of its original organism and spliced into vector DNA
The steps of recombinant DNA:
(1) the gene of interest is sliced out of its original organism and spliced into vector DNA
(2)
(3) The recombinant organism containing the gene of interest is identified and isolated from the mixture of recombinants
(4) The gene is amplified through bacterial cloning or by use of a polymerase chain reaction
(2) The vector is used to transfer the gene of interest to a new host cell
The steps of recombinant DNA:
(1) the gene of interest is sliced out of its original organism and spliced into vector DNA
(2) The vector is used to transfer the gene of interest to a new host cell
(3)
(4) The gene is amplified through bacterial cloning or by use of a polymerase chain reaction
(3) The recombinant organism containing the gene of interest is identified and isolated from the mixture of recombinants
The steps of recombinant DNA:
(1) the gene of interest is sliced out of its original organism and spliced into vector DNA
(2) The vector is used to transfer the gene of interest to a new host cell
(3) The recombinant organism containing the gene of interest is identified and isolated from the mixture of recombinants
(4)
(4) The gene is amplified through bacterial cloning or by use of a polymerase chain reaction
What is a vector?
biological carriers that ferry the recombinants DNA to a host cell
_______- a small, circular piece of self-replicating DNA that exists separately from the bacterial chromosome
plasmid
A plasmid is a common _______
vector
What are the 2 techniques for accomplishing gene amplification?
(1) cloning
2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR
What is a clone?
a group of genetically identical organisms all descended form a single cell
All members of cloning, carry the same ___________ _____
recombinant DNA
The steps of polymerase chain reaction (PCR):
(1)
(2) the templates are mixed with primers, nucleotides, and DNA polymerase
(3) the mixture is called to allow for base pairing
(4) complementary DNA strands form on each template strand. The amount of DNA is now doubled
(5) Repeat Procedure: the amount of DNA is doubled again
(1) the DNA of interest is unzipped by gentle heating, to break the hydrogen bonds and form single strands
The steps of polymerase chain reaction (PCR):
(1) the DNA of interest is unzipped by gentle heating, to break the hydrogen bonds and form single strands
(2)
(3) the mixture is called to allow for base pairing
(4) complementary DNA strands form on each template strand. The amount of DNA is now doubled
(5) Repeat Procedure: the amount of DNA is doubled again
(2) the templates are mixed with primers, nucleotides, and DNA polymerase
The steps of polymerase chain reaction (PCR):
(1) the DNA of interest is unzipped by gentle heating, to break the hydrogen bonds and form single strands
(2) the templates are mixed with primers, nucleotides, and DNA polymerase
(3)
(4) complementary DNA strands form on each template strand. The amount of DNA is now doubled
(5) Repeat Procedure: the amount of DNA is doubled again
(3) the mixture is called to allow for base pairing
The steps of polymerase chain reaction (PCR):
(1) the DNA of interest is unzipped by gentle heating, to break the hydrogen bonds and form single strands
(2) the templates are mixed with primers, nucleotides, and DNA polymerase
(3) the mixture is called to allow for base pairing
(4)
(5) Repeat Procedure: the amount of DNA is doubled again
(4) complementary DNA strands form on each template strand. The amount of DNA is now doubled
The steps of polymerase chain reaction (PCR):
(1) the DNA of interest is unzipped by gentle heating, to break the hydrogen bonds and form single strands
(2) the templates are mixed with primers, nucleotides, and DNA polymerase
(3) the mixture is called to allow for base pairing
(4) complementary DNA strands form on each template strand. The amount of DNA is now doubled
(5)
(5) Repeat Procedure: the amount of DNA is doubled again
What are primers?
special short pieces of nucleic acid
