Chapter 21a Pt. 2 Flashcards
What is senescence?
the nondividing state of a cell
What are telometers?
pieces of DNA at the tips of chromosomes that protect the ends of the chromosomes
When __________ are completely gone, the cell dies
telometers
Telometers’ ______ serves as a gauge of cell’s age
length
Telometers’ length serves as a gauge of cell’s ____
age
Normal cells are “glued” in place by special molecules on their surfaces called _________ _________ __________ (_____)
cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs)
One way cancer cells break loose is by, _________ __________ ______ _______ ______ ___ ______, that hold them and their neighbors in place
secreting enzymes that break down the CAMs
Multiple mutations help spread cancer:
The first mutation…
The second mutation…
1st- occurs and is passed on to all the descendent cells
2nd- occurs in one of the descendent cell containing the original mutation
Damage must occur in at least ____ genes before cancer occurs
two
A person who inherits only one mutant gene may be ____________ to cancer
predisposed
__________ __________ are also irreversible
Epigenetic processes
_______ _____ _____ ___________, only a subpopulation of cells within the tumor, cancer stem cells, have the capacity for unlimited self-renewal and give rise to the tumor
Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis
What are the known causes of cancer?
(1) viruses
(2) chemicals
(3) radiation
viruses can cause about __% of cancers in the U.S.
5%
What are carcinogens?
an environmental agent that fosters the development of cancer
some chemicals cause cancer by producing __________ or by stimulating _____ _________
mutations
cell division
certain _________ (like estrogen) promote cancer
hormones
radiation can lead to cancer by causing ________ in _____
mutations
DNA
Which type of cancer is this:
cancers of the epithelial tissues
carcinomas
Which type of cancer is this:
cancers of the bone marrow
leukemias
Which type of cancer is this:
cancers of the muscle, bone, cartilage, or connective tissues
sarcomas
Which type of cancer is this:
cancers of the lymphatic tissues
lymphomas
Which type of cancer is this:
cancers of the glandular epithelia
adenocarcinomas
What are ways you can reduce risk of cancer?
(1) don’t use tobacco
(2) reduce saturated fat in your diet
(3) minimize your consumption of salt-cured, picked, and smoked foods
(4) eat at least 5 servings of fruit/vegetables every day
(5) avoid excessive alcohol intake
(6) watch your caloric intake, and maintain a healthy body weight
(7) avoid excessive sunlight
(8) avoid unnecessary medical x-rays
(9) have the appropriate screening exams on a regular basis
What does the acronym CAUTIONS stand for?
Change in bowel or bladder habit or function
A sore that doesn’t heal
Unusual bleeding or bloody discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
What are the ways you diagnose cancer?
(1) routine screening
(2) Imaging
(3) Biopsy
(4) tumor marker tests
(5) genetic tests
________ _________ can be performed yourself or by medical professional
Routine screening
What is a Biopsy?
the removal and analysis of a small piece of tissue suspected to be cancerous
Biopsy is often done using a _______
needle
What are the different ways to treat cancer?
(1) surgery
(2) radiation
(3) chemotherapy
(4) targeted cancer treatment
(5) immunotherapy
(6) inhibition of blood vessel formation
(7) gene therapy
