Chapter 13 Pt. 1 (Final Exam Pt. 6) Flashcards
What are pathogens?
the bacteria, viruses, protozoans, fungi, parasitic worms, and prions that cause disease
What are the body’s 3 lines of defenses?
First Line of Defense: chemical and physical barrier
Second Line of Defense: internal cellular and chemical defenses
Third Line of Defense:
adaptive immune response, which destroys specific targets
Which line of defense is this:
the skin and mucous membranes
First Line of Defense: chemical and physical barrier
What are phagocytes?
specialized “scavenger” cells; engulf pathogens, damaged tissue, or dead cells by the process of phagocytosis
What line of defense are phagocytes located in?
Second Line of Defense: internal cellular and chemical defenses
What are the different types of phagocytes?
neutrophil
macrophages
eosinophil
Which type of phagocyte is this:
arrives at the sire of attack before the other types of white blood cells and immediately begins to consume the pathogens, especially bacteria, by phagocytosis
neutrophil
Which type of phagocyte is this:
created when other white blood cells (monocytes) leave the vessels of the circulatory system and enter the tissue fluids
macrophages
Which type of phagocyte is this:
a white blood cell that attacks pathogens that are too large to be consumed by phagocytosis, such as parasitic worms
eosinophil
What is a natural killer (NK) cell?
a white blood cell that roams the body in search of abnormal cells and quickly orchestrated their death
What line of defense are natural killer (NK) cells located in?
Second Line of Defense: internal cellular and chemical defenses
What line of defense are interferons cells located in?
Second Line of Defense: internal cellular and chemical defenses
What line of defense is the complement system located in?
Second Line of Defense: internal cellular and chemical defenses
What line of defense is the inflammatory response located in?
Second Line of Defense: internal cellular and chemical defenses
What are interferons?
small proteins that act to slow the spread of viruses already in the body
What is the complement system?
a group of at least 20 proteins whose activities enhance, or complement, the body’s other defense mechanisms
What are the effects of complement system?
- destruction of pathogens
- enhancement of phagocytosis
- stimulation of inflammation
What is an inflammatory response?
a series of events that happen when body tissues are injured or damaged
What are the 4 cardinal signs of the inflammatory response?
(1) Redness
(2) Heat
(3) Swelling
(4) Pain
What is histamine?
a substance released during allergic reactions and inflammation
What line of defense is the fever located in?
Second Line of Defense: internal cellular and chemical defenses
What is a fever?
an abnormally high body temperature
Fevers are caused by ________.
pyrogens
How does a (mild or moderate) fever helps the body fight bacterial infections?
- slowing the growth of bacteria
- stimulating body defense responses
What are the important characteristics of the Third Line of Defense: Adaptive Immune Response?
(1) is directed at a particular pathogen
(2) the adaptive immune response has memory
What are MHC markers?
serve as flags declaring the cell as a “friend”
What does MHC marker stand for?
major histocompatibility complex
What is an antigen?
a non self substance or organism that triggers an immune response; declares a cell as “foe”
certain white blood cells, called ___________, are responsible for both the specificity and the memory of the adaptive immune response
lymphocytes
What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?
(1) B lymphocytes
(2) T lymphocytes
Which lymphocyte is this:
aka B cells
B lymphocytes
Which lymphocyte is this:
mature in bone marrow
B lymphocytes
Which lymphocyte is this:
aka T cells
T lymphocytes
Which lymphocyte is this:
mature in the thymus gland, which overlies the heart
T lymphocytes
Which lymphocyte is this:
develop the ability to distinguish cells that belong in the body fro those that do not
T lymphocytes
Which lymphocyte is this:
circulate through the body, bumping into other cells and checking to be sure those cells have the correct self (MHC) maker
T lymphocytes
What are the 2 lines of cells formed by B cells and T cells?
(1) effector cells
(2) memory cells
What is the difference between effector cells and memory cells?
effector cells- carry out the attack on the enemy
memory cells-long-lived cells that “remember” that particular invader and mount a rapid, intense response to it if it should ever appear again
