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Biology 100 > Chapter 5 Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Pt. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are fractures are more common in children?

A

because they have not peaked

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2
Q

What is the difference between a nondisplaced and displaced fracture?

A

nondisplaced fracture- the bone may or may not break completely through, but the ends remain aligned

displaced fracture- when the broken ends are not aligned

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3
Q

What is the difference between a closed fracture and open fracture?

A

closed fracture, the broken ends remain within the skin

open fracture, a broken end punctures the skin

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4
Q

Risk of bone infection is higher with what type of fracture?

A

a closed fracture

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5
Q

The steps of healing in a bone:

1)
2) a cartilaginous callus is formed by invading fibroblasts
3) Osteoblasts form new bone, converting the cartilaginous callus to a bony callus
4) the fracture is healed and bone is remodeled, restoring bone to original shape

A

1) within hours after the fracture, a blood clot forms

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6
Q

1) within hours after the fracture, a blood clot forms
2)
3) Osteoblasts form new bone, converting the cartilaginous callus to a bony callus
4) the fracture is healed and bone is remodeled, restoring bone to original shape

A

2) a cartilaginous callus is formed by invading fibroblasts

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7
Q

1) within hours after the fracture, a blood clot forms
2) a cartilaginous callus is formed by invading fibroblasts
3)
4) the fracture is healed and bone is remodeled, restoring bone to original shape

A

3) Osteoblasts form new bone, converting the cartilaginous callus to a bony callus

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8
Q

1) within hours after the fracture, a blood clot forms
2) a cartilaginous callus is formed by invading fibroblasts
3) Osteoblasts form new bone, converting the cartilaginous callus to a bony callus
4)

A

4) the fracture is healed and bone is remodeled, restoring bone to original shape

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9
Q

What is remodeling?

A

a lifelong process of bone deposition and breakdown

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10
Q

What is osteoclast?

A

breaks down bone, releasing calcium and other minerals that are reabsorbed by the body

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11
Q

Bone remodeling is a mechanism for regulating _____ _______ levels

A

blood calcium

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12
Q

Bone remodeling is a mechanism for regulating blood calcium levels.
Why is this important?

A

This is important because calcium has a role in the functioning of nerves and muscles as well as blood clotting

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13
Q

What are the two hormones that play part in both controlling bone remodeling and regulating blood levels of calcium?

A

1) Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

2) Calcitonin

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14
Q

Is this Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) or Calcitonin:

is released when blood levels of calcium drop below normal

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

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15
Q

Is this Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) or Calcitonin:

causes calcium to be released from bone and reabsorbed into the blood

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

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16
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is released by the __________ _______ found embedded in the tissues of the _______ ______

A

parathyroid glands

thyroid gland

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17
Q

Is this Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) or Calcitonin:

causes calcium to be released from bone and reabsorbed into the blood

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

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18
Q

Is this Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) or Calcitonin:

decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited in bone

A

Calcitonin

19
Q

Is this Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) or Calcitonin:

is released when blood levels of calcium are above normal

A

Calcitonin

20
Q

Calcitonin is released by the _______ ______

A

thyroid gland

21
Q

_________ also functions in bone remodeling.

A

Estrogen

22
Q

What are the functions of Estrogen when it comes to bond remodeling?

A
  • promotes the absorption of calcium from the digestive system
  • stimulates bone formation
  • impairs the ability of osteoclasts to break down bone
23
Q

What happens when the breakdown process occurs faster than the deposition of new tissue?

A

a bone becomes weak and easy to break

24
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

a condition in which there is a progressive loss in bone density

25
Q

What are the two main divisions of the human skeleton?

A

1) Axial Skeleton

2) Appendicular Skeleton

26
Q

The _____ _________ protects and supports our internal organs

A

Axial Skeleton

27
Q

The Axial Skeleton includes:

A
  • skull
  • vertebral column (back-bone)
  • bones of the chest region
  • sternum and ribcage
28
Q

The Appendicular Skeleton includes:

A
  • petrol girdle (shoulders)
  • pelvic girdle (pelvis)
  • limbs (arms and legs)
29
Q

The _____ is the most complex body structure in the body

A

skull

30
Q

Skulls contain ________

A

sinuses

31
Q

What are sinuses?

A

air spaces, which make the head lighter in weight and serve as resonating chambers for the voice

32
Q

What are the two sections that the brain is divided into?

A

1) Cranium

2) Face

33
Q

What are the functions of the cranium?

A

1) protects the brain
2) houses the structures of hearing
3) provides attachment sites for the muscles of the head and neck

34
Q

What are the 8 bones that form the cranium?

A

1) Frontal Bone
2) Parietal Bones
3) Occipital Bone
4) Foramen Magnum
5) Fontanels
6) Temporal Bones
7) Sphenoid Bone
8) Ethnoid Bone

35
Q

Which bone of the cranium is this: forms the forehead and the front of the brain case

A

Frontal Bone

36
Q

Which bone of the cranium is this: forms the top and sides of the skull

A

Parietal Bones

37
Q

Which bone of the cranium is this: lies at the back of the head and surrounds the foramen magnum

A

Occipital Bone

38
Q

Which bone of the cranium is this: the opening through which the spinal cord passes

A

Foramen Magnum

39
Q

Which bone of the cranium is this: membranous areas often referred to as “soft spots”

A

Fontanels

40
Q

Which bone of the cranium is this: form our temples

A

Temporal Bones

41
Q

Which bone of the cranium is this: serves as the cranium’s floor; has a bow-tie shape

A

Sphenoid Bone

42
Q

Which bone of the cranium is this: the smallest bone in the cranium; separates the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity

A

Ethnoid Bone

43
Q

________ are replaced by bone by the age of 2 years

A

Fontanels

44
Q

What are the functions of the facial bones?

A

support several sensory structures and serve as attachments for most facial muscles

Biology 100 (58 decks)

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