Chapter 21a Pt. 2

Question 1

What is senescence?

Answer 1

the nondividing state of a cell

Question 2

What are telometers?

Answer 2

pieces of DNA at the tips of chromosomes that protect the ends of the chromosomes

Question 3

When __________ are completely gone, the cell dies

Answer 3

telometers

Question 4

Telometers’ ______ serves as a gauge of cell’s age

Answer 4

length

Question 5

Telometers’ length serves as a gauge of cell’s ____

Answer 5

age

Question 6

Normal cells are “glued” in place by special molecules on their surfaces called _________ _________ __________ (_____)

Answer 6

cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs)

Question 7

One way cancer cells break loose is by, _________ __________ ______ _______ ______ ___ ______, that hold them and their neighbors in place

Answer 7

secreting enzymes that break down the CAMs

Question 8

Multiple mutations help spread cancer:
The first mutation…
The second mutation…

Answer 8

1st- occurs and is passed on to all the descendent cells

2nd- occurs in one of the descendent cell containing the original mutation

Question 9

Damage must occur in at least ____ genes before cancer occurs

Answer 9

two

Question 10

A person who inherits only one mutant gene may be ____________ to cancer

Answer 10

predisposed

Question 11

__________ __________ are also irreversible

Answer 11

Epigenetic processes

Question 12

_______ _____ _____ ___________, only a subpopulation of cells within the tumor, cancer stem cells, have the capacity for unlimited self-renewal and give rise to the tumor

Answer 12

Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis

Question 13

What are the known causes of cancer?

Answer 13

(1) viruses
(2) chemicals
(3) radiation

Question 14

viruses can cause about __% of cancers in the U.S.

Answer 14

5%

Question 15

What are carcinogens?

Answer 15

an environmental agent that fosters the development of cancer

Question 16

some chemicals cause cancer by producing __________ or by stimulating _____ _________

Answer 16

mutations

cell division

Question 17

certain _________ (like estrogen) promote cancer

Answer 17

hormones

Question 18

radiation can lead to cancer by causing ________ in _____

Answer 18

mutations

DNA

Question 19

Which type of cancer is this:

cancers of the epithelial tissues

Answer 19

carcinomas

Question 20

Which type of cancer is this:

cancers of the bone marrow

Answer 20

leukemias

Question 21

Which type of cancer is this:

cancers of the muscle, bone, cartilage, or connective tissues

Answer 21

sarcomas

Question 22

Which type of cancer is this:

cancers of the lymphatic tissues

Answer 22

lymphomas

Question 23

Which type of cancer is this:

cancers of the glandular epithelia

Answer 23

adenocarcinomas

Question 24

What are ways you can reduce risk of cancer?

Answer 24

(1) don’t use tobacco
(2) reduce saturated fat in your diet
(3) minimize your consumption of salt-cured, picked, and smoked foods
(4) eat at least 5 servings of fruit/vegetables every day
(5) avoid excessive alcohol intake
(6) watch your caloric intake, and maintain a healthy body weight
(7) avoid excessive sunlight
(8) avoid unnecessary medical x-rays
(9) have the appropriate screening exams on a regular basis

Question 25

What does the acronym CAUTIONS stand for?

Answer 25

Change in bowel or bladder habit or function
A sore that doesn’t heal
Unusual bleeding or bloody discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness

Question 26

What are the ways you diagnose cancer?

Answer 26

(1) routine screening
(2) Imaging
(3) Biopsy
(4) tumor marker tests
(5) genetic tests

Question 27

________ _________ can be performed yourself or by medical professional

Answer 27

Routine screening

Question 28

What is a Biopsy?

Answer 28

the removal and analysis of a small piece of tissue suspected to be cancerous

Question 29

Biopsy is often done using a _______

Answer 29

needle

Question 30

What are the different ways to treat cancer?

Answer 30

(1) surgery
(2) radiation
(3) chemotherapy
(4) targeted cancer treatment
(5) immunotherapy
(6) inhibition of blood vessel formation
(7) gene therapy