Physiology (Sexual development and Sleep) Flashcards
During fetal development, differentiation of the gonads initially depends on the ______ but later is largely the result of hormonal exposure
sex chromosomes
For a genetic male to develop male genitalia, the fetus must be stimulated during the critical period by _____
androgen
Research using brain-imaging techniques has confirmed that the brain is sexually _____ –i.e., that there are sex-related differences in several brain structures including the corpus callosum, hippocampus, and SCN
dimorphic
At puberty, in increase in sex hormones influences the emergence of the _____ sex characteristics. This process is mediated by the _____ axis
secondary; hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal
As one ascends the ______, the sex hormones become increasingly less important as determinants of adult sexual behaviour
phylogenetic scale
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) affects estrogen levels or a combination of estrogen and ______ levels and is effective for alleviating _____, mood swings, and vaginal dryness
progesterone; hot flashes
Sleep is divided into five stages. During stage 1, _____ waves are replaced by theta waves and in Stage 2, theta waves predominate but are interrupted by bursts of _____ and K complexes
alpha; sleep spindles
Stages 3 and 4 are characterized by large, slow _____ waves
delta
The fifth stage is marked by the presence of _____. Because the sleeper is both in a deep state of sleep and physiologically active, this stage is also referred to as active or ____ sleep
rapid eye movements; paradoxical
Sleepers typically pass through all five stages every ______ minutes, but the pattern of sleep varies with age
90 to 100
In newborns, REM sleep precedes NREM sleep and takes up _____ percent of the total sleep time, while, in adults, it accounts for only about _____ percent of the sleep period
50; 20
sleep deprivation is not consistently linked with any specific abnormalities, but REM sleep deprivation is usually followed by an REM
rebound
Alpha waves are replaced by theta waves during ________ sleep.
stage 1
As a treatment for the unpleasant symptoms associated with menopause, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) ordinarily targets which of the following?
estrogen only or estrogen plus progesterone
In comparison to young children, older adults:
spend a smaller proportion of the sleep period in REM sleep
