Chapter 5 Pt. 2 Flashcards
Why are fractures are more common in children?
because they have not peaked
What is the difference between a nondisplaced and displaced fracture?
nondisplaced fracture- the bone may or may not break completely through, but the ends remain aligned
displaced fracture- when the broken ends are not aligned
What is the difference between a closed fracture and open fracture?
closed fracture, the broken ends remain within the skin
open fracture, a broken end punctures the skin
Risk of bone infection is higher with what type of fracture?
a closed fracture
The steps of healing in a bone:
1)
2) a cartilaginous callus is formed by invading fibroblasts
3) Osteoblasts form new bone, converting the cartilaginous callus to a bony callus
4) the fracture is healed and bone is remodeled, restoring bone to original shape
1) within hours after the fracture, a blood clot forms
1) within hours after the fracture, a blood clot forms
2)
3) Osteoblasts form new bone, converting the cartilaginous callus to a bony callus
4) the fracture is healed and bone is remodeled, restoring bone to original shape
2) a cartilaginous callus is formed by invading fibroblasts
1) within hours after the fracture, a blood clot forms
2) a cartilaginous callus is formed by invading fibroblasts
3)
4) the fracture is healed and bone is remodeled, restoring bone to original shape
3) Osteoblasts form new bone, converting the cartilaginous callus to a bony callus
1) within hours after the fracture, a blood clot forms
2) a cartilaginous callus is formed by invading fibroblasts
3) Osteoblasts form new bone, converting the cartilaginous callus to a bony callus
4)
4) the fracture is healed and bone is remodeled, restoring bone to original shape
What is remodeling?
a lifelong process of bone deposition and breakdown
What is osteoclast?
breaks down bone, releasing calcium and other minerals that are reabsorbed by the body
Bone remodeling is a mechanism for regulating _____ _______ levels
blood calcium
Bone remodeling is a mechanism for regulating blood calcium levels.
Why is this important?
This is important because calcium has a role in the functioning of nerves and muscles as well as blood clotting
What are the two hormones that play part in both controlling bone remodeling and regulating blood levels of calcium?
1) Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
2) Calcitonin
Is this Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) or Calcitonin:
is released when blood levels of calcium drop below normal
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Is this Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) or Calcitonin:
causes calcium to be released from bone and reabsorbed into the blood
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is released by the __________ _______ found embedded in the tissues of the _______ ______
parathyroid glands
thyroid gland
Is this Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) or Calcitonin:
causes calcium to be released from bone and reabsorbed into the blood
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Is this Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) or Calcitonin:
decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited in bone
Calcitonin
Is this Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) or Calcitonin:
is released when blood levels of calcium are above normal
Calcitonin
Calcitonin is released by the _______ ______
thyroid gland
_________ also functions in bone remodeling.
Estrogen
What are the functions of Estrogen when it comes to bond remodeling?
- promotes the absorption of calcium from the digestive system
- stimulates bone formation
- impairs the ability of osteoclasts to break down bone
What happens when the breakdown process occurs faster than the deposition of new tissue?
a bone becomes weak and easy to break
What is osteoporosis?
a condition in which there is a progressive loss in bone density
What are the two main divisions of the human skeleton?
1) Axial Skeleton
2) Appendicular Skeleton
The _____ _________ protects and supports our internal organs
Axial Skeleton
The Axial Skeleton includes:
- skull
- vertebral column (back-bone)
- bones of the chest region
- sternum and ribcage
The Appendicular Skeleton includes:
- petrol girdle (shoulders)
- pelvic girdle (pelvis)
- limbs (arms and legs)
The _____ is the most complex body structure in the body
skull
Skulls contain ________
sinuses
What are sinuses?
air spaces, which make the head lighter in weight and serve as resonating chambers for the voice
What are the two sections that the brain is divided into?
1) Cranium
2) Face
What are the functions of the cranium?
1) protects the brain
2) houses the structures of hearing
3) provides attachment sites for the muscles of the head and neck
What are the 8 bones that form the cranium?
1) Frontal Bone
2) Parietal Bones
3) Occipital Bone
4) Foramen Magnum
5) Fontanels
6) Temporal Bones
7) Sphenoid Bone
8) Ethnoid Bone
Which bone of the cranium is this: forms the forehead and the front of the brain case
Frontal Bone
Which bone of the cranium is this: forms the top and sides of the skull
Parietal Bones
Which bone of the cranium is this: lies at the back of the head and surrounds the foramen magnum
Occipital Bone
Which bone of the cranium is this: the opening through which the spinal cord passes
Foramen Magnum
Which bone of the cranium is this: membranous areas often referred to as “soft spots”
Fontanels
Which bone of the cranium is this: form our temples
Temporal Bones
Which bone of the cranium is this: serves as the cranium’s floor; has a bow-tie shape
Sphenoid Bone
Which bone of the cranium is this: the smallest bone in the cranium; separates the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity
Ethnoid Bone
________ are replaced by bone by the age of 2 years
Fontanels
What are the functions of the facial bones?
support several sensory structures and serve as attachments for most facial muscles
